مدل نمونه‌برداری دنباله‌ای برای پایش شته برگ ذرت Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) در مزارع سورگوم جارویی منطقه میانه
محورهای موضوعی :
بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعی
حبیب اله خدابنده
1
,
شهرام شاهرخی خانقاه
2
1 - گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، واحد میانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میانه، ایران
2 - مؤسسة تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/03/13
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/08/06
تاریخ انتشار : 1397/08/01
کلید واژه:
تخمین جمعیت,
توزیع‌فضایی,
ردیابی,
شته برگ ذرت,
مدیریت تلفیقی آفات,
چکیده مقاله :
این پژوهش به منظور تعیین نوع توزیع فضایی و ارایه مدل نمونه برداری دنباله ای برای تخمین دقیق تراکم جمعیت شته برگ ذرت (Fitch) Rhopalosiphum maidisدر مزارع سورگوم جارویی منطقه میانه انجام شد. برای نمونه برداری از جمعیت شته، هر سه روز یک بار تعداد 50 ساقه سورگوم جارویی مورد بازدید قرار گرفت و میانگین و واریانس جمعیت در هر تاریخ نمونه برداری برای تخمین پارامتر های توزیع فضایی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در ادامه با توجه به مناسب بودن قانون نمایی تیلور، از پارامتر های این روش برای تهیه مدل های نمونه برداری دنباله ای به روش گرین (1970) در دو سطح دقت 10 و 25% استفاده شد. شته برگ ذرت فراوانی قابل توجهی در مزارع سورگوم جارویی منطقه میانه داشت و توزیع فضایی آن در مزرعه به صورت تجمعی بود. میانگین جمعیت شته در تاریخ های مختلف نمونه برداری از 5 تا 109 عدد در هر ساقه متغیر بود. مقایسه مدل های نمونه برداری تهیه شده نشان داد که با کاهش سطح دقت از 25 به 10%، اندازه نمونه مورد نیاز برای تخمین جمعیت شته در مدل نمونه برداری دنباله ای به طور قابل توجهی افزایش یافت. بنابراین، مدل نمونه برداری دنباله ای در سطح دقت 10% بسیار وقت گیر بوده و برای تخمین تراکم جمعیت شته مناسب نبود. با این وجود، مدل نمونه برداری دنباله ای در سطح دقت 25% در مقایسه با اندازه نمونه ثابت، باعث کاهش اندازه نمونه لازم برای پایش جمعیت شته شد. در مجموع، استفاده از مدل نمونه برداری دنباله ای در سطح دقت 25% می تواند زماننمونه برداری را نسبت به روش اندازه نمونه ثابت کاهش داده و برای تخمین جمعیت این آفت در برنامه مدیریت تلفیقی آن در مزارع سورگوم جارویی میانه قابل توصیه می باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
The present research was carried out for determining spatial distribution type and developing sequential sampling models for precise estimating of corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) population in broomcorn, sorghum vulgare var. technicum, fields of Miyaneh region, Iran. To investigate spatial distribution pattern, population was sampled every 3 days on 50 broomcorn tillers to calculate variance and mean number of aphids at each sampling date. Taylor’s power law was more suitable and so its parameters was used to develop sequential sampling models using Green (1970) method at precision levels of D = 0.1 and D = 0.25. Results revealed high number of corn leaf aphid in broomcorn field with an aggregated dispersion pattern. Mean aphid population at different sampling dates varied from 5.22 to 109.10 aphids per stem. Estimates of spatial distribution parameters were used to develop sequential sampling models and sampling stop lines using Green (1970) method at precision levels of D = 0.1 and D = 0.25. Comparison of sampling models showed that sample size required for estimating aphid density significantly increased by decreasing precision level from 0.25 to 0.1. So, sequential sampling model at 0.10 precision level was time-consuming and it was not suitable for estimating corn leaf aphid population. However, sequential sampling model at 0.25 precision level reduced sample size required for monitoring R. maidis population in comparison to the fixed sample size method. In conclusion, sequential sampling model at 0.25 precision level could reduce sampling time and so, it recommended for estimating population in IPM programs of the pest in broomcorn fields of Miyaneh region.
منابع و مأخذ:
Afshari A, Dastranj M (2010) Density, spatial distribution and sequential sampling plans for cereal aphids infesting wheat spike in Gorghan, northern Iran.Plant Protection 32(2): 89-102. [In Persian with English Abstrac]
Amir-Maafi M, Parker BL, El-Bohssini M (2007) Binomial and sequential sampling of adult sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton. In: Parker BL, Skinner M, El Bouhssini M, Kumari SG (eds). Sunn Pest Management, a decade of progress from 1994 to 2004. Arab Society for Plant Protection: Lebanon 115-121.
Asadeh G, Mosaddegh MS, Soleiman Nejadian A, Seraj EA (2001) Population fluctuation, spatial distribution and biology of Oulema melanopus L. in winter wheat fields of Gorghan region. Plant Research Journal 16 (1): 165-180. [In Persian with English Abstrac]
Bakhshizadeh N, Mohiseni AA, Fathi A (2011) Spatial distribution patterns and fixed-precision sequential sampling plans for estimating population overwintered adult sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. in rainfed wheat fields in Ardabil province, Iran. Shahid Chamran University, Journal of Plant Protection 33 (2): 63-75. [In Persian with English Abstract]Ekbom BS (1985) Spatial distribution of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in spring cereals in Sweden and its importance for sampling. Environmental Entomology 14: 312-316.
Elliot NC, Kieckhefer RW (1986) Cereal aphid populations in winter wheat: spatial distributions and sampling with fixed levels of precision. Environmental Entomology 15: 954-958.
Elliott NC, Giles KL, Royer TA, Kindler SD, Tao FL, Jones DB, Cuperus GW (2003) Fixed precision sequential sampling plans for the green bug and bird cherry-oat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in winter wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 96(5): 1585-1593.
Falerio JR, Abdallah AB, Kumar JA, Shagagh A, Abdan SA (2010) Sequential sampling plan for area-wide management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) in date palmplantations of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 30(3): 145-153.
Feng MG, Nowierski RM (1992) Spatial distribution and sampling plans for four species of cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting spring wheat in southwestern Idaho. Journal of Economic Entomology 85(3): 830-837.
Fernandes MG, Spessoto RR, Degrandeand PE, Rodrigues, TR (2011) Sequential sampling of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cotton crop. Neotropical Entomology 40 (2): 519 - 566.
Foster RE, Tollefson JJ, Steffey KL (1982) Sequential sampling plans for adult corn root worms (Col.: Chrysomellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 75: 791-793.
Green RH (1970) On fixed level precision sequential sampling. Research in Population Ecology 12: 249-251.
Hoffmann MP, Wilson LT, Zalom FG, Hilton RJ (1991)Dynamic sequential sampling plan for Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs in processing tomatoes: parasitism and temporal patterns. Environmental Entomology 20(4): 1005-1012.
Hollingsworth CS, Gatsonis CA (1990) Sequential sampling plans for green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on potato. Journal of Economic Entomology 83(4): 1365-1369.
Hull LA, Grimm JW (1983) Sampling schemes for estimating populations of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi (Homoptera: Aphididae), on apple. Environmental Entomology 12: 1581-1586.
Hutchison WD, Hogg DB, Poswal MA, Berberet RC, Cuperus GW (1988) Implications of the stochastic nature of Kuno's and Green's fixed- precision stop lines: sampling plans for the pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in alfalfa as an example. Journal of Economic Entomology 81(3): 749-758.
Iwao S (1977) The m*-m statistics as a comprehensive method for analyzing spatial patterns of biological populations and its application to sampling problems. In: Morisita M. (ed). Studies on methods of estimating population density. Tokyo press: Tokyo 21-46.
Kabaluk JT, Binns MR, Vernon RS (2006) Operating characteristics of full count and binomial sampling plans for green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in potato. Journal of Economic Entomology 99(3): 987-992.
Karandinous MG (1976) Optimum sample size and comments on some published formulae. Bulletin of Entomological Society of America 22: 417-421.
Kring TJ, Gilstrap FE (1983) Within-field distribution of green bug (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoids in texas winter wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 76: 57-62.
Kuno E (1969) A new method of sequential sampling to obtain the population estimates with a fixed level of precision. Research in Population Ecology 6: 127-136.
Mack TP, Smilowitz Z (1980) The development of a green peach aphid natural enemy sampling procedure. Environmental Entomology 9: 440-445.
Mackay PA, Lamb RJ (1996) Dispersal of five aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in relation to their impact on Hordeum vulgare. Environmental Entomology 25(5): 1032-1044.
Maiteki GA, Lamb RJ (1987) Sequential decision plan for control of pea aphid. Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae) on field peas in Manitoba.Journal of Economic Entomology80 (3): 605-607.
Mohiseni A, Soleiman Nejadian E, Mosaddegh MS, Rajabi G (2009) Fixed precision sequential sampling plans to estimate overwintered sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put., population in rainfed wheat fields in Borujerd. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture) 32: 33-48. [In Persian with English Abstract]
Nowierski RM, Gutierrez AP (1986) Numerical and binomial sampling plans for the walnut Aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola (Homoptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 79: 868-872.
O’Rourke PK, Hutchison WD (2003) Sequential sampling plans for estimating European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval density in sweet corn ears. Crop Protection 22: 903-909.
Rajabi GR (2003) Insect Ecology, applied and considering the conditions of Iran. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Publication: Tehran. [In Persian]
SAS Institute (2005) SAS/STAT User's Guide for Personal Computer. Release 9.12. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.: USA.
Shahrokhi S, Khodabandeh H, Siami K (2005) Population fluctuation of broomcorn aphids in Miyaneh region. Final project report, Miyaneh Branch, Islamic Azad University: Miyaneh, Iran. [in Persian]
Shahrokhi S, Amir-Maafi M (2011) Sequential sampling plan of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in wheat fields. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 81: 43-50. [in Persian with English Abstract].
Schotzko DJ, Okeeffe LE (1989) Comparison of sweep net, D-Vac, and absolute sampling, and diel variation of sweep net sampling estimates in lentils for pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae), Nabids (Hemiptera: Nabidae), lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 82(2): 491-506.
Shepard M (1976) Distribution of insects in soybean fields. Canadian Entomologist 108: 761-771.
Tamaki G, Weiss M (1979) The development of a sampling plan on the spatial distribution of the green peach aphid on sugar beet. Environmental Entomology 8:598-605.
Taylor LR (1961) Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature 189:732-735.
Wald A (1947)Sequential analysis. John Wiley and Sons: New York.
Wilson LT, Room PM (1983) Clumping patterns of fruit and arthropods in cotton, with implications for binomial sampling. Environmental Entomology 12: 50-54.
Wright LC, Cone WW, Menzies GW, Wild Maw AE (1990) Numerical and binomial sequential sampling plans for the Hop aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Hop leaves. Journal of Economic Entomology 83(4): 1388-1394.
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Afshari A, Dastranj M (2010) Density, spatial distribution and sequential sampling plans for cereal aphids infesting wheat spike in Gorghan, northern Iran.Plant Protection 32(2): 89-102. [In Persian with English Abstrac]
Amir-Maafi M, Parker BL, El-Bohssini M (2007) Binomial and sequential sampling of adult sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton. In: Parker BL, Skinner M, El Bouhssini M, Kumari SG (eds). Sunn Pest Management, a decade of progress from 1994 to 2004. Arab Society for Plant Protection: Lebanon 115-121.
Asadeh G, Mosaddegh MS, Soleiman Nejadian A, Seraj EA (2001) Population fluctuation, spatial distribution and biology of Oulema melanopus L. in winter wheat fields of Gorghan region. Plant Research Journal 16 (1): 165-180. [In Persian with English Abstrac]
Bakhshizadeh N, Mohiseni AA, Fathi A (2011) Spatial distribution patterns and fixed-precision sequential sampling plans for estimating population overwintered adult sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. in rainfed wheat fields in Ardabil province, Iran. Shahid Chamran University, Journal of Plant Protection 33 (2): 63-75. [In Persian with English Abstract]Ekbom BS (1985) Spatial distribution of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in spring cereals in Sweden and its importance for sampling. Environmental Entomology 14: 312-316.
Elliot NC, Kieckhefer RW (1986) Cereal aphid populations in winter wheat: spatial distributions and sampling with fixed levels of precision. Environmental Entomology 15: 954-958.
Elliott NC, Giles KL, Royer TA, Kindler SD, Tao FL, Jones DB, Cuperus GW (2003) Fixed precision sequential sampling plans for the green bug and bird cherry-oat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in winter wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 96(5): 1585-1593.
Falerio JR, Abdallah AB, Kumar JA, Shagagh A, Abdan SA (2010) Sequential sampling plan for area-wide management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) in date palmplantations of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 30(3): 145-153.
Feng MG, Nowierski RM (1992) Spatial distribution and sampling plans for four species of cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting spring wheat in southwestern Idaho. Journal of Economic Entomology 85(3): 830-837.
Fernandes MG, Spessoto RR, Degrandeand PE, Rodrigues, TR (2011) Sequential sampling of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cotton crop. Neotropical Entomology 40 (2): 519 - 566.
Foster RE, Tollefson JJ, Steffey KL (1982) Sequential sampling plans for adult corn root worms (Col.: Chrysomellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 75: 791-793.
Green RH (1970) On fixed level precision sequential sampling. Research in Population Ecology 12: 249-251.
Hoffmann MP, Wilson LT, Zalom FG, Hilton RJ (1991)Dynamic sequential sampling plan for Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs in processing tomatoes: parasitism and temporal patterns. Environmental Entomology 20(4): 1005-1012.
Hollingsworth CS, Gatsonis CA (1990) Sequential sampling plans for green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on potato. Journal of Economic Entomology 83(4): 1365-1369.
Hull LA, Grimm JW (1983) Sampling schemes for estimating populations of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi (Homoptera: Aphididae), on apple. Environmental Entomology 12: 1581-1586.
Hutchison WD, Hogg DB, Poswal MA, Berberet RC, Cuperus GW (1988) Implications of the stochastic nature of Kuno's and Green's fixed- precision stop lines: sampling plans for the pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in alfalfa as an example. Journal of Economic Entomology 81(3): 749-758.
Iwao S (1977) The m*-m statistics as a comprehensive method for analyzing spatial patterns of biological populations and its application to sampling problems. In: Morisita M. (ed). Studies on methods of estimating population density. Tokyo press: Tokyo 21-46.
Kabaluk JT, Binns MR, Vernon RS (2006) Operating characteristics of full count and binomial sampling plans for green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in potato. Journal of Economic Entomology 99(3): 987-992.
Karandinous MG (1976) Optimum sample size and comments on some published formulae. Bulletin of Entomological Society of America 22: 417-421.
Kring TJ, Gilstrap FE (1983) Within-field distribution of green bug (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoids in texas winter wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 76: 57-62.
Kuno E (1969) A new method of sequential sampling to obtain the population estimates with a fixed level of precision. Research in Population Ecology 6: 127-136.
Mack TP, Smilowitz Z (1980) The development of a green peach aphid natural enemy sampling procedure. Environmental Entomology 9: 440-445.
Mackay PA, Lamb RJ (1996) Dispersal of five aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in relation to their impact on Hordeum vulgare. Environmental Entomology 25(5): 1032-1044.
Maiteki GA, Lamb RJ (1987) Sequential decision plan for control of pea aphid. Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae) on field peas in Manitoba.Journal of Economic Entomology80 (3): 605-607.
Mohiseni A, Soleiman Nejadian E, Mosaddegh MS, Rajabi G (2009) Fixed precision sequential sampling plans to estimate overwintered sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put., population in rainfed wheat fields in Borujerd. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture) 32: 33-48. [In Persian with English Abstract]
Nowierski RM, Gutierrez AP (1986) Numerical and binomial sampling plans for the walnut Aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola (Homoptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 79: 868-872.
O’Rourke PK, Hutchison WD (2003) Sequential sampling plans for estimating European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval density in sweet corn ears. Crop Protection 22: 903-909.
Rajabi GR (2003) Insect Ecology, applied and considering the conditions of Iran. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Publication: Tehran. [In Persian]
SAS Institute (2005) SAS/STAT User's Guide for Personal Computer. Release 9.12. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.: USA.
Shahrokhi S, Khodabandeh H, Siami K (2005) Population fluctuation of broomcorn aphids in Miyaneh region. Final project report, Miyaneh Branch, Islamic Azad University: Miyaneh, Iran. [in Persian]
Shahrokhi S, Amir-Maafi M (2011) Sequential sampling plan of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in wheat fields. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 81: 43-50. [in Persian with English Abstract].
Schotzko DJ, Okeeffe LE (1989) Comparison of sweep net, D-Vac, and absolute sampling, and diel variation of sweep net sampling estimates in lentils for pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae), Nabids (Hemiptera: Nabidae), lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 82(2): 491-506.
Shepard M (1976) Distribution of insects in soybean fields. Canadian Entomologist 108: 761-771.
Tamaki G, Weiss M (1979) The development of a sampling plan on the spatial distribution of the green peach aphid on sugar beet. Environmental Entomology 8:598-605.
Taylor LR (1961) Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature 189:732-735.
Wald A (1947)Sequential analysis. John Wiley and Sons: New York.
Wilson LT, Room PM (1983) Clumping patterns of fruit and arthropods in cotton, with implications for binomial sampling. Environmental Entomology 12: 50-54.
Wright LC, Cone WW, Menzies GW, Wild Maw AE (1990) Numerical and binomial sequential sampling plans for the Hop aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Hop leaves. Journal of Economic Entomology 83(4): 1388-1394.
