هدف از مطالعه حاضر مدل‌سازی شایستگی گردشگری گسترده حوزه آبخیز ونایی شهرستان بروجرد در استان لرستان، تعیین کلاس‌های مختلف شایستگی، امکان رفع موانع کم کننده شایستگی و تعیین اولویت عوامل مؤثر بر شایستگی است. این تحقیق در سال 1394 بصورت کتابخانه‌ای، پرسشنامه‌ای و میدانی صورت گرفت. با استفاده از سوابق کتابخانه‌ای، نظرات متخصصین و استخراج نظرات گردشگران از پرسشنامه استاندارد و نیز از طریق آنالیز تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP)، ابتدا عوامل مؤثر بر گردشگری رتبه‌بندی شدند. سپس لایه‌های اطلاعاتی و مکانی متناظر هر عامل از طریق منابع موجود مانند نقشه‌های توپوگرافی، تصاویر ماهواره‌ای، خرید نقشه‌ها، استفاده از اطلاعات ادارات منطقه و نقشه‌های پایه در محیط ArcGIS®9.3 تلفیق شدند. معیارهای مورد بررسی به دو دسته کلی فیزیکی و غیر فیزیکی تقسیم شدند. در مجموع با توجه به نوع گردشگری گسترده 12 معیار مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته و نقشه‌های هر کدام جداگانه در محیط نرم‌افزار تولید و بر اساس رتبه‌بندی با هم تلفیق شدند. نتایج نشان داد که دو معیار کلی از نظر ارزش و اولویت با هم یکسان هستند. نتایج نشان داد که در معیار فیزیکی، حساسیت خاک به فرسایش مهم‌ترین عامل و فاصله از جاده‌ها کم‌اهمیت‌ترین معیار به ترتیب با ضرایب 22/0 و 01/0 بودند. ضریب ناسازگاری در این نوع مقایسه 4/0 بود که نشان از مقایسه منطقی معیارها را دارد. نتایج معیارهای غیر فیزیکی (زیستی) نیز نشان داد که بین کاربری اراضی، تنوع جانوری و پوشش گیاهی اختلافی از نظر اولویت‌بندی وجود نداشت و ضرایب آن‌ها برابر می‌باشند. بر اساس طبقه‌بندی فائو مناطق بر اساس شایستگی به سه دسته از خیلی مناسب (1S) تا نامناسب (3S) طبقه‌بندی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که قسمت زیادی از منطقه در کلاس یک طبقه‌بندی کاملاً مناسب (1S) به مساحت 2150 هکتار، معادل 66/36 درصد قرار گرفت و این مساحت‌ها اغلب در ارتفاعات که مناسب کوهنوردی و کوه‌پیمایی هستند واقع شده است. قسمت‌هایی که ارتفاعات کمتر و یا بیشتر دشتی هستند دارای پتانسیل کمتری به مساحت 1235 هکتار با معادل 07/21 درصد است. در این مدل موانع طبیعی قابل رفعی وجود نداشت که با برطرف کردند آن‌ها بتوان پتانسیل گردشگری منطقه را افزایش داد. در مجموع باید توجه داشت که گسترش روستا و کم شدن پوشش گیاهی موجب اثراتی بر تنوع گیاهی و حیات‌وحش و نیز تخریب و آلودگی منطقه خواهد داشت که خود در مهر و موم‌های آتی موجب کاهش پتانسیل گردشگری شده و باید مسئولان محلی تصمیماتی در این خصوص اتخاذ نمایند. نیز در صورت احداث پناهگاه در محل مناسب منطقه و در میانه راه، موجب اطمینان خاطر گردشگران و افزایش پتانسیل کوهنوردی در منطقه و در نتیجه گسترش اکوتوریسم می‌شود. تفاصيل المقالة

The arid zone encompasses land that has an imbalance between precipitation and losses through evaporation. Globally, arid zones comprise large part of many countries in the mid-latitudes in both the Northern and the Southern hemispheres. Both Australia and Iran are countries with a large arid zone. This negative water balance in the arid zone affects the type of land use in these countries. At the driest end of the spectrum only the hardiest livestock, camels, and some locally adapted sheep and goats provide subsistence to nomadic peoples. In other parts of the arid zone, the search for forage and water has generated development of a number of management systems involving nomadic, seminomadic and settled herding practices. Maximum forage productivity of livestock in the rangeland depends on the amount of water to which the livestock has access. Livestock can use the range forage in the best way with no harms to the rangeland in order to produce the maximum livestock products if there are enough water resources. Due to the limited drinking water resources in the arid regions and the range ecosystem sensitivity in these regions, the optimum use and in general, water resources management are of considerable importance. Adaptations of livestock and people are discussed here before attention is turned to the impact of livestock on the resource base that is the vegetation (principally forage/browse) and water on which the pastoralists depend. تفاصيل المقالة

Natural resources play a fundamental role in the economy of country and create the situation to achieve the goals of sustainable society, these valuable resources have to be conserved and used with care. Destroying the forests and rangelands will lead to a dark future full of poverty, starvation and environmental pollution. Forests and rangelands play a considerable role in reducing air pollution, minimizing soil erosion, protect against destructive floods, creating a pleasant place of recreation and relaxation while also allowing recharge of underground water resources. In short, ensure the preservation of resources essential for life on the earth. This is Part 3 of a comprehensive review of the impact of dust particles and aerosols. Part 1 (Squires, 2016a) examined the mechanisms by which dust particles and aerosols become airborne and the effect of particle size on deposition patterns. Part 2 (Squires, 2016b) focussed on the impact of particulates on the physiology, and productivity of plants. In this paper, attention is directed to the impact on human health of dust and aerosols generated from dust storms and from industrial sites (mines, factories and from roadside dust generated by passing vehicles). Effects of such dust range from nuisance (that arises from loss of visibility) to increased costs of clean-up of premises, through to serious health problems generated by inhalation of dust particles and aerosols. تفاصيل المقالة

Dr. Abbasali Sanadgol is an associate professor in rangelands and forests research institute, IRAN, He is retired now. He earned his undergraduate and master degrees in natural resources and range management in 1976 and 1992 respectively from natural resources faculty of Tehran University and worked as a natural resources and range management researcher for 29 years at education and research agriculture organization. He completed Ph.D. in 2000 in natural resources Faculty of Tehran University with mentorship from Dr. M. Moghadam. He became an assistant professor in 2000 and an associate professor in 2004 in rangelands and forests research institute, Iran. Under the supervision of Dr. Moghadam, he identified the grazing system and grazing intensity in Bromus tomentellus pasture for sheep in 1997.He became a research group leader since then, and has conducted and directed research on rangelands. He explored the relation model of Range forage production and phenol- logy of range plants with temperature and soil moisture in arid zone. Moreover, he researched on range plants adaptation, range management through new methods, plant densities, plant association delineation, forage removal intensities and removal forage periods on quantity and quality of forage yields and longevity of Atriplex species. He is a national group research leader that works on national determining the removable range plants forages project, in Iranian Rangelands.He is editorial board member and reviewer of research journal of environmental toxicology and Iranian journal of rangeland and desert research. He is member of society of Iranian range management and member of scientific committee of forests and rangelands research institute, Iran. He is the author of 12 books, 56 papers and articles and 40 technical reports in natural resources, range, and forest and watershed management fields. تفاصيل المقالة

This book consists of 14 chapters covering important aspects in regards to various terrestrial ecosystems, wetlands, river systems, mine site rehabilitation, marsh ecology and heavy metals pollution. Also aims to fill some of the information gaps in ecological restoration, particularly in under-researched ecosystems around the world. Restoration ecology emerged as a separate field in ecology in the 1980s. It is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological restoration, which is the practice of renewing degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention and action. Ecological restoration is a valuable endeavor that has proven very difficult to define. The term indicates that degraded and destroyed natural systems will be re-established to sites where they once existed. As a discipline Restoration ecology has attracted many adherents and spawned numerous books, research papers and scientific journals. The Society for Ecological Restoration is an international group which foster philosophy and practice and promote the concepts and precepts. Ecological restoration means different things to different people. This Section begins with an examination of the terminology associated with Ecological restoration and defines how the subject will be dealt with in this book. A commonly accepted definition is "return of an ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition prior to disturbance." The term restoration means the re-establishment of predisturbance functions and related physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Restoration is a holistic process not achieved through the isolated manipulation of individual elements. The holistic nature of restoration, including the reintroduction of animals, needs to be emphasized. Merely recreating a form without the functions, or the functions in an artificial configuration bearing little resemblance to a natural form, does not constitute restoration. The objective is to emulate a natural, self-regulating system that is integrated ecologically with landscape in which it occurs. تفاصيل المقالة

Dr. Mohammad Hossein Jazirei was born in 1922 in Bandar-e-Anzali and finished high school there.In May 1944, he graduated in agriculture engineering and occupied the position of Lahijan forester in Forestry Department of Ministry of Agriculture in fall. In 1955, he moved to Belgium and was admitted by Agronomy Institute of Belgium; he achieved MS in Water and Forest field in 1957. After doing researches on forest sociology and plant geography in the northern forests of Iran for five years, he went back to Belgium and presented his thesis and received the PhD degree of forestry in the mentioned institute in 1964. Dr. Jazirei started his career as a forester in Ministry of Agriculture in 1944 and occupied such executive, research and educational positions as Deputy Minister of Natural Resources, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, General Manager of Rangelands, CEO of Civil Organization in Gorgan, first Head of Forests and Rangelands Department after the victory of Islamic Revolution, Consultant of Scientific and Industrial Researches Organization and member of Academy of Sciences in Iran. This outstanding figure was the Deputy Minister of Natural Resources in 1967 and the Deputy Secretary of Agriculture in 1979 after the victory of Islamic Revolution. Since 1981, he had taught in PhD and MS courses in the universities of Tehran, Yazd, Gorgan, and Tarbiat Modares and had been the advisor of more than 50 MS theses and 60 PhD ones. During 1991 and 2011, he was the special advisor and head of seniors in Forests, Rangelands and Watersheds Organization while influencing the technical decision making and policy making of natural resources management plans. تفاصيل المقالة

Mansour Mesdaghi was born in 1941 in Ghazvin, Iran, where he completed his elementary and high school.After graduation from Gorgan Forest and Range school, he had been employed in Ministry of Natural Resources as a technician in FAO branch of United Nation in collaboration with Dr. D. L. Goodwin, the Range Scientist at Houmand Range Research Station. He received his B.A degree in Economics at Tehran College of Business in 1973. Then, in 1975, he received a governmental fellowship to accomplish his M.Sc and Ph.D. in Range Ecology at Northern Arizona University and University of Wyoming. The results of his dissertation on vegetation of saline and alkaline habitats of Red Desert in Wyoming was published in Shrublands of Wyoming by his supervisor, Professor Herbert G. Fisser.After continuation his career as an expert in Research Institute and in Forest and Range Origination, he was transferred to the College of Natural Resources in Gogran where he had taught the courses of Range Measurement, Quantitative Plant Ecology, Phytosociology, Advanced Statistical Methods, and Range Research Techniques. During his sabbatical leaves at Colorado State University, 1993-1995, USA and at University of British Colombia, 2002-2003, Professor Mesdaghi integrated the idea of socio-economics in rangeland inventory and evaluation and presented his results in Proceedings of the V International Rangeland Congress in 1995, USA, and XX International Grassland Congress, in Canada, 2015.Professor Mesdaghi is the author of Range Management in Iran, Plant Ecology, and Statistical and Regression Methods. He has also translated the Range Management Books such as: Principles and Practices, Ecological Methodology, Vegetation Description and Analysis, Wildlife Ecology and Management, Walter’s Vegetation of Earth which were the best books of outstanding scientists in the world. تفاصيل المقالة