اثر محلول‌پاشی اسیدهای آمینه بر خصوصیات رشدی و فیزیولوژیکی گوجه‌فرنگی در شرایط تنش شوری
محورهای موضوعی : بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعیمحسن پورسلطان هوجقان 1 , حسین آرویی 2 , سید جلالدین طباطبائی 3 , سیدحسین نعمتی 4
1 - گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد؛ مشهد، ایران
2 - گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد؛ مشهد، ایران
3 - گروه فیزیولوژی و تغذیه گیاهی دانشگاه شاهد، تهران، ایران
4 - گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد؛ مشهد، ایران
کلید واژه: آرژنین, پرولین, تریپتوفان, ضد تنش, کود زیستی,
چکیده مقاله :
شوری آب و خاک یکی از مشکلات عمده کشاورزی در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک جهان است که منجر به محدودیت کشت و کار و کاهش میزان تولید محصول می شود. یکی از راه‌های کاهش خسارت تنش شوری، استفاده از کودهای زیستی و سازگار با محیط‌زیست در فرآیند تولید محصول می‌باشد. در این راستا، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتور اول شوری در سه سطح 0، 30 و 60 میلی مولار و فاکتور دوم اسیدآمینه شامل آرژنین، تریپتوفان، پرولین و بدون اسیدآمینه بود. اثرات متقابل شوری و اسیدآمینه بر تعداد خوشه، مقدار پرولین، درصد نشت الکترولیت و کلروفیل کل و اثرات ساده آنها بر طول ساقه، تعداد برگ و گره معنی دار بود. با افزایش سطح شوری، طول ساقه، تعداد برگ و تعداد گره کاهش یافت و مصرف اسیدآمینه موجب افزایش تعداد برگ شده ولی در تعداد گره و طول ساقه، پرولین اثر مثبت بیشتری نشان داد. نقش منفی تنش شوری و مثبت پرولین در تعداد خوشه و مقدار کلروفیل کل و نقش مثبت شوری در افزایش مقدار پرولین و درصد نشت الکترولیت برگ بارز بود. بنابراین، در شرایط تنش شوری در مزارع و نیز افزایش املاح خاک و آب آبیاری در گلخانه، با استفاده کودهای زیستی می توان شرایط رشد در گوجه فرنگی را بهبود بخشید.
Water and soil salinity are considered as one of the major problems for agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of the world which restrict cultivation and as a result, crops yield decrease. There are some solutions for reducing its damages. Among them, using bio-fertilizers and environmentally friendly in the production process can be mentioned. In this regard, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications in 2014. The first factor was salinity in 0, 30 and 60 mM rates, and the second factor was amino acid including arginine, tryptophan and proline. The interactive effects of salinity and amino acids on the number of pancakes, proline content, electrolyte leakage percentage, total chlorophyll content, and their simple effects on stem length, the number of leaves and nodes were significant. With an increase in salinity level, stem length, the number of leaves and nodes decreased. Amino acid consumption increased the number of leaves, but proline showed a more positive effect in the number of nodes and stem length. The negative role of proline salinity and positive role of proline in the number of pancakes and total chlorophyll content and the positive role of salinity in increasing the amount of proline and the percentage of leaf electrolyte leakage were significant. Therefore, under the conditions of salt stress in the fields as well as increased soil salts and irrigation water in the greenhouse, the growth conditions in tomato can be improved by using biofertilizers.
10. Bates LS, Waldran RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205-207.
11. Chaparzadeh N, D’Amico ML, Khavari-Nejad RA, Izzo R, Navari-Izzo F (2004) Antioxidative responses of Calendula offıcinalis under salinity conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 42: 695-701.
12. Ebrahim MKH (2005) Amelioration of sucrose metabolism and yield changes, in storage roots of NaCl-stressed sugar beet by ascorbic acid. Agrochimica 49(3-4): 93–103.
13. El-Sayed, IM (2009). Physiological and biological studies on chrysanthemum plant. Master thesis of, ornamental horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural, Cairo University, Egypt.
14. Fernandez-Garcia, N, Martinez V, Carvajal M (2004) Effect of salinity on growth, mineral composition, and water relations of grafted tomato plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 167: 616-622.
15. Giuffrida F, Martorana M, Leonardi Ch (2009) How sodium chloride concentration in the nutrient solution influences the mineral composition of tomato leaves and fruits. HortScience 44(3):707-711.
16. Frankenberger JWT, Arshad M (1991) Yield response of watermelon and muskmelon to L- tryptophan applied to soil. Hortscience 26(1): 35-37.
17. Frankenberger JWT, Chang AC, Arshad M (1990) Response of Raphanus sativus to the auxin precursor L-tryptophan applied to soil. Plant and Soil 129: 235-241.
18. Goli AH, Barzegar M, Sahari MA (2005) Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of pistachio (Pistachia vera) hull extracts. Food Chemistry 92: 521–525.
19. Hajer AS, Malibari AA, Al-Zahrani HS, Almaghrabi OA (2006) Responses of three tomato cultivars to sea water salinity 1. Effect of salinity on the seedling growth. Africa Journal of Biotechnology 5: 855-861.
20. Yan H, Gang LZ, Zhao CY, Guo WY (2000) Effects of exogenous proline on the physiology of soybean plantlets regenerated from embryos in vitro and on the ultrastructure of their mitochondria under NaCl stress. Soybean Science 19: 314-319.
21. Heuer B (1994) Osmoregulatory role of proline in water-and salt -stressed plants. Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress 363- 481.
22. Hussein MM, Abd El-Rheem KM, Khaled SM, Youssef RA (2011) Growth and nutrients status of wheat as affected by ascorbic acid and water salinity. Nature and Science 9: 64-69.
23. Jones, JB (2007) Tomato plant culture (2nd ed.). CRC Press: London.
24. Kaya C, Tuna AL, Ashraf M, Altunlu H (2007) Improved salt tolerance of melon (Cucumis melo L.) by the addition of proline and potassium nitrate. Environmental and Experimental Botany 60(3): 397-403.
25. Kaya MD, Okçu G, Atak M, Çikili Y, Kolsarici Ö (2006) Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). European Journal of Agronomy 24(4): 291-295.
26. Kingsbury RW, Epstein E (1984) Selection of salt-resistant spring wheat. Crop Science 24: 310-314.
27. Nanjo T, Kobayashi M, Yoshiba Y, Kakuhari Y, Yamaquchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (1999) Antisense suppression of proline degradation improves tolerance to freezing and salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology 461: 205-210.
28. Lolaei A (2012) Effect of calcium chloride on growth and yield of tomato under sodium chloride stress. Journal of Ornamental and Horticultural Plants 2(3): 155-160.
29. Lutts S, Kinet JM, Bouharmont J (1996) NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany 78: 389 - 398.
30. Maas EV, Grieve CM (1990) Salt tolerance of plants at different growth stages. Proceedings of an International Conference on Current Development of Salinity and drought tolerance of plants. Tando Jam, Pakistan.
31. Mokhtary I, Abrishamchi P, Ganjali A (2010) Ameliorative effects of CaCl2 and CaSO4 on growth, content of soluble proteins, soluble sugars, proline and some mineral nutrients (Na+, K+) in leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum var. Mobile under salt stress. Iranian Journal of Biology 23: 62-72. [In Persian with English abstract]
32. Munns R (1993) Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant, Cell & Environment 16: 15–24.
33. Munns R (2005) Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New Phytologist 167: 645-663.
34. Munns RD, Schachtman P, Condon AG (1995) The significance of a two phase growth response to salinity in wheat and barley. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 22: 561-569.
35. Muthy AS, Venkataramu, MN, Yadav JSP (1979) Effect of saline water irrigation on sodium and potassium uptake in up to 301 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Annuals of Arid Zone 18: 62 - 67.
36. Najafian Sh, Khoshkhui M, Tavallali V, Saharkhiz MJ (2009) Effect of salicylic acid and salinity in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.): Investigation on changes in gas exchange, water relations, and membrane Stabilization and biomass accumulation. Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 3(3): 2620-2626.
37. Navarro JM, Martinez V, Carvajal M (2000) Ammonium, bicarbonate and calcium effects on tomato plants grown under saline conditions. Plant Science 157: 89-96.
38. Neocleous D, Nasilakakis M (2007) Effects of NaCl stress on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. "Autumn Bliss"). Scientia Horticulturae 112: 282-289.
39. Parida AK, Das AB (2005) Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety 60: 324-349.
40. Rowson HM, Hindmash JH, Fischer RA, Stockman YM (1983) Changes in leaf photosynthesis with plant ontogeny and relationships with yield per ear in wheat cultivars and 120 progeny. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 1: 503-514.
41. Saeed R, Ahmad R (2009) Vegetative growth of tomato as affected by the application of organic mulch and gypsum under saline rhizosphere. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41: 3093-3105.
42. Shirazi SS, Ronaghi A, Gholami A, Zahedifar M (2010) The Influence of salinity and nitrogen on tomato fruit quality and micronutrients concentration in hydroponic culture. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture 1: 11-22.
43. Saini RS, Sharme, KD, Dhankhar OP, Kaushik RA (2001) Laboratory Manual of Analytical Techniques in Horticulture. Agrobois: New Delhi.
44. Sairam RK, Srivastava GC (2002) Changes in antioxidant activity in subcellular fractions of tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to long-term salt stress. Plant Science 162: 897–904.
45. Arshad M, Frankenberger WT (1991) Microbial production of plant hormones. Plant and soil. 133(1): 1-8.
46. Shehata SM, Abdel-Azem HS, Abou El-Yazied A, El-Gizawy AM (2011) Effect of foliar spraying with amino acids and seaweed extract on growth chemical constitutes yield and its quality of celeriac plant. European Journal Scientific Research 58(2): 257-65.
47. Sheokand S, Kumari A, Sawhney V (2008) Effect of nitric oxide and putrescine on antioxidative responses under NaCl stress in chick pea plants. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 14(4): 355-362.
48. Smith TA (1982) Function and metabolism of polyamines in higher plants. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Plant Growth Substances. Aberystwyth, UK.Tabatabaei SJ (2013) Principles of mineral of plant nutrition. Forouzesh Publications: Tehran. [in Persian]
49. Talaat I, Bekheta M, Mahgoub MH (2005) Physiological response of periwinkle plants (Catharanthus roseus L.) to tryptophan and putrescine. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 7: 210-213.
50. Verbruggen N, Hermons C (2008) Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino Acids 35(4): 753 – 759.
51. Wu X, Zhu W, Zhang H, Ding H, Zhang HJ (2011) Exogenous nitric oxide protects against salt-induced oxidative stress in the leaves from two genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33: 1199-1209.
52. Yagi MI, Al-Abdulkareem SS (2006) Effect of exogenous arginine and uric acid on Eruca sativa grown under saline conditions. Journal of Science Technology 7: 1-10.
53. Yuan S, Lin HH (2008) Role of salicylic acid in plant abiotic stress. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 63: 313-320.
_||_10. Bates LS, Waldran RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205-207.
11. Chaparzadeh N, D’Amico ML, Khavari-Nejad RA, Izzo R, Navari-Izzo F (2004) Antioxidative responses of Calendula offıcinalis under salinity conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 42: 695-701.
12. Ebrahim MKH (2005) Amelioration of sucrose metabolism and yield changes, in storage roots of NaCl-stressed sugar beet by ascorbic acid. Agrochimica 49(3-4): 93–103.
13. El-Sayed, IM (2009). Physiological and biological studies on chrysanthemum plant. Master thesis of, ornamental horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural, Cairo University, Egypt.
14. Fernandez-Garcia, N, Martinez V, Carvajal M (2004) Effect of salinity on growth, mineral composition, and water relations of grafted tomato plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 167: 616-622.
15. Giuffrida F, Martorana M, Leonardi Ch (2009) How sodium chloride concentration in the nutrient solution influences the mineral composition of tomato leaves and fruits. HortScience 44(3):707-711.
16. Frankenberger JWT, Arshad M (1991) Yield response of watermelon and muskmelon to L- tryptophan applied to soil. Hortscience 26(1): 35-37.
17. Frankenberger JWT, Chang AC, Arshad M (1990) Response of Raphanus sativus to the auxin precursor L-tryptophan applied to soil. Plant and Soil 129: 235-241.
18. Goli AH, Barzegar M, Sahari MA (2005) Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of pistachio (Pistachia vera) hull extracts. Food Chemistry 92: 521–525.
19. Hajer AS, Malibari AA, Al-Zahrani HS, Almaghrabi OA (2006) Responses of three tomato cultivars to sea water salinity 1. Effect of salinity on the seedling growth. Africa Journal of Biotechnology 5: 855-861.
20. Yan H, Gang LZ, Zhao CY, Guo WY (2000) Effects of exogenous proline on the physiology of soybean plantlets regenerated from embryos in vitro and on the ultrastructure of their mitochondria under NaCl stress. Soybean Science 19: 314-319.
21. Heuer B (1994) Osmoregulatory role of proline in water-and salt -stressed plants. Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress 363- 481.
22. Hussein MM, Abd El-Rheem KM, Khaled SM, Youssef RA (2011) Growth and nutrients status of wheat as affected by ascorbic acid and water salinity. Nature and Science 9: 64-69.
23. Jones, JB (2007) Tomato plant culture (2nd ed.). CRC Press: London.
24. Kaya C, Tuna AL, Ashraf M, Altunlu H (2007) Improved salt tolerance of melon (Cucumis melo L.) by the addition of proline and potassium nitrate. Environmental and Experimental Botany 60(3): 397-403.
25. Kaya MD, Okçu G, Atak M, Çikili Y, Kolsarici Ö (2006) Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). European Journal of Agronomy 24(4): 291-295.
26. Kingsbury RW, Epstein E (1984) Selection of salt-resistant spring wheat. Crop Science 24: 310-314.
27. Nanjo T, Kobayashi M, Yoshiba Y, Kakuhari Y, Yamaquchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (1999) Antisense suppression of proline degradation improves tolerance to freezing and salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology 461: 205-210.
28. Lolaei A (2012) Effect of calcium chloride on growth and yield of tomato under sodium chloride stress. Journal of Ornamental and Horticultural Plants 2(3): 155-160.
29. Lutts S, Kinet JM, Bouharmont J (1996) NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany 78: 389 - 398.
30. Maas EV, Grieve CM (1990) Salt tolerance of plants at different growth stages. Proceedings of an International Conference on Current Development of Salinity and drought tolerance of plants. Tando Jam, Pakistan.
31. Mokhtary I, Abrishamchi P, Ganjali A (2010) Ameliorative effects of CaCl2 and CaSO4 on growth, content of soluble proteins, soluble sugars, proline and some mineral nutrients (Na+, K+) in leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum var. Mobile under salt stress. Iranian Journal of Biology 23: 62-72. [In Persian with English abstract]
32. Munns R (1993) Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant, Cell & Environment 16: 15–24.
33. Munns R (2005) Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New Phytologist 167: 645-663.
34. Munns RD, Schachtman P, Condon AG (1995) The significance of a two phase growth response to salinity in wheat and barley. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 22: 561-569.
35. Muthy AS, Venkataramu, MN, Yadav JSP (1979) Effect of saline water irrigation on sodium and potassium uptake in up to 301 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Annuals of Arid Zone 18: 62 - 67.
36. Najafian Sh, Khoshkhui M, Tavallali V, Saharkhiz MJ (2009) Effect of salicylic acid and salinity in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.): Investigation on changes in gas exchange, water relations, and membrane Stabilization and biomass accumulation. Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 3(3): 2620-2626.
37. Navarro JM, Martinez V, Carvajal M (2000) Ammonium, bicarbonate and calcium effects on tomato plants grown under saline conditions. Plant Science 157: 89-96.
38. Neocleous D, Nasilakakis M (2007) Effects of NaCl stress on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. "Autumn Bliss"). Scientia Horticulturae 112: 282-289.
39. Parida AK, Das AB (2005) Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety 60: 324-349.
40. Rowson HM, Hindmash JH, Fischer RA, Stockman YM (1983) Changes in leaf photosynthesis with plant ontogeny and relationships with yield per ear in wheat cultivars and 120 progeny. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 1: 503-514.
41. Saeed R, Ahmad R (2009) Vegetative growth of tomato as affected by the application of organic mulch and gypsum under saline rhizosphere. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41: 3093-3105.
42. Shirazi SS, Ronaghi A, Gholami A, Zahedifar M (2010) The Influence of salinity and nitrogen on tomato fruit quality and micronutrients concentration in hydroponic culture. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture 1: 11-22.
43. Saini RS, Sharme, KD, Dhankhar OP, Kaushik RA (2001) Laboratory Manual of Analytical Techniques in Horticulture. Agrobois: New Delhi.
44. Sairam RK, Srivastava GC (2002) Changes in antioxidant activity in subcellular fractions of tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to long-term salt stress. Plant Science 162: 897–904.
45. Arshad M, Frankenberger WT (1991) Microbial production of plant hormones. Plant and soil. 133(1): 1-8.
46. Shehata SM, Abdel-Azem HS, Abou El-Yazied A, El-Gizawy AM (2011) Effect of foliar spraying with amino acids and seaweed extract on growth chemical constitutes yield and its quality of celeriac plant. European Journal Scientific Research 58(2): 257-65.
47. Sheokand S, Kumari A, Sawhney V (2008) Effect of nitric oxide and putrescine on antioxidative responses under NaCl stress in chick pea plants. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 14(4): 355-362.
48. Smith TA (1982) Function and metabolism of polyamines in higher plants. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Plant Growth Substances. Aberystwyth, UK.Tabatabaei SJ (2013) Principles of mineral of plant nutrition. Forouzesh Publications: Tehran. [in Persian]
49. Talaat I, Bekheta M, Mahgoub MH (2005) Physiological response of periwinkle plants (Catharanthus roseus L.) to tryptophan and putrescine. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 7: 210-213.
50. Verbruggen N, Hermons C (2008) Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino Acids 35(4): 753 – 759.
51. Wu X, Zhu W, Zhang H, Ding H, Zhang HJ (2011) Exogenous nitric oxide protects against salt-induced oxidative stress in the leaves from two genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33: 1199-1209.
52. Yagi MI, Al-Abdulkareem SS (2006) Effect of exogenous arginine and uric acid on Eruca sativa grown under saline conditions. Journal of Science Technology 7: 1-10.
53. Yuan S, Lin HH (2008) Role of salicylic acid in plant abiotic stress. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 63: 313-320.