کشور ایران در منطقه خشک دنیا واقع شده است. معمولاً بخش کشاورزی بیشترین تأثیر را از خشکسالی می پذیرد. کشاورزان از راهکارهای مختلفی برای مقابله با پدیده خشکسالی استفاده می نمایند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی این راهکارها و ارتباط آن با ویژگی های فردی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی کشاورزان انجام پذیرفت. جمعیت مورد مطالعه شامل کشاورزان شهرستان شیروان در استان خراسان شمالی بودند که به روش تحقیق پیمایشی تعداد 350 نفر از آنان مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. اطلاعات مورد نیاز با استفاده از یک پرسشنامه محقق ساخته جمع آوری گردید که روایی محتوایی آن از سوی متخصصان مورد تائید قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد اولویت اول راهکارهای مقابله با خشکسالی مربوط به راهکارهای اصلاح زمین و اولویت آخر مربوط به راهکارهای ذخیره ای می باشد. همچنین، استفاده از لوله برای انتقال آب کشاورزی و همکاری در ایجاد و توسعه شبکه های آبیاری و آبرسانی محلی و ذخیره باران با ایجاد سطوح آبگیر باران جزو سه توصیه مهم کشاورزان برای مقابله با خشکسالی بوده است. نتایج نشان داد سن و سابقه کار کشاورزان با میزان استفاده آنان از راهکارهای مقابله با خشکسالی ارتباط معنی داری ندارد. اما سطح تحصیلات و ملاقات کشاورزان با مروج با میزان استفاده آنان از راهکارهای مقابله با خشکسالی دارای ارتباط مستقیم و معنی دار می باشد. تفاصيل المقالة

Food safety begins on the farms and farmers play a crucial role in producing healthy food. Several factors were investigated here including water quality, labor health, health facilities, packaging and storage, transportation, fertilizers and solid organic materials, and field sanitation to reach more comprehensive results. So, 380 farmers were selected from 77 villages of rural areas of Gonbad-e Kavus County, north of Iran, using multistage random sampling. Data were collected by a questionnaire and analyzed with the SPSS18 software. Results showed that the score of the food safety practice index was above average and could be evaluated at a good level. Farmers had the best practice in “field sanitation” and the worst practice in “labor health”. Literate farmers had better food safety practices than illiterate farmers. The food safety practice index showed positive correlations with educational level and farmer income from other jobs. However, negative correlations were observed regarding farmer age, job experience and income from husbandry. It is suggested that educational programs and essential facilities are needed to enable farmers to adhere to farm food safety practices. تفاصيل المقالة

Social responsibility of pastoralists is one of the most important elements and an integral part of rangelands exploitation. It not only leads to better rangeland health, but also enhances exploiters’ satisfaction for continuous sustainable utilization of rangelands. The present study investigated the role of social responsibility in rangelands condition in nomadic areas of Gonbad County in Golestan province, Iran. Survey method was conducted in 2016. Population consisted of 180 nomadic households. A sample size of 115 households was selected using stratified random sampling method in ten pastoral units (nomadic and nomadic–rural systems). Required information was collected using questionnaires. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by academics and social experts of rangelands management. The findings showed that the social responsibility of respondents could be evaluated at high level. The ethical dimension of social responsibility was ranked in the first priority but the economic dimension was the last one. There was a significant and positive relationship between social responsibility and range condition. Also, social responsibility of uneducated exploiters (unable to read and write) was higher than other educated exploiters. Due to a positive relationship between social responsibility and range condition, it is recommended that exploiters’ responsibility can be enhanced by delivering appropriate educational opportunities in order to improve range condition. تفاصيل المقالة