Palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) have various applications in industries, such as: Biomedicine, Sewage treatment, Electronics, and Catalytic processes. Different studies on NP have shown that they have negative impacts on different cell categories in vitro. Despite extensive considerations, the molecular mechanism of Pd-NPs toxicity has remained elusive thus far. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated the toxicity of Pd-NPs by evaluating their effects on human lymphocyte. Blood lymphocyte cells were initially isolated by ficoll solution and were exposed to Pd-NPs and Pd (II) ions. Then, we examined oxidative stress, cell cycle and apoptosis employing flow cytometry. We found the NPs administration suppressed cell growth which in turn resulted in cell apoptosis. Also, cell cycle stopped at sub G1 phase, resulting in DNA damage as well as profound ROS increase. Our results showed that Pd-NPs treatment for 24 hours led to apoptosis, oxidative stress, as well as cell cycle blockage. It is notable that Pd (II) ions induced more severe toxicity. Our findings provide valuable insights on Pd-NPs toxicity. تفاصيل المقالة

Palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) have various applications in industries, such as:Biomedicine, Sewage treatment, Electronics, and Catalytic processes. Differentstudies on NP have shown that they have negative impacts on different cellcategories in vitro. Despite extensive considerations, the molecular mechanismof Pd-NPs toxicity has remained elusive thus far. Therefore, in this paper,we investigated the toxicity of Pd-NPs by evaluating their effects on a humanlymphocyte. Blood lymphocyte cells were initially isolated by ficoll solution andwere exposed to Pd-NPs and Pd (II) ions. Then, we examined oxidative stress, cellcycle, and apoptosis employing flow cytometry. We found the NPs administrationsuppressed cell growth, which in turn resulted in cell apoptosis. Also, the cell cyclestopped at the sub G1 phase, resulting in DNA damage as well as profound ROSincrease. Our results showed that Pd-NPs treatment for 24 hours led to apoptosis,oxidative stress, as well as cell cycle blockage. It is notable that Pd (II) ions inducedmore severe toxicity. Our findings provide valuable insights on Pd-NPs toxicity. تفاصيل المقالة

In the past decade, a global demand for products from organic agriculture has increased rapidly. Milk quality is of major interest for all parties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare cow performance and product quality in conventional and organic system. Twenty Holstein dairy cows were allotted to one of 2 diet groups, which including: a conventional diet (CON), and an organic system with high forage (OHF). Multiparous cows (3rd and 4th parity) were randomly assigned to the treatments. Range forages were used as part of diets and cows were offered concentrate and silage two times a day. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were measured across 200 d. Furthermore, somatic cell count, feed cost and feed efficiency were determined at 20 day intervals. The milk yield was different for cows that treated with the OHF (22.5 kg/d) and CON (28.9 kg/d) systems, respectively. Body weights were not affected by treatments; however, differences in body condition scores (P<0.05) were observed. Although energy corrected milk, milk urea nitrogen, cortisol and β-hydroxybutyrate acid were higher in cows fed CON system; milk fat, phytanic acid, hippuric acid and profit to cost ratio were higher (P<0.05) in cows fed organic system. Additionally, lower feed efficiency, feed cost and blood urea nitrogen were observed in cows fed organic diets (P<0.05). تفاصيل المقالة

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of weaning age on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), feed cost (FC) and benefit index (BI) of Holstein calves reared under organic farming system. Thirty two Holstein calves were divided into two treatments: early weaning (EW) vs. late weaning (LW). Calves in the both groups were provided with whole milk at the rate of 10% body weight (BW). Calves had free access to leafy alfalfa hay from birth until the end of the experiment. Also, the EW group was provided with starter diet after weaning till 90 days of age.The daily DMI and BW at 15-day intervals were measured and FE and FC were calculated for periods. The DMI of LW and EW calves was significantly different from third period to end of experiment. Moreover, ADG of EW was higher than LW in all of periods.Except for first and second, FE was significantly different between the groups in other periods. Also, due to an increase FC for calves reared on LW compared to EW-calves group, the BI was higher in EW-calves. تفاصيل المقالة

The aim of this study was to compare conventional and organic diets in beef production. Thirty-two dairy beef calves were used in 4 treatments: organic diet with three levels of forage [70% of organic diet with high amount of forage (ORH), 55% of organic diet with medium amount of forage (ORM), 38% of organic diet with low amount of forage(ORL)] and conventional diet (CON). The dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion rate (FCR) of calves were measured. The calves were then slaughtered at the end of the study. DMI was significantly differed among groups after the 5th period. However, FCR and ADG were significantly differed among the treatments in several periods. Carcass physical size, lipid and cholesterol were lower in organic diets compared to the CON. Significant increases were observed in organic meat for C18:2, C18:3 fatty acids, heminic iron, α-tocopherol and ß-carotene. The results of the study showed that calves fedorganic diet with high amount of forage had significantly lower FCR compared to the other diets. تفاصيل المقالة

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fat supplementation for enhancing milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in early lactation without affecting ruminal fermentation. 24 Holstein dairy cows were assigned to a completely randomized design employing a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. Factors were particle size (15 and 25 mm) and two different sources of alfalfa supplemented with and without fat (alfalfa hay; alfalfa hay plus 3% fat; alfalfa silage and alfalfa silage plus 3% fat). The results indicated that fat supplementation had no effect on body condition score, milk yield, feeding behaviour and C18 fatty acids profile of milk. Alfalfa silage with fat increased significantly the amount of C18:1and C18:2 in rumen and milk compared to alfalfa hay with fat. Particle size had no effect on milk yield, C18 fatty acids of milk, ruminal NH3-N and butyrate in the rumen. Dry matter intake, milk fat and acetic acid declined with fat supplementation. Dietary alfalfa silage had significant effect on dry matter intake, milk fat, ruminating time and rumen fermentation. Feeding behaviour decreased with reducing particle size. Results revealed that alfalfa silage with fat increased milk yield enhanced CLA in milk improved blood and ruminal metabolite and maintained higher body weight in Holstein dairy cows. تفاصيل المقالة

In the past decade, a global demand for products from organic agriculture has increased rapidly. Milk quality is of major interest to all parties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare cow performance and product quality on conventional and organic diets. 72 Holstein dairy cows were allotted to one of four diets: a conventional diet (CON40), an organic diet with a low amount of forage (ORG40), an organic diet with a moderate amount of forage (ORG60) and an organic diet with a high amount of forage (ORG80). Multiparous cows (2nd, 3rd, and 4th parity) were randomly assigned to the treatments. Range forages were used as part of the diets, and cows were individually offered feed three times a day with refusals collected once a day. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield (MY) were measured for 308 days. Somatic cell count (SCC), body weight (BW) and feed efficiency (FE) were determined at 28-day intervals. The DMI was different for cows that consumed the ORG80 (18.2 kg/d), ORG60 (19.1 kg/d), ORG40 (20.1 kg/d) and CON40 (20.5 kg/d) diets. BW was not affected by treatments, but differences in body condition score (BCS) (P<0.05) were observed. Although milk yield was higher in cows fed CON40, milk fat was higher (P<0.05) in cows fed organic diets. Lower FE, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were observed in cows fed organic diets (P<0.05). تفاصيل المقالة