City and climate are two human made and natural systems that influence each other. The city that influences greenhouse gas emissions leads to global warming as a result of climate change. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of urban development on the climate change (a case study of Mashhad metropolis). The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical, in which by referring to library studies and field-based studies a theoretical framework is obtained; also, by determining evaluation options according to the negative effects and consequences of urban growth and development of Mashhad metropolis in recent decades on social systems, physical, functional, transportation and access are examined. In this study, the Iranian Leopold matrix method and rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) as well as Microsoft Excel, Arc GIS and Google Earth software have been used. Findings in this study indicate that the functional system with the range of letters -E and number -5 has the most destructive effects on climate change in this metropolis and the physical system with letters -B and number -2 has the least effects on the process. With the increase in population in the metropolis of Mashhad, urban growth and development is extended to villages and agricultural lands, and as a result, the change of use from agriculture to urban use occurs, leading to more greenhouse gas emissions and the creation of urban heat islands. So, in order to control such things, appropriate solutions in the system should be presented. تفاصيل المقالة

Housing is one of the essential needs of human beings; therefore, efficient planning and policy-making to provide it for all of society are very necessary. The housing policy-making after the iran's revolution has had major differences, and various orientations. According to housing experts, these efforts have been sometimes successful and generally failed and have had a significant effect on the supply and demand of housing in the country. Therefore, the main issue is the ineffectiveness of some of these policies in providing housing during the revolution until now. The purpose of the essay was to do a comparative study of the land and housing policies in the iran's development plans and to determine their effectiveness according to the statistical data on housing in certain period[1]s after the revolution. A comparative study with a mixed (quantitative and qualitative) approach has been considered to achieve this purpose. In order to collect data, non-reactive measures and documentary methods have been used. For analysis, the concepts extracted from these texts, have been coded, classified, and organized under categories and subcategories. Then, they have been qualitatively compared over five-year periods. In the next step, a comparative study between quantitative housing data was done in the same periods. Finally, using the TOPSIS model, these plans have been ranked based on efficiency. The results show that the fifth economic, social and cultural development plan has the most efficient policies. On the contrary, the sixth plan is considered the most ineffective development plan since the iran's revolution. تفاصيل المقالة