تعیین راهبردهای کلیدی توسعه پایدار زیست‌بوم تالاب با تحلیل ریسک عوامل تنش‌زای محیطی
محورهای موضوعی :
تحلیل ریسک زیست محیطی
ناهید محبی
1
,
جعفر نوری
2
,
نعمت اله خراسانی
3
,
برهان ریاضی
4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه تخصصی مدیریت محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - گروه بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت عمومی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
4 - گروه تخصصی مدیریت محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/02/25
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/03/31
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/04/01
کلید واژه:
ارزیابی ریسک اکولوژیک,
بهره‌برداری خردمندانه,
تالاب بوجاق,
رویکرد زیست‌بومی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: علیرغم ارزش‌های قابل ملاحظه هیدرولوژیکی و خدمات ارزشمند تالاب‌ها، امروزه بهره‌برداری نامعقول منجر به نابودی آن‌ها شده است. طبق رهنمودهای کنوانسیون رامسر، بهره‌برداری عاقلانه و رویکرد زیست‌بومی راه حل این مسئله می‌باشد. هدف اصلی مطالعه حاضر ارایه راهبردهای پایداری برای بهبود و احیای تالاب بوجاق به عنوان نمونه موردی است.
روش بررسی: فرایند ارزیابی و محاسبه ریسک اکولوژیک با ضریب ریسک انجام شد. برای نمایش توزیع مکانی عوامل تهدید با سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی استفاده شد. به منظور تعیین راهبردهای تالاب متناسب با شاخص‌های توسعه پایدار از مدل پتانسیل عملکرد تالاب استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: تخلیه زباله و فاضلاب، نفوذ زهاب کشاورزی، پرورش ماهی، ماهیگیری و شکار غیر قانونی، قایق‌رانی و تفرج برنامه‌ریزی نشده مهمترین عوامل تهدید کننده تالاب بودند و بیشتر در ساحل تالاب و کناره رودخانه سفیدرود تجمع داشتند. ارزیابی ریسک اکولوژیک برای قورباغه و وزغ انجام شد که در ابتدای هرم غذایی و مقاوم در برابر تنش‌های محیطی هستند، از میان مواد تنش‌زا، برای کادمیوم، مس به دو صورت محلول یا تجمع در رسوبات و حشره‌کش‌ها، امتیاز بالاتر از یک به معنی سطح ریسک خیلی زیاد ارزیابی شد. نظر به پتانسیل‌های عملکردی تالاب، در نهایت راهبردهای کلیدی حفاظت، بهره‌برداری خردمندانه و مشارکت مردمی برای بهبود و احیای تالاب تعیین شد.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: تعاملات تقویت کننده تالاب بوجاق نیازهای اساسی انسان، گردشگری پایدار، کاهش اثرات و حفظ محیط‌زیست است. با مدیریت منعطف و خلاقیت می‌توان فعالیت‌های فعلی را سازگار نمود و با مشارکت مردمی عوامل ناسازگار را به تدریج حذف نمود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Nowadays, unplanned exploitation has acclaimed to be behind the wetland destruction despite their remarkable hydrological values and precious functions. As per Ramsar Convention's guidelines, “wise use” and ecological approach are solutions. In this study, the foremost purpose is presenting sustainability strategies as in order to recover Boujagh Wetland as case study.
Material and Methodology: The process of assessing ecological risk was performed through Risk Quotient (RQ). Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to illustrate the spatial distribution of threat factors. Determining wetland strategies related to sustainable development indicators, the Working Wetland Potential (WWP) model has been utilized.
Findings: Solid waste and effluent discharge, agriculture drainage influence, fish farming, illegal fishery and haunting, boating, and unplanned recreation were distinguished as significant threats on Boujagh area mostly concentrated around on the shoreline and along the Sefidroud River. Ecological risk assessment was conducted for frogs and toads, which are at the beginning of the food chain and relatively high resistant against environmental stresses. Cadmium and cooper risk scores were estimated upper than 1 that means very high level in both dissolved and sedimentation statuses, amongst all substances. Considering wetland functional potentials, three key strategies of "conservation", "wisdom utilization", and "public participation" were eventually recognized to improve and rehabilitate the wetland.
Discussion and Conclusion: Wetland enhancing interactions are in line with essential human needs, sustainable tourism, mitigation, and environmental conservation. Current activities could be possibly adapted via flexible management and creativity; moreover, incompatible factors might be gradually eliminated by public participation.
منابع و مأخذ:
Zhai, T., Wang, J., Fang, Y., Liu, J., Huang, L., Chen, K., & Zhao, C., 2021. Identification and Prediction of Wetland Ecological Risk in Key Cities of the Yangtze River Economic Belt: From the Perspective of Land Development. Sustainability, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp.411-428.
Naqinezhad, A., Ramezani, E., Khalili, A.H., Joosten, H., 2019. Habitat and floristic peculiarities of an isolated mountain mire in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran: A harbor for rare and endangered plant species. Mires and Peat, Vol. 24, No. 21, pp. 1-22.
Isunju, J.B., Kemp, J., 2016. Spatiotemporal analysis of encroachment on wetlands: a case of Nakivubo wetland in Kampala, Uganda. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 188, No. 203, pp. 1-17.
Clarke, B., Thet, A. K., Sandhu, H., & Dittmann, S., 2021. Integrating Cultural Ecosystem Services valuation into coastal wetlands restoration: A case study from South Australia. Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 116, pp. 220-229.
Endter-Wada, J., Kettenring, K.M., Sutton-Grier, A., 2020. Sutton-Grier, Protecting wetlands for people: Strategic policy action can help wetlands mitigate risks and enhance resilience. Environmental Science and Policy, Vol.108, pp. 37-44.
Wang, Q., Li, S., Li, R., 2019. Evaluating water resource sustainability in Beijing, China: Combining PSR model and matter-element extension method. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.206, pp. 171-179.
Grechi, L., Franco, A., Palmeri, L., Pivato, A., & Barausse, A., 2016. An ecosystem model of the lower Po river for use in ecological risk assessment of xenobiotics. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 332, pp. 42-58.
Evers, S., Yule, C.M., Padfield, R., O'Reilly, P., Varkkey, H., 2017. Keep wetlands wet: the myth of sustainable development of tropical peatlands–implications for policies and management. Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.534-549.
Sarkar, S., Parihar, S.M., Dutta, A., 2016. Fuzzy risk assessment modeling of East Kolkata Wetland Area: A remote sensing and GIS-based approach. Environmental modeling & software, Vol. 75, pp.105-118.
Cesen, M., Heath, D., Krivec, M., Kosmrlj, J., Kosjek, T., Heath, E., 2018. Seasonal and spatial variations in the occurrence, mass loadings, and removal of compounds of emerging concern in the Slovene aqueous environment and environmental risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 242, pp. 143-154.
Jin, Y., Yang, W., Sun, T., Yang, Z., Li, M., 2016. Effects of seashore reclamation activities on the health of wetland ecosystems: A case study in the Yellow River Delta, China. Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 123, pp. 44-52.
Shifflett, S.D., Schubauer-Berigan, J., 2019. Assessing the risk of utilizing tidal coastal wetlands for wastewater Management. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 236, pp. 269-279.
Ke, X., Gui, S., Huang, H., Zhang, H., Wang, C., & Guo, W., 2017. Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area, China. Chemosphere, Vol. 175, pp. 473-481.
Eagles-Smith, C.A., Wiener, J.G., Eckley, C.S., Willacker, J.J., Evers, D.C., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Obrist, D., Fleck, J.A., Aiken, G.R., Lepak, J.M., Jackson, A.K., Webster, J.P., Stewart, A.R., Davis, J.A., Alpers, C.N., Ackerman,J.T., 2016. Mercury in western North America: A synthesis of environmental contamination, fluxes, bioaccumulation, and risk to fish and wildlife. Science Total Environment. Vol. 5, No. 094, pp. 1-14.
Ai, S., Gao, X., Wang, X., Li, J., Fan, B., Zhao, S., Liu, Z., 2021. Exposure and tiered ecological risk assessment of phthalate esters in the surface water of Poyang Lake, China. Chemosphere, Vol. 262, 127864.
Levine, S.L., Giddings, J., Valenti, T., Cobb, G.P., Carley, D.S., McConnell, L.L., 2019. Overcoming Challenges of Incorporating Higher Tier Data in Ecological Risk Assessments and Risk Management of Pesticides in the United States: Findings and Recommendations from the 2017 Workshop on Regulation and Innovation in Agriculture. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 714-725.
Liang, J., Liu, J., Yuan, X., Zeng, G., Yuan, Y., Wu, H., Li, F., 2016. A method for heavy metal exposure risk assessment to migratory herbivorous birds and identification of priority pollutants/areas in wetlands. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 23, No. 12, pp.1-8.
Boon, P. I., Allen, T., Carr, G., Frood, D., Harty, C., Mcmahon, A., ... and Yugovic, J., 2015. Coastal wetlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia: providing the inventory and condition information needed for their effective management and conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Vol. 25, No. 4. pp. 454-479.
Harwell, M. A., Gentile, J. H., McKinney, L. D., Tunnell Jr, J. W., Dennison, W. C., Kelsey, R. H., ... & Tunnell, J., 2019. Conceptual Framework for Assessing Ecosystem Health. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 544-564.
McCartney, M.P., Houghton-Carr, H.A, 2009. Working Wetland Potential: An index to guide the sustainable development of African wetlands. In Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 99-110. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Ostrovskaya, E., Douven, W., Schwartz, K., Pataki, B., Mukuyu, P., Kaggwa, R.C., 2013. Capacity for sustainable management of wetlands: Lessons from the WETwin project. Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 34, pp.128-137.
Elekwachi, W., Nwankwoala Hycienth, O., Ocheje Johnmark, F., Onyishi, C.J., 2019. Oil spill incidents and wetlands loss in Niger Delta: Implication for sustainable development goals. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.1-20.
Raimondo, S., Sharpe, L., Oliver, L., McCaffrey, K. R., Purucker, S. T., Sinnathamby, S., & Minucci, J. M., 2019. A unified approach for protecting listed species and ecosystem services in isolated wetlands using community-level protection goals. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 663, pp. 465-478.
Alemi Safaval, P., Kheirkhah Zarkesh, M., Neshaei, S.A.; Ejlali, F., 2018. Morphological changes in the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea using remote sensing and GIS, Caspian Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.271-285.
Karimi, M., Samani, J. M. V., Mazaheri, M., 2021. Shoreline spatial and temporal response to natural and human effects in Boujagh National Park, Iran. International Journal of Sediment Research, Vol. 36, No.5, pp.582-592.
N., Nouri, J., Khorasani, N.A., Riazi, B., 2021. Integrated environmental management for human communities' risks around wetlands by ecological risk approach. International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management, Vol.7, No.1, pp.1-16.
Jaramillo, F., Desormeaux, A., Hedlund, J., Jawitz, J. W., Clerici, N., Piemontese, L., ... & Åhlén, I., 2019. Priorities and interactions of sustainable development goals (SDGs) with a focus on wetlands. Water, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp.1-21.
Bratley, K., Ghoneim, E., 2018. Modeling urban encroachment on the agricultural land of the eastern Nile Delta using remote sensing and a GIS-Based Markov Chain model. Land, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 114-134.
Madu, C.N., Kuei, C.H., Ozumba, B.C., Nnadi, V.E., Madu, I.E., Ezeasor, I.C., 2018. Using the DPSIR framework and data analytics to analyze oil spillages in the Niger delta area. Land use policy, Vol.78, pp.78-90.
Chaves, M.J.S., Barbosa, S.C.; Malinowski, M.M., Volpato, D., Castro, I.B., Santos Franco, T.C.R., Primel, E.G., 2020. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a Brazilian wetland of international importance: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 734, No. 139374, pp. 1-11.
Nasrolahi, A., Smith B.D., Ehsanpour M., Afkhami M., Rainbow P.S., 2017. Biomonitoring of trace metal bioavailability in the barnacle Amphibalanus improvises along the Iranian coast of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 2017. Vol.16, No.1, pp. 1-25.
Sattari, M., Imanpour Namin, J., Bibak, M., Forouhar Vajargah, M., Bakhshalizadeh, S., & Faggio, C., 2020. Determination of Trace Element Accumulation in Gonads of Rutilus kutum (Kamensky, 1901) from the South Caspian Sea Trace Element Contaminations in Gonads. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 90, No.4, pp.777-784.
Liu, X., Liu, L., Peng, Y., 2017. Ecological zoning for regional sustainable development using an integrated modeling approach in the Bohai Rim, China. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 353, pp.158-166.
Riva, F., Zuccato, E., Davoli, E., Fattore, E., Castiglioni, S., 2019. Risk assessment of a mixture of emerging contaminants in surface water in a highly urbanized area in Italy. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 361, pp. 103–110.
Nys, C., Van Regenmortel, T., Janssen, C.R., Oorts, K., Smolders, E., De Schamphelaere, K.A., 2018. A framework for ecological risk assessment of metal mixtures in aquatic systems. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, Vol. 37, No.3, pp.623-642.
_||_
Zhai, T., Wang, J., Fang, Y., Liu, J., Huang, L., Chen, K., & Zhao, C., 2021. Identification and Prediction of Wetland Ecological Risk in Key Cities of the Yangtze River Economic Belt: From the Perspective of Land Development. Sustainability, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp.411-428.
Naqinezhad, A., Ramezani, E., Khalili, A.H., Joosten, H., 2019. Habitat and floristic peculiarities of an isolated mountain mire in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran: A harbor for rare and endangered plant species. Mires and Peat, Vol. 24, No. 21, pp. 1-22.
Isunju, J.B., Kemp, J., 2016. Spatiotemporal analysis of encroachment on wetlands: a case of Nakivubo wetland in Kampala, Uganda. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 188, No. 203, pp. 1-17.
Clarke, B., Thet, A. K., Sandhu, H., & Dittmann, S., 2021. Integrating Cultural Ecosystem Services valuation into coastal wetlands restoration: A case study from South Australia. Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 116, pp. 220-229.
Endter-Wada, J., Kettenring, K.M., Sutton-Grier, A., 2020. Sutton-Grier, Protecting wetlands for people: Strategic policy action can help wetlands mitigate risks and enhance resilience. Environmental Science and Policy, Vol.108, pp. 37-44.
Wang, Q., Li, S., Li, R., 2019. Evaluating water resource sustainability in Beijing, China: Combining PSR model and matter-element extension method. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.206, pp. 171-179.
Grechi, L., Franco, A., Palmeri, L., Pivato, A., & Barausse, A., 2016. An ecosystem model of the lower Po river for use in ecological risk assessment of xenobiotics. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 332, pp. 42-58.
Evers, S., Yule, C.M., Padfield, R., O'Reilly, P., Varkkey, H., 2017. Keep wetlands wet: the myth of sustainable development of tropical peatlands–implications for policies and management. Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.534-549.
Sarkar, S., Parihar, S.M., Dutta, A., 2016. Fuzzy risk assessment modeling of East Kolkata Wetland Area: A remote sensing and GIS-based approach. Environmental modeling & software, Vol. 75, pp.105-118.
Cesen, M., Heath, D., Krivec, M., Kosmrlj, J., Kosjek, T., Heath, E., 2018. Seasonal and spatial variations in the occurrence, mass loadings, and removal of compounds of emerging concern in the Slovene aqueous environment and environmental risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 242, pp. 143-154.
Jin, Y., Yang, W., Sun, T., Yang, Z., Li, M., 2016. Effects of seashore reclamation activities on the health of wetland ecosystems: A case study in the Yellow River Delta, China. Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 123, pp. 44-52.
Shifflett, S.D., Schubauer-Berigan, J., 2019. Assessing the risk of utilizing tidal coastal wetlands for wastewater Management. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 236, pp. 269-279.
Ke, X., Gui, S., Huang, H., Zhang, H., Wang, C., & Guo, W., 2017. Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area, China. Chemosphere, Vol. 175, pp. 473-481.
Eagles-Smith, C.A., Wiener, J.G., Eckley, C.S., Willacker, J.J., Evers, D.C., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Obrist, D., Fleck, J.A., Aiken, G.R., Lepak, J.M., Jackson, A.K., Webster, J.P., Stewart, A.R., Davis, J.A., Alpers, C.N., Ackerman,J.T., 2016. Mercury in western North America: A synthesis of environmental contamination, fluxes, bioaccumulation, and risk to fish and wildlife. Science Total Environment. Vol. 5, No. 094, pp. 1-14.
Ai, S., Gao, X., Wang, X., Li, J., Fan, B., Zhao, S., Liu, Z., 2021. Exposure and tiered ecological risk assessment of phthalate esters in the surface water of Poyang Lake, China. Chemosphere, Vol. 262, 127864.
Levine, S.L., Giddings, J., Valenti, T., Cobb, G.P., Carley, D.S., McConnell, L.L., 2019. Overcoming Challenges of Incorporating Higher Tier Data in Ecological Risk Assessments and Risk Management of Pesticides in the United States: Findings and Recommendations from the 2017 Workshop on Regulation and Innovation in Agriculture. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 714-725.
Liang, J., Liu, J., Yuan, X., Zeng, G., Yuan, Y., Wu, H., Li, F., 2016. A method for heavy metal exposure risk assessment to migratory herbivorous birds and identification of priority pollutants/areas in wetlands. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 23, No. 12, pp.1-8.
Boon, P. I., Allen, T., Carr, G., Frood, D., Harty, C., Mcmahon, A., ... and Yugovic, J., 2015. Coastal wetlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia: providing the inventory and condition information needed for their effective management and conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Vol. 25, No. 4. pp. 454-479.
Harwell, M. A., Gentile, J. H., McKinney, L. D., Tunnell Jr, J. W., Dennison, W. C., Kelsey, R. H., ... & Tunnell, J., 2019. Conceptual Framework for Assessing Ecosystem Health. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 544-564.
McCartney, M.P., Houghton-Carr, H.A, 2009. Working Wetland Potential: An index to guide the sustainable development of African wetlands. In Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 99-110. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Ostrovskaya, E., Douven, W., Schwartz, K., Pataki, B., Mukuyu, P., Kaggwa, R.C., 2013. Capacity for sustainable management of wetlands: Lessons from the WETwin project. Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 34, pp.128-137.
Elekwachi, W., Nwankwoala Hycienth, O., Ocheje Johnmark, F., Onyishi, C.J., 2019. Oil spill incidents and wetlands loss in Niger Delta: Implication for sustainable development goals. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.1-20.
Raimondo, S., Sharpe, L., Oliver, L., McCaffrey, K. R., Purucker, S. T., Sinnathamby, S., & Minucci, J. M., 2019. A unified approach for protecting listed species and ecosystem services in isolated wetlands using community-level protection goals. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 663, pp. 465-478.
Alemi Safaval, P., Kheirkhah Zarkesh, M., Neshaei, S.A.; Ejlali, F., 2018. Morphological changes in the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea using remote sensing and GIS, Caspian Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.271-285.
Karimi, M., Samani, J. M. V., Mazaheri, M., 2021. Shoreline spatial and temporal response to natural and human effects in Boujagh National Park, Iran. International Journal of Sediment Research, Vol. 36, No.5, pp.582-592.
N., Nouri, J., Khorasani, N.A., Riazi, B., 2021. Integrated environmental management for human communities' risks around wetlands by ecological risk approach. International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management, Vol.7, No.1, pp.1-16.
Jaramillo, F., Desormeaux, A., Hedlund, J., Jawitz, J. W., Clerici, N., Piemontese, L., ... & Åhlén, I., 2019. Priorities and interactions of sustainable development goals (SDGs) with a focus on wetlands. Water, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp.1-21.
Bratley, K., Ghoneim, E., 2018. Modeling urban encroachment on the agricultural land of the eastern Nile Delta using remote sensing and a GIS-Based Markov Chain model. Land, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 114-134.
Madu, C.N., Kuei, C.H., Ozumba, B.C., Nnadi, V.E., Madu, I.E., Ezeasor, I.C., 2018. Using the DPSIR framework and data analytics to analyze oil spillages in the Niger delta area. Land use policy, Vol.78, pp.78-90.
Chaves, M.J.S., Barbosa, S.C.; Malinowski, M.M., Volpato, D., Castro, I.B., Santos Franco, T.C.R., Primel, E.G., 2020. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a Brazilian wetland of international importance: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 734, No. 139374, pp. 1-11.
Nasrolahi, A., Smith B.D., Ehsanpour M., Afkhami M., Rainbow P.S., 2017. Biomonitoring of trace metal bioavailability in the barnacle Amphibalanus improvises along the Iranian coast of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 2017. Vol.16, No.1, pp. 1-25.
Sattari, M., Imanpour Namin, J., Bibak, M., Forouhar Vajargah, M., Bakhshalizadeh, S., & Faggio, C., 2020. Determination of Trace Element Accumulation in Gonads of Rutilus kutum (Kamensky, 1901) from the South Caspian Sea Trace Element Contaminations in Gonads. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 90, No.4, pp.777-784.
Liu, X., Liu, L., Peng, Y., 2017. Ecological zoning for regional sustainable development using an integrated modeling approach in the Bohai Rim, China. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 353, pp.158-166.
Riva, F., Zuccato, E., Davoli, E., Fattore, E., Castiglioni, S., 2019. Risk assessment of a mixture of emerging contaminants in surface water in a highly urbanized area in Italy. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 361, pp. 103–110.
Nys, C., Van Regenmortel, T., Janssen, C.R., Oorts, K., Smolders, E., De Schamphelaere, K.A., 2018. A framework for ecological risk assessment of metal mixtures in aquatic systems. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, Vol. 37, No.3, pp.623-642.
