With this paper the authors try to newly reflect on Zadeh’s concept of a fuzzy set. The departing point is the fact that not only fuzzy sets originate in Language, but that they are just ’linguistic entities’ genetically different from the concept of ’crisp sets’ whose origin is either in a physical collection of objects, or in a list of them. Thus, a new definition of a fuzzy set is presented by means of two magnitudes: A qualitative one, a graph, the basic magnitude, and a quantitative one, a scalar magnitude. If the first reflects the language’s relational ground of the fuzzy set, the second - and thanks to ’measuring the meaning of words’ -, reflects the (numerical) extensional state in which it currently appears. Since the second, the scalar magnitude, is essential for the applications, it is also introduced the concept of a ’working fuzzy set’ by taking into account the numerical function, the meaning’s measure or the membership function. The working fuzzy set, that enlarges the corresponding fuzzy set, allows us to see the ’same fuzzy set’ with different membership functions, that is, the same graph appearing in different extensional states. Notice that a ’working crisp set’ is but the same crisp set. تفاصيل المقالة

This paper has a twofold goal: The first is to study how the inferential zigzag can be activated, even computationally, trying to analyse what kind of reasoning consists of, where its ’mechanism’ is rooted, how it can be activated since without all this it can just seem a metaphysical idea. The second, not so deeply different - as it can be presumed at a first view - but complementary, is to explore the subject’s link with the old thought on conjectures of the 15th Century Theologist and Philosopher Nicolaus Cusanus who was the first thinker consciously and extensively using conjectures. تفاصيل المقالة