One of the most critical indicators of one-factor productivity is the labor productivity index. This index has various and broad applications in the dimensions of economic policy. On the one hand, the labor productivity index determines per capita income levels and living standards. On the other hand, efficiency combined with other factors such as capital stock can make technical changes. The issue of how monetary and exchange rate variables affect labor productivity has been of particular importance in recent international studies. Due to the importance of the issue, this study investigates the asymmetric effect of exchange rate and bank facility rates on labor productivity in Iran in 1971-2018. The results of model estimation by self-explanatory method with nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) indicate that in the short and long run, the effect of free-market exchange rates and bank lending rates on labor productivity is asymmetric so that reductions in exchange rates have a significant direct effect on labor productivity and increases are not significant. In addition, increases in bank lending rates have a direct effect and reductions have an adverse effect on labor productivity. تفاصيل المقالة

The direct effect of shocks is to create uncertainty in economic variables. These unpredictable fluctuations influence all economic decisions of the government and the private sector. Also, the formation of people's expectations causes these shocks to have dynamic effects on all economic variables. Inflation is a general, disproportionate, and self-inflicted rise in prices that is often irreversible. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure of inflation and unemployment of the new Keynesian model with a dynamic general equilibrium approach. Also in this study, dynamic CGE models of long-term relationships related to the decisions of economic institutions such as households and investors were used. Data were analyzed using the proposed practical models. According to the results, inflation in the whole country increases with currency shock. The stronger the currency shock, the stronger the consequent increase in inflation. But unemployment is temporarily reduced by a currency shock. تفاصيل المقالة