مروری بر بیماری های انسانی مربوط به آب های زیرزمینی و نقش عوامل هیدروژئولوژیک در تقابل با آن ها
محورهای موضوعی : آب و محیط زیستنجات زیدعلی نژاد 1 , زهره رامک 2
1 - کارشناس منابع آب شرکت آب منطقه‌ای لرستان، لرستان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - کارشناس منابع آب شرکت آب منطقه‌ای لرستان، لرستان، ایران.
کلید واژه: آلاینده, هیدروژئولوژی, عوامل بیماری‌زا, آبخوان, آب‌های زیرزمینی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: علی رغم اینکه آب های سطحی نسبت به آب های زیرزمینی بیش تر در معرض آلودگی و عوامل بیماری زا قرار دارند، امروزه مشخص شده است آب های زیرزمینی نه تنها ممکن است عامل ایجاد بیماری در انسان باشند، بلکه می توانند باعث آلودگی آب های سطحی نیز شوند. با این وجود، تاکنون مطالعات اندکی بیماری های مربوط به آب های زیرزمینی را بررسی کرده اند. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی عوامل بیماری زا و بیماری های مربوط به آب های زیرزمینی و نقش عوامل هیدروژئولوژیک در تقابل با آن ها است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه از مقالات مختلف، به خصوص مطالعات موردی، که بیماری های مربوط به آب های زیرزمینی را بررسی کرده اند استفاده شد. یافته ها: آب های زیرزمینی ممکن است منشأ بسیاری از بیماری ها باشند که بر روی قسمت های مختلف بدن تأثیر می گذارند. بیماری های گوارشی، قلبی- عروقی، مغزی، تنفسی، اسکلتی، دندانی، چشمی، و روانشناختی همراه با حصبه، وبا، هپاتیت، گواتر، متاگلوبین، برونشیت، فلج اطفال، کم خونی، خونریزی داخلی، پیرشدگی، آلرژی، گلودرد، ورم ملتحمه، آنوسمی، التهاب و سوزش دهان، بیهوشی، اختلالات یادگیری، اختلالات رفتاری و بیش فعالی در کودکان، اختلال در باروری و رشد جنین، سندروم کودک آبی و نقص مادرزادی در نوزادان، سرطان و حتی مرگ ممکن است به دلیل آب های زیرزمینی رخ دهند. بحث و نتیجه گیری: شناخت سیستم های آب زیرزمینی می تواند در فهم عوامل بیماری زا و پالایش آن ها مفید باشد. در واقع، سیستم های آب زیرزمینی با خصوصیات هیدروژئولوژیک مختلف وجود دارند. در نظر گرفتن فاکتورهایی مانند جنس سازندهای زمین شناسی، عمق آبخوان و نقش عوامل انسانی، مانند برداشت بی رویه از آب های زیرزمینی، می تواند مسئله را پیچیده تر، و لزوم مطالعات هیدروژئولوژیکی را در خصوص خودپالایی بارزتر کند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Even though surface water is more susceptible to pollution and pathogens than groundwater, nowadays, it has been affirmed that groundwater may not only cause diseases in humanity, but also contaminate surface water. However, few studies have hitherto taken into account the groundwater diseases. The objective of this study is to evaluate the pathogens and diseases apropos of groundwater and to assess the key role of hydrogeological factors in alleviating them. Material and Methodology: In this study, different articles, especially case studies, related to groundwater diseases were reviewed. Findings: Groundwater may be the origin of many diseases affecting different parts of the body. Gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, cerebral, respiratory, skeletal, dental, ocular, and psychological diseases along with typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, goiter, metaglobin, bronchitis, poliomyelitis, anemia, internal bleeding, aging, allergies, sore throat, conjunctivitis, anosmia, inflammation and burning of the mouth, anesthesia, learning disabilities, behavioral and hyperactivity disorders in children, impaired fertility and fetal development, methemoglobinemia, congenital defect, cancer, and even death may occur in lights of groundwater. Discussion and Conclusion: Acquiring knowledge about the groundwater systems might be advantageous to a thorough understanding of issues relating to pathogens, and their refinement. Indeed, dissimilar groundwater systems having various hydrogeological characteristics exist. Considering features such as the type of geological formations, the aquifer's depth, and the anthropogenic influences, viz. groundwater over-exploitation, can complicate the issue, and impose requirements on hydrogeological studies in terms of self-purification.
منابع و مأخذ:
Murphy HM, Prioleau MD, Borchardt MA, Hynds PD. Review: Epidemiological evidence of groundwater contribution to global enteric disease, 1948-2015. Hydrogeology Journal. 2017;25(4):981-1001.
Zeydalinejad N, Nassery HR, Alijani F, Shakiba A. Groundwater as a buffer against climate change and declining the stress on fresh water resources. Proceedings of the 6th Regional Conference on Climate Change and Global Warming; 2021 March 4-5; Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran; 2021. (In Persian)
Macler BA, Merkle JC. Current knowledge on groundwater microbial pathogens and their control. Hydrogeology Journal. 2000; 8:29-40.
Pascal OB, John OO, Justice NM, Abera T. Spatial distribution of diarrhoea and microbial quality of domestic water during an outbreak of diarrhoea in the Tshikuwi community in Venda, South Africa. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2009; 27(5):652-59.
Haley BJ, Cole DJ, Lipp EK. Distribution, diversity, and seasonality of waterborne salmonellae in a rural watershed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2009;75(5):1248-1255.
Azizullah A, Khattak MNK, Richter P, Hader DP. Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health- a review. Environment International. 2011;37(2):479-497.
Selvam S, Venkatramanan S, Singaraja C. A GIS-based assessment of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination in Tuticorin Corporation, Tamilnadu, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2015;8(12):10611-10623.
Fluoride in Drinking Water. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
Farzanmehr M, Bina B, Ebrahimi A. Investigation of drinking water quality and residual concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and Parathion pesticides in groundwater of Dezful city, Iran, in 2016. Journal of Health System Research. 2019;15(2):158-168. (In Persian)
Esghaei M, khodayari A. Study of refinement of groundwaters of viral contaminants using clay column in a laboratory model. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development. 2017;4(1):31-36. (In Persian)
Kock-Schulmeyer M, Ginebreda A, de Alda ML, Barcelo D. Fate and risks of polar pesticides
in groundwater samples of Catalonia. In: Barcelo D, editor. Emerging organic contaminants and human health. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. p. 375-394.
Dargahi A, Samarghandi M, Karami A, Mohammadi M, Vaziri Y. Investigation of residual concentrations of organic phosphorus pesticides in surface water and groundwater sources supplying drinking water of Kermanshah province. Journal of Health. 2018;9(2):133-142. (In Persian)
Baba A, Tayfur G. Groundwater contamination and its effect on health in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2011; 183:77-94.
Edmunds WM, Smedley PL. Groundwater geochemistry and health: an overview. In: Appleton JD, Fuge R, McCall GJH, editors. Environmental geochemistry and health. London: Geological Society London Special Publications; 2014. p. 91-105.
Mosaferi M, Taghipour H, Hassani A, Borghei M, Kamali Z, Ghadirzadeh A. Study of arsenic presence in drinking water sources: a case study. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2008;1(1):19-28. (In Persian)
Ahmadi A, Aberoumand M. Vulnerability of Khash-Plain aquifer, eastern Iran, to pollution using geographic information system (GIS). Geotechnical Geology. 2009;5(1):1-11. (In Persian)
Bahmani F, Raeisi E. Determination of pollution and mechanism of transport of as in the aquifer near Maharlu lake. Proceedings of the 6th Iranian Conference of Engineering Geology and the Environment; Association of Engineering Geology, Tehran, Iran; 2009. (In Persian)
Sobhanardakani S, Jamali M, Maanijou M. Evaluation of as, Zn, Cr and Mn concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan plain and preparation of zoning map using GIS. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2014a;16(2):25-37. (In Persian)
Ziae Hezar Jaribi H, Yousefi Z, Mohammadpour RA. Parasitic contamination of wells drinking water in Mazandaran Province in (2002-2003). Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2007;10(4):378-388. (In Persian)
Kouhian K, Kazemi MH, Akbari M, Meygouni SS, Isvand A. Evaluation of the microbial and chemical parameters of water samples being sent to food laboratory of Health Department of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces (Nazaja). Journal of Nurse and Physician Within War. 2011; 14:16-18. (In Persian)
Darvishi M, Pesaraklou V, Alizadeh K, Taheri D, Zareiy S. Evaluation the microbial and physio-chemical quality of drinking water in military units. Ebnesina. 2011;14(3):17-22. (In Persian)
Nadiri A, Asghari Moghaddam A, Sadeghi F, Aghaee H. Investigation of arsenic anomalies in water resources of Sahand dam. Journal of Ecvironmental Studies. 2012;38(63):16-18.
Celebi A, Sengorur B, Klove B. Human health risk assessment of dissolved metals in groundwater and surface waters in the Melen watershed, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/ Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering. 2014;49(2):153-161.
Murphy HM, Pintar KD, McBean EA, Thomas MK. A systematic review of waterborne disease burden methodologies from developed countries. Journal of Water and Health. 2014;12(4):634-55.
FajčíkováK, Cvečková V, Stewart A, Rapant Health risk estimates for groundwater and soil contamination in the Slovak Republic: a convenient tool for identification and mapping of risk areas. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2014; 36:973-986.
Ghias M. Medical geography and geographical health (case study: identification of soil and water contaminated with heavy metals and its relationship with cancer in rural areas of west of Isfahan). Geography and Environmental Planning. 2018;29(3):131-146. (In Persian)
Zahraei A, Ghasemi SM, Moradnia M, Karimian K. Investigation of relationship between potable water hardness and high blood pressure among over-thirty-year rural population of Divandarreh city in 2014. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2014;1(4):285. (In Persian)
Chakraborti D, Rahman MM, Chatterjee A, Das D, Das B, Nayak B, Pal A, Chowdhury UK, Ahmed S, Biswas BK, Sengupta MK, Lodh D, Samanta G, Chakraborty S, Roy MM, Dutta RN, Saha KC, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Kar PB. Fate of over 480 million inhabitants living in arsenic and fluoride endemic Indian districts: magnitude, health, socio-economic effects and mitigation approaches. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2016; 38:33-45.
Klove B, Kvitsand HML, Pitkanen T, Gunnarsdottir MJ, Gaut S, Gardarsson SM, Rossi PM, Miettinen I. Overview of groundwater sources and water-supply systems, and associated microbial pollution, in Finland, Norway and Iceland. Hydrogeology Journal. 2017; 25:1033-1044.
Maslehat S, Mostafavi E. The role of Pasteur Institute of Iran in disinfection of drinking water of Tehran (1950-1954). Research on History of Medicine. 2018;7(2):117-126. (In Persian)
Shahriyari J, Rezaei MR, Kamani H, Sayadi Anari MH. Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in drinking tap water in Zabol city, Iran. Journal of Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences. 2020;8(3):59-75. (In Persian)
Chique C, Hynds P, Burke LP, Morris D, Ryan MP, O'Dwyer J. Contamination of domestic groundwater systems by verotoxigenic escherichia coli (VTEC), 2003-2019: a global scoping review. Water Research. 2021; 188:116496.
Sabatier M, Arnaud MJ, Kastenmayer P, Rytz A, Barclay DV. Meal effect on magnesium bioavailability from mineral water in healthy women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;75(1):65-71.
Grandjean AC, Reimers KJ, Buyckx ME. Hydration: issues for the 21st century. Nutrition Reviews. 2003;61(8):261-71.
Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, Beilin LJ. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;76(5):1007-1015.
Khush RS, Arnold BF, Srikanth P, Sudharsanam S, Ramaswamy P, Durairaj N, London AG, Ramaprabha P, Rajkumar P, Balakrishnan K, Colford Jr JM. H2S as an indicator of water supply vulnerability and health risk in low-resource settings: a prospective cohort study. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2013;89(2):251-259.
Prüss-Üstün A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J. Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
Yassin MM, Abu Amr SS, Al-Najar HM. Assessment of microbiological water quality and its relation to human health in Gaza Governorate, Gaza Strip. Public Health. 2006;120(12):1177-1187.
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
Diarrhoeal Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
Rostami K, Mahboubi A, Mosaddeghi M, Safari Sinegani A. Pseudomonas fluorescens adsorption affected by calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate under unsaturated flow conditions. Journal of Water and Wastewater. 2009;20(3):69-79. (In Persian)
Kramer MH, Herwaldt BL, Craun GF, Calderon RL, Juranik DD. Waterborne disease: 1993 and 1994. American Water Works Association. 1996;88(3):66-80.
Tait NG, Davison RM, Leharne SA, Lerner DN. Borehole Optimization System (BOS)- a case study assessing options for abstraction of urban groundwater in Nottingham, UK. Journal of Environmental Modelling and Software. 2008;23(5):611-621.
Miranzadeh MB, Mostafaii GR, Jalali A. A study to determin the nitrate of water wells and distribution network in Kashan during 2005-2004. Feyz. 2006;10(2):39-45. (In Persian)
Salvato JA. Environmental Engineering and Sanitation. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1992.
Nejatijahromi Z, Nassery HR, Hosono T, Nakhaei M, Alijani F, Okumura A. Groundwater nitrate contamination in an area using urban wastewaters for agricultural irrigation under arid climate condition, southeast of Tehran, Iran. Agricultural Water Management. 2019; 221:397-414.
Choi WJ, Han GH, Lee SM, Lee GT, Yoon KS, Choi SM, Ro HM. Impact of land-use types on nitrateconcentration and Ϭ15N in unconfined ground water in ruralareas of Korea. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 2007; 120:259-268.
Clark ID, Fritz P. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1997.
Majumdar D, Gupta N. Nitrate pollution of groundwater and associated human health disorders. Indian Journal of Environmental Health. 2000;42(1):28-39.
Gray NF. Drinking Water Quality. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
Salehifard O, Eskandari F. Investigation of the relationship between drinking water nitrate and bladder cancer in Larestan city from the point of view medical geography. Iranian Journal of Cancer Care. 2019;1(2):47-54. (In Persian)
Tao Y, Deng Y, Du Y, Xu Y, Leng Z, Ma T, Wang Y. Sources and enrichment of phosphorus in groundwater of the Central Yangtze River Basin. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 737:139837.
Prem M, Hansen HCB, Wenzel W, Heiberg L, Sørensen H, Borggaard OK. High spatial and fast changes of iron redox state and phosphorus solubility in a seasonally flooded temperate wetland soil. Wetlands. 2015; 35:237-246.
Nisbeth CS, Kidmose J, Weckstrom K, Reitzel K, Odgaard BV, Bennike O, Thorling L, McGowan S, Schomacker A, Kristensen DLJ, Jessen S. Dissolved inorganic geogenic phosphorus load to a groundwater-fed lake: implications of terrestrial phosphorus cycling by groundwater.Water. 2019;11(11):2213.
Ancic M, Hudek A, Rihtaric I, Cazar M, Bacun-Druzina V, Kopjar N, Durgo K. PHYSICO chemical properties and toxicological effect of landfill groundwaters and leachates. Chemosphere. 2020; 238:124574.
Dubrovsky NM, Burow KR, Clark GM, Gronberg JM, Hamilton PA, Hitt KJ, Mueller DK, Munn MD, Nolan BT, Puckett LJ, Rupert MG, Short TM, Spahr NE, Sprague LA, Wilber WG. The Quality of our Nation’s Waters: Nutrients in the Nation’s Streams and Groundwater, 1992– U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1350; 2010.
Neidhardt H, Schoeckle D, Schleinitz A, Eiche E, Berner Z, Tram PTK, Lan VM, Viet PH, Biswas A, Majumder S, Chatterjee D, Oelmann Y, Berg M. Biogeochemical phosphorus cycling in groundwater ecosystems- insights from south and southeast Asian floodplain and delta aquifers. Science of the Total Environment. 2018; 644:1357-
Disthabanchong S. Phosphate and cardiovascular disease beyond chronic kidney disease and vascular calcification. International Journal of Nephrology. 2018; 3162806:1-7.
Simonton DS, King S. Hydrogen sulfide formation and potential health consequences in coal mining regions. Water Quality, Exposure and Health. 2013; 5:85-92.
Ko JH, Xu Q, Jang YC. Emissions and control of hydrogen sulfide at landfills: a review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 2015;45(19):2043-2083.
Dincer F, Muezzinoglu A. Chemical characterization of odors due to some industrial and urban facilities in Izmir, Turkey. Atmospheric Environment. 2006; 40:4210-4219.
Hendryx M, Ahern M. Relations between health indicators and residential proximity to coal mining in West Virginia. American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98(4):669-671.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Public health statement for lead. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and human Services; 2007 [cited 2021 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=92&tid=22.
Ugran V, Desai NN, Chakraborti D, Masali KA, Mantur P, Kulkarni S, Deshmukh N, Chadchan KS, Das SN, Tanksali AS, Arwikar AS, Guggarigoudar SP, Vallabha T, Patil SS, Das KK. Groundwater fluoride contamination and its possible health implications in Indi taluk of Vijayapura District (Karnataka State), India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2017;39(5):1017-1029.
Hem JD. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Hawaii: University Press; 1970.
Ayedun H, Gbadebo AM, Idowu OA, Arowolo TA. Toxic elements in groundwater of Lagos and Ogun States, Southwest, Nigeria and their human health risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2015; 187:351.
Nourozi H, Shahbazi A, Ranjbar M, Safdari H. Survey of nitrate and nitrite ions in groundwater resources of Hamadan Province. Proceedings of the 8th National Congress on Environmental Health; 2005 Nov 8-10; Tehran, Iran; 2005. p. 1-10. (In Persian)
Evanko FR, Dzombak DA. Remediation of metals-contaminated soils and groundwater. Pittsburgh: Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center; 1997. Report No.: TE-97-01.
Facchinelli A, Sacchi E, Mallen L. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environment Pollution. 2001; 114:313-324.
Duruibe JO, Ogwuegbu MOC, Egwurugwu JN. Heavy metal pollution and human bio toxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 2007; 2:112-118.
Karbasi M, Karbasi E, Saremi A, Ghorbani Zade H. Determination of heavy metals concentration in drinking water resources of Aleshtar in 2009. Yafteh. 2010;12(1):65-70. (In Persian)
Ezekwe IC, Odu NN, Chima GN, Opigo A. Assessing regional groundwater quality and its health implications in the Lokpaukwu, Lekwesi and Ishiagu mining areas of southeastern Nigeria using factor analysis. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2012;67(4):971-986.
Maria-Alexandra H, Roman C, Ristoiu D, Popita G, Tanaselia C. Assessing of water quality pollution indices for hevay metal contamination (A study case from Medias City groundwaters). Agriculture- Science and Practice. 2013;3-4(87-88):25-31.
Yankey RK, Fianko JR, Osae S, Ahialey EK, Duncan AE, Essuman DK, Bentum JK. Evaluation of heavy metal pollution index of groundwater in the Tarkwa mining area, Ghana. Elixir Pollution. 2013; 54:12663-12667.
Esmaeeli A. Pollutants on Health and Environmental Standards. Tehran: Naghshe Mehr Publication; 2003. (In Persian)
Oyeku OT, Eludoyin AO. Heavy metal contamination of groundwater resources in a Nigerian urban settlement. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2010; 4:201-214.
Buragohain M, Bhuyan B, Sarma HP. Seasonal variations of lead, arsenic, cadmium and aluminium contamination of groundwater in Dhemaji district, Assam, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2010; 170:345-351.
Sobhanardakani S, Talebiani S, Maanijou M. Evaluation of as, Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations in groundwater resources of Toyserkan plain and preparing the zoning map using GIS. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014b;24(114):120-130. (In Persian)
Synzynys BI, Tjantova EN, Melehova OP, Pavlova NN, The Manual at the Rate, Ecology and Safety of Ability to Live. Koz’min’s ed. Obninsk: IATE; 2004 (in Russian).
Batayneh AT. Toxic (aluminum, beryllium, boron, chromium and zinc) in groundwater: health risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2012; 9:153-162.
Nriagu J. Zinc in the Environment, Part I, Ecological Cycling. New York: Wiley; 1980.
Shariatpanahi M. Principles of Quality and Water and wastewater Treatment. Tehran (Iran): Tehran University Press; 2017. (In Persian)
Di Natale M, Greco R, Musmarra D. Permeable adsorbing barriers for groundwater remediation from hexavalent chrome pollution. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management. 2007;7(1/2):39-55.
Testa SM. Sources of chromium contamination in soil and groundwater. In: Guertin J, Jacobs JA, Avakian CP, editors. Chromium (VI) handbook. Florida: CRC Press; 2005. p. 143-162.
Chalkeshamiri M. Water Treatment Principles. Isfahan (Iran): Arkan Danesh; 2019.
Ghaderpoori M, Kamarehie B, Jafari A, Ghaderpoury A, Karami M. Heavy metals analysis and quality assessment in drinking water- Khorramabad city, Iran. Data in Brief. 2018; 16:685-92.
Copper in Drinking Water. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
Ebrahimpour S, Mohammadzadeh H, Nassery N. Arsenic pollution in groundwater and its influences on human health. Proceedings of 1st Iranian National Conference on Applied Research in Water Resources; 2010 May 11; Kermanshah, Iran. Kermanshah University of Technology; 2010. p. 269-282. (In Persian)
Altundogan HS, Altundogan S, Tumen F, Bildik M. Arsenic removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on red mud. Waste Management. 2000;20(8):761-767.
Smedley PL, Kinniburgh DG. A review of the source, behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry. 2002;17(5):517-568.
Ahuja F. Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater. New Jersy: John Wily and Sons; 2008.
Graeme H, Pollack J. Selected topics: toxicology: part I arsenic and mercury. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998;16:45-56.
Ahmad S, Kitchin KT, Cullen WR. Arsenic species that cause release of iron from ferritin and generation of activated oxygen. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2000;382(2):195-202.
Powis G, Mustacich D, Coon A. The role of the redox protein thioredoxin in cell growth and cancer. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2000; 29:312-322.
Abernathy CO, Liu YP, Longfellow D, Aposhian HV, Beck B, Fowler B, Goyer R, Menzer R, Rossman T, Thompson C, Waalkes M. Arsenic: health effects, mechanisms of actions, and research issues. Environmental health perspectives. 1999;107(7):593-597.
Arena JM, Drew RH. Poisonings: Toxicology, Symptoms and Treatment. Chicago, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishing Co; 1986.
Winship K. Toxicity of inorganic arsenic salts. Adverse Drug Reactions and Acute Poisoning Reviews. 1984; 3:129-160.
Fowler B. Toxicology of environmental arsenic. In: Goyer RA, Mehlman MA, editors. Advances in modern toxicology: II. Toxicology of trace elements. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing; 1977. p. 79-122.
Brochmoller J, Cascorbi I, Henning S, Meisel C. Molecular genetics of cancer susceptibility. Pharmacology. 2000; 61:212-227.
Morales KH, Ryan L, Kuo TL, Wu MM, Chen CJ. Risk of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000; 108:655-661.
Squibb K, Fowler B. The Toxicity of Arsenic and Its Compounds. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1983.
Schwartz R. Arsenic and the skin. International Journal of Dermatology. 1997;36(4):241-250.
Maloney M. Arsenic in dermatology. Dermatologic Survey. 1996;22(3):301-304.
Kevin H. Arsenic Environmental Chemistry, Health Threats and Waste Treatment. New Jersy: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2009.
Wasserman G, Liu X, Parvez F. Water arsenic exposure and children's intellectual function in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2004;112(13):1329-1333.
Chen CJ, Wang SL, Chiou JM, Tseng CH, Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Chen SY, Wu MM, Lai MS. Arsenic and diabetes and hypertension in human populations: a review. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2007; 222:298-304.
Kwok RK, Mendola P, Liu ZY, Savitz DA, Heiss G, Ling HL, Xia Y, Lobdell D, Zeng D, Thorp JM Jr, Creason JP, Mumford JL. Drinking water arsenic exposure and blood pressure in healthy women of reproductive age in Inner Mongolia, China. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2007; 222:337-343.
Vahter M. Health effects of early life exposure to arsenic. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2008;102(2):204-211.
Rodriguez V, Carrizales L, Mendoza M. Effects of sodium arsenite exposure on development and behavior in the rat. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2002;24(6):743-750.
Rajaei Q, Pourkhabbaz AR, Hesari Motlagh S. Assessment of heavy metals health risk of groundwater in Ali Abad Katoul plian. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;4(2):155-62.
Rajappa B, Manjappa S, Puttaiah ET. Monitoring of heavy metal concentration in groundwater of Hakinaka Taluk, India. Contemporary Engineering Sciences. 2010;3(4):183-190.
Emmanuel E, Pierre MG, Perrodin Y. Groundwater contamination by microbiological and chemical substances released from hospital wastewater: Health risk assessment for drinking water consumers. Environment International. 2009; 35(4):718-726.
Abedi M. Study of heavy metals, nitrite and nitrate in drinking water of Gorgan city and preparing their distribution map in GIS [dissertation]. Shahrood (Iran): Islamic Azad University Shahrood Branch; 2014. (In Persian)
Daldrup T, Haarhoff K, Szathmary SC. Fatal nickel sulfate poisoning. Beiträge zur gerichtlichen Medizin. 1983; 41:141-144 (in German).
Sunderman Jr FW, Hopfer SM, Sweeney KR. Nickel absorption and kinetics in human volunteers. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1989; 191:5-11.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological profile for nickel. Altanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1993 [cited 2021 Apr 14]. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological profile for nickel. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and human Services; 2003 [cited 2021 Apr 14]. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov.
Ngah SA, Nwankwoala HO. Iron (Fe2+) occurrence and distribution in groundwater sources in different geomorphologic zones of Eastern Niger Delta. Archives of Applied Science Research. 2013;5(2):266-272.
Matheis G. The Properties of Groundwater. New York: Wiley; 1985
Demlie M, Hingston E, Mnisi Z. A study of the sources, human health implications and low cost treatment options of iron rich groundwater in the northeastern coastal areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 2014; 144:504-510.
Moll R, Davis B. Iron, vitamin B12 and folate. Medicine. 2017;45(4):198-203.
Ganz T, Nemeth E. Hepcidin and iron homeostasis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 2012;1823(9):1434-1443.
Winterbourn CC. Toxicity of iron and hydrogen peroxide: The Fenton reaction. Toxicology Letters. 1995;82-83:969-974.
Britton RS, Leicester KL, Bacon BR. Iron toxicity and chelation therapy. International Journal of Hematology. 2002;76(3):219-28.
Homoncik SC, MacDonald AM, Heal KV, Dochartaigh BEO, Ngwenya BT. Manganese concentration in Scottish groundwater. The Science of the Total Environment, 2010;408:2467-2473.
Hem JD. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper; 1985.
Keen CL, Zidenberg-Cherr S. Manganese toxicity in humans and experimental animals. In: Klimis-Tavantzis DJ, editor. Manganese in Health and Disease. London: CRC Press; 1994. p. 193-205
Sly Ll, Arunpairojana V, Dixon DR. Binding of colloidal MnO2 by extracellular polysaccharides of Pedomicrobium manganicum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1990; 56:2791-2794.
Wasserman GA, Liu XH, Parvez F, Ahsan H, Levy D, Factor-Litvak P. Water manganese exposure and children’s intellectual function in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006;114(1):124-129.
Bouchard M, Laforest F, Vandelac L, Bellinger D, Mergler D. Hair manganese and hyperactive behaviours: pilot study of school age children exposed through tap water. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007; 115:122-127.
Kondakis XG, Markris N, Leotsinidis M, Papapetropoulos T. Possible health effects of high manganese concentrations in drinking water. Archives of Environmental Health. 1989; 44:175-178.
Mirmohamadlou A , Ghanizadeh G , Esmaeili Correlation between Legionella water contamination and microelements in water lines of selected hospitals in Tehran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016;25(133):245-254 (In Persian)
Todd DK, Mays LW. Groundwater Hydrology. New York: Wiley and Sons; 2005.
Nassery HR, Zeydalinejad N, Alijani F, Shakiba A. A proposed modelling towards the potential impacts of climate change on a semi-arid, small-scaled aquifer: a case study of Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2021; 193:182.
Ford DC, Williams PW. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. England: John Wiley and Sons; 2007.
Ayotte JD, Montgomery DL, Flanagan SM, Robinson KW. Arsenic in groundwater in eastern New England: occurrence, controls, and human health implications. Environmental Science and Technology. 2003;37(10):2075-2083.
Milanovic PT. Karst Hydrogeology. Colorado: Water Resources Publication; 1981.
Zeydalinejad N, Nassery HR, Alijani F, Shakiba A. Forecasting the resilience of Bibitarkhoun karst spring, southwest Iran, to the future climate change. Modelling Earth Systems and Environment. 2020a; 6:2359-2375.
Zeydalinejad N, Nassery HR, Shakiba A, Alijani F. Prediction of the karstic spring flow rates under climate change by climatic variables based on the artificial neural network: a case study of Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2020b;192(6):375.
Zeydalinejad N, Nassery HR, Shakiba A, Alijani F. Simulation of karst aquifer water level under climate change in Lali region, Khouzestan Province, SW Iran. Nivar. 2020c;44(108-109):97-109.
Appelo CAJ, Postma D. Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution. Rotterdam: Balkema; 2005.
Wireman M, Job C. Determining the risk to public water supply wells from infective microorganisms. Water Well Journal. 1998; 1998:63-67.
Aber S, Khataee A, Sheydaei M. Optimization of activated carbon fiber preparation from Kenaf using K2HPO4 as chemical activator for adsorption of phenolic compounds. Bioresource Technology. 2009; 100(24):6586-6591.
Shahbazi A, Mehrjo F. Groundwater pollution sources and restoration techniques. Human and Environment. 2013;11(25):13-21 (In Persian)
Morovati M, Monavari M, Hasani AH, Rosta Z. Feasibility study of application of sewage for artificial injection of aquifer in the plain of Yazd-Ardakan. Human and Environment. 2011;9(4):21-26 (In Persian)
Lalehzari R, Tabatabaei S, Khayat-kholghi M, Yarali N, Saba, AA. Evaluation of scenarios in artificial recharge with treated wastewater on the quantity and quality of the Shahrekord aquifer. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2014;40(1):221-236 (In Persian)
Murphy HM, Prioleau MD, Borchardt MA, Hynds PD. Review: Epidemiological evidence of groundwater contribution to global enteric disease, 1948-2015. Hydrogeology Journal. 2017;25(4):981-1001.
Zeydalinejad N, Nassery HR, Alijani F, Shakiba A. Groundwater as a buffer against climate change and declining the stress on fresh water resources. Proceedings of the 6th Regional Conference on Climate Change and Global Warming; 2021 March 4-5; Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran; 2021. (In Persian)
Macler BA, Merkle JC. Current knowledge on groundwater microbial pathogens and their control. Hydrogeology Journal. 2000; 8:29-40.
Pascal OB, John OO, Justice NM, Abera T. Spatial distribution of diarrhoea and microbial quality of domestic water during an outbreak of diarrhoea in the Tshikuwi community in Venda, South Africa. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2009; 27(5):652-59.
Haley BJ, Cole DJ, Lipp EK. Distribution, diversity, and seasonality of waterborne salmonellae in a rural watershed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2009;75(5):1248-1255.
Azizullah A, Khattak MNK, Richter P, Hader DP. Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health- a review. Environment International. 2011;37(2):479-497.
Selvam S, Venkatramanan S, Singaraja C. A GIS-based assessment of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination in Tuticorin Corporation, Tamilnadu, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2015;8(12):10611-10623.
Fluoride in Drinking Water. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
Farzanmehr M, Bina B, Ebrahimi A. Investigation of drinking water quality and residual concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and Parathion pesticides in groundwater of Dezful city, Iran, in 2016. Journal of Health System Research. 2019;15(2):158-168. (In Persian)
Esghaei M, khodayari A. Study of refinement of groundwaters of viral contaminants using clay column in a laboratory model. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development. 2017;4(1):31-36. (In Persian)
Kock-Schulmeyer M, Ginebreda A, de Alda ML, Barcelo D. Fate and risks of polar pesticides
in groundwater samples of Catalonia. In: Barcelo D, editor. Emerging organic contaminants and human health. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. p. 375-394.
Dargahi A, Samarghandi M, Karami A, Mohammadi M, Vaziri Y. Investigation of residual concentrations of organic phosphorus pesticides in surface water and groundwater sources supplying drinking water of Kermanshah province. Journal of Health. 2018;9(2):133-142. (In Persian)
Baba A, Tayfur G. Groundwater contamination and its effect on health in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2011; 183:77-94.
Edmunds WM, Smedley PL. Groundwater geochemistry and health: an overview. In: Appleton JD, Fuge R, McCall GJH, editors. Environmental geochemistry and health. London: Geological Society London Special Publications; 2014. p. 91-105.
Mosaferi M, Taghipour H, Hassani A, Borghei M, Kamali Z, Ghadirzadeh A. Study of arsenic presence in drinking water sources: a case study. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2008;1(1):19-28. (In Persian)
Ahmadi A, Aberoumand M. Vulnerability of Khash-Plain aquifer, eastern Iran, to pollution using geographic information system (GIS). Geotechnical Geology. 2009;5(1):1-11. (In Persian)
Bahmani F, Raeisi E. Determination of pollution and mechanism of transport of as in the aquifer near Maharlu lake. Proceedings of the 6th Iranian Conference of Engineering Geology and the Environment; Association of Engineering Geology, Tehran, Iran; 2009. (In Persian)
Sobhanardakani S, Jamali M, Maanijou M. Evaluation of as, Zn, Cr and Mn concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan plain and preparation of zoning map using GIS. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2014a;16(2):25-37. (In Persian)
Ziae Hezar Jaribi H, Yousefi Z, Mohammadpour RA. Parasitic contamination of wells drinking water in Mazandaran Province in (2002-2003). Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2007;10(4):378-388. (In Persian)
Kouhian K, Kazemi MH, Akbari M, Meygouni SS, Isvand A. Evaluation of the microbial and chemical parameters of water samples being sent to food laboratory of Health Department of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces (Nazaja). Journal of Nurse and Physician Within War. 2011; 14:16-18. (In Persian)
Darvishi M, Pesaraklou V, Alizadeh K, Taheri D, Zareiy S. Evaluation the microbial and physio-chemical quality of drinking water in military units. Ebnesina. 2011;14(3):17-22. (In Persian)
Nadiri A, Asghari Moghaddam A, Sadeghi F, Aghaee H. Investigation of arsenic anomalies in water resources of Sahand dam. Journal of Ecvironmental Studies. 2012;38(63):16-18.
Celebi A, Sengorur B, Klove B. Human health risk assessment of dissolved metals in groundwater and surface waters in the Melen watershed, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/ Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering. 2014;49(2):153-161.
Murphy HM, Pintar KD, McBean EA, Thomas MK. A systematic review of waterborne disease burden methodologies from developed countries. Journal of Water and Health. 2014;12(4):634-55.
FajčíkováK, Cvečková V, Stewart A, Rapant Health risk estimates for groundwater and soil contamination in the Slovak Republic: a convenient tool for identification and mapping of risk areas. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2014; 36:973-986.
Ghias M. Medical geography and geographical health (case study: identification of soil and water contaminated with heavy metals and its relationship with cancer in rural areas of west of Isfahan). Geography and Environmental Planning. 2018;29(3):131-146. (In Persian)
Zahraei A, Ghasemi SM, Moradnia M, Karimian K. Investigation of relationship between potable water hardness and high blood pressure among over-thirty-year rural population of Divandarreh city in 2014. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2014;1(4):285. (In Persian)
Chakraborti D, Rahman MM, Chatterjee A, Das D, Das B, Nayak B, Pal A, Chowdhury UK, Ahmed S, Biswas BK, Sengupta MK, Lodh D, Samanta G, Chakraborty S, Roy MM, Dutta RN, Saha KC, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Kar PB. Fate of over 480 million inhabitants living in arsenic and fluoride endemic Indian districts: magnitude, health, socio-economic effects and mitigation approaches. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2016; 38:33-45.
Klove B, Kvitsand HML, Pitkanen T, Gunnarsdottir MJ, Gaut S, Gardarsson SM, Rossi PM, Miettinen I. Overview of groundwater sources and water-supply systems, and associated microbial pollution, in Finland, Norway and Iceland. Hydrogeology Journal. 2017; 25:1033-1044.
Maslehat S, Mostafavi E. The role of Pasteur Institute of Iran in disinfection of drinking water of Tehran (1950-1954). Research on History of Medicine. 2018;7(2):117-126. (In Persian)
Shahriyari J, Rezaei MR, Kamani H, Sayadi Anari MH. Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in drinking tap water in Zabol city, Iran. Journal of Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences. 2020;8(3):59-75. (In Persian)
Chique C, Hynds P, Burke LP, Morris D, Ryan MP, O'Dwyer J. Contamination of domestic groundwater systems by verotoxigenic escherichia coli (VTEC), 2003-2019: a global scoping review. Water Research. 2021; 188:116496.
Sabatier M, Arnaud MJ, Kastenmayer P, Rytz A, Barclay DV. Meal effect on magnesium bioavailability from mineral water in healthy women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;75(1):65-71.
Grandjean AC, Reimers KJ, Buyckx ME. Hydration: issues for the 21st century. Nutrition Reviews. 2003;61(8):261-71.
Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, Beilin LJ. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;76(5):1007-1015.
Khush RS, Arnold BF, Srikanth P, Sudharsanam S, Ramaswamy P, Durairaj N, London AG, Ramaprabha P, Rajkumar P, Balakrishnan K, Colford Jr JM. H2S as an indicator of water supply vulnerability and health risk in low-resource settings: a prospective cohort study. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2013;89(2):251-259.
Prüss-Üstün A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J. Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
Yassin MM, Abu Amr SS, Al-Najar HM. Assessment of microbiological water quality and its relation to human health in Gaza Governorate, Gaza Strip. Public Health. 2006;120(12):1177-1187.
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
Diarrhoeal Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
Rostami K, Mahboubi A, Mosaddeghi M, Safari Sinegani A. Pseudomonas fluorescens adsorption affected by calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate under unsaturated flow conditions. Journal of Water and Wastewater. 2009;20(3):69-79. (In Persian)
Kramer MH, Herwaldt BL, Craun GF, Calderon RL, Juranik DD. Waterborne disease: 1993 and 1994. American Water Works Association. 1996;88(3):66-80.
Tait NG, Davison RM, Leharne SA, Lerner DN. Borehole Optimization System (BOS)- a case study assessing options for abstraction of urban groundwater in Nottingham, UK. Journal of Environmental Modelling and Software. 2008;23(5):611-621.
Miranzadeh MB, Mostafaii GR, Jalali A. A study to determin the nitrate of water wells and distribution network in Kashan during 2005-2004. Feyz. 2006;10(2):39-45. (In Persian)
Salvato JA. Environmental Engineering and Sanitation. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1992.
Nejatijahromi Z, Nassery HR, Hosono T, Nakhaei M, Alijani F, Okumura A. Groundwater nitrate contamination in an area using urban wastewaters for agricultural irrigation under arid climate condition, southeast of Tehran, Iran. Agricultural Water Management. 2019; 221:397-414.
Choi WJ, Han GH, Lee SM, Lee GT, Yoon KS, Choi SM, Ro HM. Impact of land-use types on nitrateconcentration and Ϭ15N in unconfined ground water in ruralareas of Korea. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 2007; 120:259-268.
Clark ID, Fritz P. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1997.
Majumdar D, Gupta N. Nitrate pollution of groundwater and associated human health disorders. Indian Journal of Environmental Health. 2000;42(1):28-39.
Gray NF. Drinking Water Quality. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
Salehifard O, Eskandari F. Investigation of the relationship between drinking water nitrate and bladder cancer in Larestan city from the point of view medical geography. Iranian Journal of Cancer Care. 2019;1(2):47-54. (In Persian)
Tao Y, Deng Y, Du Y, Xu Y, Leng Z, Ma T, Wang Y. Sources and enrichment of phosphorus in groundwater of the Central Yangtze River Basin. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 737:139837.
Prem M, Hansen HCB, Wenzel W, Heiberg L, Sørensen H, Borggaard OK. High spatial and fast changes of iron redox state and phosphorus solubility in a seasonally flooded temperate wetland soil. Wetlands. 2015; 35:237-246.
Nisbeth CS, Kidmose J, Weckstrom K, Reitzel K, Odgaard BV, Bennike O, Thorling L, McGowan S, Schomacker A, Kristensen DLJ, Jessen S. Dissolved inorganic geogenic phosphorus load to a groundwater-fed lake: implications of terrestrial phosphorus cycling by groundwater.Water. 2019;11(11):2213.
Ancic M, Hudek A, Rihtaric I, Cazar M, Bacun-Druzina V, Kopjar N, Durgo K. PHYSICO chemical properties and toxicological effect of landfill groundwaters and leachates. Chemosphere. 2020; 238:124574.
Dubrovsky NM, Burow KR, Clark GM, Gronberg JM, Hamilton PA, Hitt KJ, Mueller DK, Munn MD, Nolan BT, Puckett LJ, Rupert MG, Short TM, Spahr NE, Sprague LA, Wilber WG. The Quality of our Nation’s Waters: Nutrients in the Nation’s Streams and Groundwater, 1992– U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1350; 2010.
Neidhardt H, Schoeckle D, Schleinitz A, Eiche E, Berner Z, Tram PTK, Lan VM, Viet PH, Biswas A, Majumder S, Chatterjee D, Oelmann Y, Berg M. Biogeochemical phosphorus cycling in groundwater ecosystems- insights from south and southeast Asian floodplain and delta aquifers. Science of the Total Environment. 2018; 644:1357-
Disthabanchong S. Phosphate and cardiovascular disease beyond chronic kidney disease and vascular calcification. International Journal of Nephrology. 2018; 3162806:1-7.
Simonton DS, King S. Hydrogen sulfide formation and potential health consequences in coal mining regions. Water Quality, Exposure and Health. 2013; 5:85-92.
Ko JH, Xu Q, Jang YC. Emissions and control of hydrogen sulfide at landfills: a review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 2015;45(19):2043-2083.
Dincer F, Muezzinoglu A. Chemical characterization of odors due to some industrial and urban facilities in Izmir, Turkey. Atmospheric Environment. 2006; 40:4210-4219.
Hendryx M, Ahern M. Relations between health indicators and residential proximity to coal mining in West Virginia. American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98(4):669-671.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Public health statement for lead. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and human Services; 2007 [cited 2021 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=92&tid=22.
Ugran V, Desai NN, Chakraborti D, Masali KA, Mantur P, Kulkarni S, Deshmukh N, Chadchan KS, Das SN, Tanksali AS, Arwikar AS, Guggarigoudar SP, Vallabha T, Patil SS, Das KK. Groundwater fluoride contamination and its possible health implications in Indi taluk of Vijayapura District (Karnataka State), India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2017;39(5):1017-1029.
Hem JD. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Hawaii: University Press; 1970.
Ayedun H, Gbadebo AM, Idowu OA, Arowolo TA. Toxic elements in groundwater of Lagos and Ogun States, Southwest, Nigeria and their human health risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2015; 187:351.
Nourozi H, Shahbazi A, Ranjbar M, Safdari H. Survey of nitrate and nitrite ions in groundwater resources of Hamadan Province. Proceedings of the 8th National Congress on Environmental Health; 2005 Nov 8-10; Tehran, Iran; 2005. p. 1-10. (In Persian)
Evanko FR, Dzombak DA. Remediation of metals-contaminated soils and groundwater. Pittsburgh: Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center; 1997. Report No.: TE-97-01.
Facchinelli A, Sacchi E, Mallen L. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environment Pollution. 2001; 114:313-324.
Duruibe JO, Ogwuegbu MOC, Egwurugwu JN. Heavy metal pollution and human bio toxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 2007; 2:112-118.
Karbasi M, Karbasi E, Saremi A, Ghorbani Zade H. Determination of heavy metals concentration in drinking water resources of Aleshtar in 2009. Yafteh. 2010;12(1):65-70. (In Persian)
Ezekwe IC, Odu NN, Chima GN, Opigo A. Assessing regional groundwater quality and its health implications in the Lokpaukwu, Lekwesi and Ishiagu mining areas of southeastern Nigeria using factor analysis. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2012;67(4):971-986.
Maria-Alexandra H, Roman C, Ristoiu D, Popita G, Tanaselia C. Assessing of water quality pollution indices for hevay metal contamination (A study case from Medias City groundwaters). Agriculture- Science and Practice. 2013;3-4(87-88):25-31.
Yankey RK, Fianko JR, Osae S, Ahialey EK, Duncan AE, Essuman DK, Bentum JK. Evaluation of heavy metal pollution index of groundwater in the Tarkwa mining area, Ghana. Elixir Pollution. 2013; 54:12663-12667.
Esmaeeli A. Pollutants on Health and Environmental Standards. Tehran: Naghshe Mehr Publication; 2003. (In Persian)
Oyeku OT, Eludoyin AO. Heavy metal contamination of groundwater resources in a Nigerian urban settlement. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2010; 4:201-214.
Buragohain M, Bhuyan B, Sarma HP. Seasonal variations of lead, arsenic, cadmium and aluminium contamination of groundwater in Dhemaji district, Assam, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2010; 170:345-351.
Sobhanardakani S, Talebiani S, Maanijou M. Evaluation of as, Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations in groundwater resources of Toyserkan plain and preparing the zoning map using GIS. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014b;24(114):120-130. (In Persian)
Synzynys BI, Tjantova EN, Melehova OP, Pavlova NN, The Manual at the Rate, Ecology and Safety of Ability to Live. Koz’min’s ed. Obninsk: IATE; 2004 (in Russian).
Batayneh AT. Toxic (aluminum, beryllium, boron, chromium and zinc) in groundwater: health risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2012; 9:153-162.
Nriagu J. Zinc in the Environment, Part I, Ecological Cycling. New York: Wiley; 1980.
Shariatpanahi M. Principles of Quality and Water and wastewater Treatment. Tehran (Iran): Tehran University Press; 2017. (In Persian)
Di Natale M, Greco R, Musmarra D. Permeable adsorbing barriers for groundwater remediation from hexavalent chrome pollution. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management. 2007;7(1/2):39-55.
Testa SM. Sources of chromium contamination in soil and groundwater. In: Guertin J, Jacobs JA, Avakian CP, editors. Chromium (VI) handbook. Florida: CRC Press; 2005. p. 143-162.
Chalkeshamiri M. Water Treatment Principles. Isfahan (Iran): Arkan Danesh; 2019.
Ghaderpoori M, Kamarehie B, Jafari A, Ghaderpoury A, Karami M. Heavy metals analysis and quality assessment in drinking water- Khorramabad city, Iran. Data in Brief. 2018; 16:685-92.
Copper in Drinking Water. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
Ebrahimpour S, Mohammadzadeh H, Nassery N. Arsenic pollution in groundwater and its influences on human health. Proceedings of 1st Iranian National Conference on Applied Research in Water Resources; 2010 May 11; Kermanshah, Iran. Kermanshah University of Technology; 2010. p. 269-282. (In Persian)
Altundogan HS, Altundogan S, Tumen F, Bildik M. Arsenic removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on red mud. Waste Management. 2000;20(8):761-767.
Smedley PL, Kinniburgh DG. A review of the source, behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry. 2002;17(5):517-568.
Ahuja F. Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater. New Jersy: John Wily and Sons; 2008.
Graeme H, Pollack J. Selected topics: toxicology: part I arsenic and mercury. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998;16:45-56.
Ahmad S, Kitchin KT, Cullen WR. Arsenic species that cause release of iron from ferritin and generation of activated oxygen. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2000;382(2):195-202.
Powis G, Mustacich D, Coon A. The role of the redox protein thioredoxin in cell growth and cancer. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2000; 29:312-322.
Abernathy CO, Liu YP, Longfellow D, Aposhian HV, Beck B, Fowler B, Goyer R, Menzer R, Rossman T, Thompson C, Waalkes M. Arsenic: health effects, mechanisms of actions, and research issues. Environmental health perspectives. 1999;107(7):593-597.
Arena JM, Drew RH. Poisonings: Toxicology, Symptoms and Treatment. Chicago, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishing Co; 1986.
Winship K. Toxicity of inorganic arsenic salts. Adverse Drug Reactions and Acute Poisoning Reviews. 1984; 3:129-160.
Fowler B. Toxicology of environmental arsenic. In: Goyer RA, Mehlman MA, editors. Advances in modern toxicology: II. Toxicology of trace elements. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing; 1977. p. 79-122.
Brochmoller J, Cascorbi I, Henning S, Meisel C. Molecular genetics of cancer susceptibility. Pharmacology. 2000; 61:212-227.
Morales KH, Ryan L, Kuo TL, Wu MM, Chen CJ. Risk of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000; 108:655-661.
Squibb K, Fowler B. The Toxicity of Arsenic and Its Compounds. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1983.
Schwartz R. Arsenic and the skin. International Journal of Dermatology. 1997;36(4):241-250.
Maloney M. Arsenic in dermatology. Dermatologic Survey. 1996;22(3):301-304.
Kevin H. Arsenic Environmental Chemistry, Health Threats and Waste Treatment. New Jersy: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2009.
Wasserman G, Liu X, Parvez F. Water arsenic exposure and children's intellectual function in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2004;112(13):1329-1333.
Chen CJ, Wang SL, Chiou JM, Tseng CH, Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Chen SY, Wu MM, Lai MS. Arsenic and diabetes and hypertension in human populations: a review. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2007; 222:298-304.
Kwok RK, Mendola P, Liu ZY, Savitz DA, Heiss G, Ling HL, Xia Y, Lobdell D, Zeng D, Thorp JM Jr, Creason JP, Mumford JL. Drinking water arsenic exposure and blood pressure in healthy women of reproductive age in Inner Mongolia, China. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2007; 222:337-343.
Vahter M. Health effects of early life exposure to arsenic. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2008;102(2):204-211.
Rodriguez V, Carrizales L, Mendoza M. Effects of sodium arsenite exposure on development and behavior in the rat. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2002;24(6):743-750.
Rajaei Q, Pourkhabbaz AR, Hesari Motlagh S. Assessment of heavy metals health risk of groundwater in Ali Abad Katoul plian. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;4(2):155-62.
Rajappa B, Manjappa S, Puttaiah ET. Monitoring of heavy metal concentration in groundwater of Hakinaka Taluk, India. Contemporary Engineering Sciences. 2010;3(4):183-190.
Emmanuel E, Pierre MG, Perrodin Y. Groundwater contamination by microbiological and chemical substances released from hospital wastewater: Health risk assessment for drinking water consumers. Environment International. 2009; 35(4):718-726.
Abedi M. Study of heavy metals, nitrite and nitrate in drinking water of Gorgan city and preparing their distribution map in GIS [dissertation]. Shahrood (Iran): Islamic Azad University Shahrood Branch; 2014. (In Persian)
Daldrup T, Haarhoff K, Szathmary SC. Fatal nickel sulfate poisoning. Beiträge zur gerichtlichen Medizin. 1983; 41:141-144 (in German).
Sunderman Jr FW, Hopfer SM, Sweeney KR. Nickel absorption and kinetics in human volunteers. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1989; 191:5-11.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological profile for nickel. Altanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1993 [cited 2021 Apr 14]. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological profile for nickel. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and human Services; 2003 [cited 2021 Apr 14]. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov.
Ngah SA, Nwankwoala HO. Iron (Fe2+) occurrence and distribution in groundwater sources in different geomorphologic zones of Eastern Niger Delta. Archives of Applied Science Research. 2013;5(2):266-272.
Matheis G. The Properties of Groundwater. New York: Wiley; 1985
Demlie M, Hingston E, Mnisi Z. A study of the sources, human health implications and low cost treatment options of iron rich groundwater in the northeastern coastal areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 2014; 144:504-510.
Moll R, Davis B. Iron, vitamin B12 and folate. Medicine. 2017;45(4):198-203.
Ganz T, Nemeth E. Hepcidin and iron homeostasis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 2012;1823(9):1434-1443.
Winterbourn CC. Toxicity of iron and hydrogen peroxide: The Fenton reaction. Toxicology Letters. 1995;82-83:969-974.
Britton RS, Leicester KL, Bacon BR. Iron toxicity and chelation therapy. International Journal of Hematology. 2002;76(3):219-28.
Homoncik SC, MacDonald AM, Heal KV, Dochartaigh BEO, Ngwenya BT. Manganese concentration in Scottish groundwater. The Science of the Total Environment, 2010;408:2467-2473.
Hem JD. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper; 1985.
Keen CL, Zidenberg-Cherr S. Manganese toxicity in humans and experimental animals. In: Klimis-Tavantzis DJ, editor. Manganese in Health and Disease. London: CRC Press; 1994. p. 193-205
Sly Ll, Arunpairojana V, Dixon DR. Binding of colloidal MnO2 by extracellular polysaccharides of Pedomicrobium manganicum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1990; 56:2791-2794.
Wasserman GA, Liu XH, Parvez F, Ahsan H, Levy D, Factor-Litvak P. Water manganese exposure and children’s intellectual function in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006;114(1):124-129.
Bouchard M, Laforest F, Vandelac L, Bellinger D, Mergler D. Hair manganese and hyperactive behaviours: pilot study of school age children exposed through tap water. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007; 115:122-127.
Kondakis XG, Markris N, Leotsinidis M, Papapetropoulos T. Possible health effects of high manganese concentrations in drinking water. Archives of Environmental Health. 1989; 44:175-178.
Mirmohamadlou A , Ghanizadeh G , Esmaeili Correlation between Legionella water contamination and microelements in water lines of selected hospitals in Tehran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016;25(133):245-254 (In Persian)
Todd DK, Mays LW. Groundwater Hydrology. New York: Wiley and Sons; 2005.
Nassery HR, Zeydalinejad N, Alijani F, Shakiba A. A proposed modelling towards the potential impacts of climate change on a semi-arid, small-scaled aquifer: a case study of Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2021; 193:182.
Ford DC, Williams PW. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. England: John Wiley and Sons; 2007.
Ayotte JD, Montgomery DL, Flanagan SM, Robinson KW. Arsenic in groundwater in eastern New England: occurrence, controls, and human health implications. Environmental Science and Technology. 2003;37(10):2075-2083.
Milanovic PT. Karst Hydrogeology. Colorado: Water Resources Publication; 1981.
Zeydalinejad N, Nassery HR, Alijani F, Shakiba A. Forecasting the resilience of Bibitarkhoun karst spring, southwest Iran, to the future climate change. Modelling Earth Systems and Environment. 2020a; 6:2359-2375.
Zeydalinejad N, Nassery HR, Shakiba A, Alijani F. Prediction of the karstic spring flow rates under climate change by climatic variables based on the artificial neural network: a case study of Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2020b;192(6):375.
Zeydalinejad N, Nassery HR, Shakiba A, Alijani F. Simulation of karst aquifer water level under climate change in Lali region, Khouzestan Province, SW Iran. Nivar. 2020c;44(108-109):97-109.
Appelo CAJ, Postma D. Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution. Rotterdam: Balkema; 2005.
Wireman M, Job C. Determining the risk to public water supply wells from infective microorganisms. Water Well Journal. 1998; 1998:63-67.
Aber S, Khataee A, Sheydaei M. Optimization of activated carbon fiber preparation from Kenaf using K2HPO4 as chemical activator for adsorption of phenolic compounds. Bioresource Technology. 2009; 100(24):6586-6591.
Shahbazi A, Mehrjo F. Groundwater pollution sources and restoration techniques. Human and Environment. 2013;11(25):13-21 (In Persian)
Morovati M, Monavari M, Hasani AH, Rosta Z. Feasibility study of application of sewage for artificial injection of aquifer in the plain of Yazd-Ardakan. Human and Environment. 2011;9(4):21-26 (In Persian)
Lalehzari R, Tabatabaei S, Khayat-kholghi M, Yarali N, Saba, AA. Evaluation of scenarios in artificial recharge with treated wastewater on the quantity and quality of the Shahrekord aquifer. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2014;40(1):221-236 (In Persian)
in groundwater samples of Catalonia. In: Barcelo D, editor. Emerging organic contaminants and human health. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. p. 375-394.
_||_
in groundwater samples of Catalonia. In: Barcelo D, editor. Emerging organic contaminants and human health. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. p. 375-394.