Manure not only supplies many nutrients for crop production, but it is also a valuable source for increasing soil organic matter content and improving soil structure. To increase organic manure content as well as improve the wheat production adding plant residues and livestock to soil is necessary. The experiment was conducted in Shavoor Research Station to determine seed yield and soil physical characteristics under different amounts and sources of organic manure through combined split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications for a duration of five mentioned years. Main plots included seven types of organic manure (cattle and hen manures, sugarcane filter cack and bagasse, wheat straw and green manure which were compared with control) and three amounts of manure (2.5, 5 and 10 t.ha-1) witch belong to sub plots. Result of analysis of variance indicated the effect of different types of organic manure on seed yield, 1000-seed weight, number of spike per square meter, spike length, plant height, bulk density and infiltration rate was significant. Also the effect of year and different amounts of organic manure on all measured traits instead bulk density, infiltration rate and number of spike per square meter was significant. Wheat straw plays a major role in improving the physical properties of the soil. Sugarcane filter cack, sugarcane bagasse and cattle manure (at least 2.5 tons per hectare for four years or more) had a positive effect of increasing wheat yield, seed weight, number of spike per square meter, spike length and plant height. تفاصيل المقالة

Oil palm propagation techniques are juvenile pot plants derived from germinated seeds and tissue culture, because it doesn’t produce sucker. In the nursery stage, monitoring the conditions of irrigation and nutrition are important to ensure phenotypic quality. During the nursery stage, optimal fertilization in development of more vigorous and productive plants. This research was carried out to increase fertilizer use efficiency and its impact on vegetative growth of juvenile oil palm plants in greenhouse based Factorial experiment according completely randomized design with three replications at greenhouse of date palm and tropical fruit research institute in Ahvaz during 2011-2013. Treatments included five different fertilization methods (Without fertilization or control, soil application, fertigation, foliar spray and soil application add foliar spray on juvenile pot plants derived from germinated oil palm seeds) and eight genotypes. The results showed that different methods of fertilization were significantly different in vegetative growth characteristics. Also, different cultivars were significantly different in all vegetative traits except chlorophyll content. Interactions between treatments were significant in the growth characteristics of stem and number of leaves (P≤0.05). Fertigation with mean seedling height, stem height, stem diameter, leaf length and width, equivalent to 138.9, 26.0, 7.3, 126.5 and 40.6 cm, respectively and the average number of leaves and leaflets of 11.9 and 44.6 numbers per plant respectively and chlorophyll content of 55.3 was superior fertilization method comparing to other methods. تفاصيل المقالة

Overuse of different chemical fertilizers is one of the causes for the degradation of environment and soil. Biological fertilizers are the newest and most technically advanced way of supplying mineral nutrients to crops. Compared to chemical fertilizers, their supply nutrient for plant needs, minimizes leaching, and therefore improves fertilizer use efficiency. Vermicompost is an organic compound that is microbial active and rich in nutrients that results from the interaction of earthworms and microorganisms with organic matter decomposition. In vermicomposting process, earthworms are used to enhance the process of residue conversion. Vermicomposting is faster than composting and the resulting earthworm castings are rich in microbial activity and plant growth regulators, and fortified with pest repellence attributes as well. Vermicomposting reduces the C:N ratio and retains more N than the traditional methods of preparing composts. It can improve seed germination, growth and yield of crops. Current research was conducted according evaluate results of valid researcher. Evaluation result of many researchers revealed apply vermicompost had positive effect to improve plant height, Number of Row per Ear, Number of Seed per Row, Number of seed per spike, Number of spike per m2, Seed weight, Biologic yield, Seed yield, Harvest index, Growth indices and Protein content in compare control treatments. Addition of vermicompost to soil contributes to the nutrient requirements of the plant, as well as the improvement of the physical and physical condition of the vital soil and creates a suitable bed for root growth, increases the growth of shoot and dry matter production, and ultimately improves the agrophysiological traits and crop production. It seems consume 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost can lead to achieve highest yield and can be advised to farmers. تفاصيل المقالة

To assessment effect of concentration and times of disinfection wheat seeds, infected byAspergillus fungus a research was conducted based on Factorial experiment accordingrandomized complete block design with four replications. The factors included four levelsof sodium hypochlorite (2, 4, 6, and 8%) and four times of seed disinfection (2, 5, 7, and10 minutes). Result of analysis of variance indicated interaction effect of treatments ongermination percentage (p≤0.05), Radicle length (p≤0.05), plumule lentgh (p≤0.05),germination rate (p≤0.05), seed dry matter (p≤0.01), speed of germination (p≤0.05) andseedling dry matter (p≤0.01) was significant, but on mean of germination time, radicle dryweight, plumule dry weight and abnormal bud was not significant. Germination rate asimportant trait had significant relation with seedling dry matter (0.992**), radicle length(0.990**), germination percentage (0.983**), plumule length (0.982**), speed of germination(0.981**), seed dry matter (0.924**) and abnormal bud (-0.767*). Treatment of 6%concentrations of sodium hypochlorite along 7 minute had highest amount of Seed drymatter (0.0899 gr), speed of germination (38.991 day), seedling dry matter (0.1899 gr),germination percentage (98.87 %), radicle length (11.40 cm), plumule length (10.91 cm),germination rate (39.98 day), so it possible to advised for improve wheat seed germinationparameters. تفاصيل المقالة

Manure plays an important role in improving physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Manures contain a low concentration of plant nutrients and they have a slow acting nature, organic manure alone may fail to tend the high nutritional requirements of crops. Organic manures including sheep manure, cattle manure and hen manure may be used for crop production as substitute of chemical fertilizers because the importance of organic manures cannot be overlooked. Organic farming has emerged as an important priority area globally in view of the growing demand for safe and healthy food and long term sustainability and concerns on environmental pollution associated with indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Though the use of chemical inputs in agriculture is inevitable to meet the growing demand for food in world, there are opportunities in selected crops and niche areas where organic production can be encouraged to tape the domestic export market. Farmyard manure (FYM) is an important organic resource for agricultural production in livestock-based farming systems in the semi-arid regions. FYM refers to the decomposed mixture of dung and urine of farm animals along with their litter and fodder fed to the cattle. FYM is one of the components of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) as it a cheap and easily available source of organic nutrients. Integrating Farmyard Manure with inorganic fertilizer, scientists are getting a very good response to the crop. The application of this source of organic improves the physical, chemical and biological condition of the soils. FYM can supply all the nutrients required by the plant and it is prepared by using cow dung, cow urine, waste straw, and other dairy wastes. تفاصيل المقالة

امروزه در کشاورزی پایدار علاوه بر کمیت تولید به کیفیت، ثبات و پایداری در تولید محصول نیز توجه خاص می‎شود. این تحقیق بر اساس آزمایش کرت خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‎های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 96-95 در منطقه رامهرمز اجرا گردید. سطوح کودهای زیستی و شیمیایی فسفر در چهار سطح (عدم کاربرد کود فسفر، کود زیستی فسفر، کود زیستی فسفر+150 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود سوپرفسفات‎تریپل و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود سوپرفسفات‎تریپل) به عنوان کرت‎های اصلی و محلول‎پاشی عناصر ریزمغذی (روی، آهن و منگنز) در سه سطح (عدم محلول‎پاشی، محلول‎پاشی دو در هزار، محلول‎پاشی چهار در هزار) به عنوان کرت‎های فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد اثر متقابل کود شیمیایی و زیستی×محلول‎پاشی عناصر ریزمغذی بر عملکرد دانه، اجزای عملکرد، ارتفاع بوته، طول سنبله، درصد و عملکرد پروتئین معنی‎دار بود. مقایسه میانگین ها نشان داد که تیمار کود زیستی فسفر+150کیلوگرم سوپرفسفات‎تریپل حداکثر تعداد سنبله در مترمربع، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، درصد پروتئین، عملکرد پروتئین، ارتفاع بوته و طول سنبله را به خود اختصاص داد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه از تیمار کود زیستی فسفر + 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار کودسوپرفسفات‎تریپل و محلول‎پاشی عناصر میکرو در غلظت چهار در هزار و کمترین مقدار از تیمار شاهد (عدم‎کاربرد کود) به دست آمد. در مجموع، جهت کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و هزینه تولید، تیمار کود زیستی فسفر + 150 کیلوگرم سوپرفسفات تریپل به همراه محلول‎پاشی عناصر کم مصرف با غلظت چهار در هزار می تواند در شرایط منطقه تحت آزمایش مورد توجه باشد. تفاصيل المقالة

در کشاورزی پایدار کاربرد کودهای زیستی نقش ویژه‌ای در افزایش تولید محصول و حفظ حاصل‌خیزی پایدار خاک دارد. به همین منظور جهت بررسی تأثیر توأم کودهای زیستی و شیمیایی فسفره و عناصر ریزمغذی بر خصوصیات مرفوفیزیولوژیکی مرتبط با عملکرد جو این تحقیق بر اساس آزمایش کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح آماری بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در رامهرمز در سال زراعی 96-1395 اجرا گردید. تیمار کودهای زیستی و شیمیایی فسفر در چهار سطح (عدم کاربرد کود فسفر، کود زیستی بارور2، کود زیستی بارور2+150 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود سوپرفسفات‌تریپل و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود سوپرفسفات‌تریپل) در کرت‌های اصلی و تیمار محلول‌پاشی عناصر ریزمغذی (روی، آهن و منگنز) در سه سطح عدم محلول‌پاشی، محلول‌پاشی دو در هزار، محلول‌پاشی چهار در هزار به کرت‌های فرعی تعلق گرفتند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد تأثیر تیمارهای کاربرد توأم کودهای زیستی و شیمیایی فسفره و عناصر ریزمغذی بر صفات اندازه‌گیری شده معنی‎دار بود. نتایج نشان داد تیمار بارور2+150 کیلوگرم سوپر فسفات تریپل حداکثر مقدار طول پدانکل (46/9 سانتی‌متر)، طول ریشک (95/11 سانتی‌متر)، شاخص سطح برگ (5/4)، شاخص کلروفیل (26/40) و روز تا رسیدگی (185 روز) را به خود اختصاص داد، همچنین مقایسه میانگین محلول پاشی عناصر ریزمغذی نشان داد غلظت چهار در هزار بیشترین مقدار صفات نامبرده را کسب کرد. طبق نتایج مقایسه میانگین برهمکنش تیمار‎ها، بیشترین عملکرد دانه (1/400 گرم در مترمربع) و وزن سنبله اصلی (89/2 گرم) به تیمار کود زیستی بارور2 + 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود سوپرفسفات‌تریپل و محلول پاشی عناصر ریز مغذی با غلظت چهار در هزار تعلق داشت، لذا تیمار فوق قابل توصیه به کشاورزان می باشد. تفاصيل المقالة