A Mini Review of Insulation Testing Techniques for Power Cables in Transmission Lines
الموضوعات :Pooya Parvizi 1 , Alireza Mohammadi Amidi 2 , Milad Jalilian 3 , Hana Parvizi 4
1 - School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
2 - Department of Electrical, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
3 - Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran.
4 - Department of Science, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
الکلمات المفتاحية: Transmission Lines, power systems, Insulation testing, Power cables,
ملخص المقالة :
A transmission line refers to an extended conductor that is specifically designed, often bundled together, to facilitate the transportation of a substantial quantity of electrical power at exceptionally high voltages from one station to another, accommodating the fluctuation in voltage levels. Insulation serves as a barrier between the conducting parts of a cable and the surrounding environment, preventing direct contact and minimizing the risk of electrical shocks to personnel. It helps maintain a safe operating environment for workers and the general public. In addition, Insulation helps maintain the desired voltage levels by preventing leakage or losses along the cable. It ensures that the power is efficiently transmitted without significant voltage drop, which is crucial for the proper functioning of electrical equipment and appliances connected to the power system. The necessity of insulation brings the paramount significance of insulation testing in transmission lines. This paper briefly presents the insulation testing techniques in transmission lines and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
[1] K. E. Wu, Maurizio Bozzi, and Nelson JG Fonseca, "Substrate integrated transmission lines: Review and applications", IEEE Journal of Microwaves, Vol. 1, No.1,pp. 345-363, 2021.
[2] Farhad Rachidi, "A review of field-to-transmission line coupling models with special emphasis to lightning-induced voltages on overhead lines", IEEE Transactions on electromagnetic compatibility, Vol. 54, No. 4 , pp.898-911, 2012.
[3] Jia-Xiang Li, McClure Ghyslaine, and Shu-Hong Wang,"Ensuring the structural safety of overhead transmission lines by design", Journal of Aerospace
Engineering, Vol. 34, No.3,pp. 04021010, 2021.
[4] Heiko Thomas, et al. ,"Superconducting transmission lines–Sustainable electric energy transfer with higher public acceptance", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , Vol.55, pp. 59-72, 2016.
[5] Maarten Brinkerink, Brian Ó. Gallachóir, and Paul Deane, "A comprehensive review on the benefits and challenges of global power grids and intercontinental interconnectors", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , Vol.107, 274-287, 2019.
[6] Padiyar, Krishna R. ,"FACTS controllers in power transmission and distribution", (2007).
[7] Iranmehr, Hamid, et al. ,"Modeling the price of emergency power transmission lines in the reserve market due to the influence of renewable energies", Frontiers in Energy Research , Vol. 9, pp. 792418, 2022.
[8] Zhao, Wenqing, et al. ,"An insulator in transmission lines recognition and fault detection model based on improved faster RCNN" , IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement , Vol.70, pp. 1-8, 2021.
[9] Phillips, Andrew J., et al. ,"Electric fields on AC composite transmission line insulators", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 23, No.2, pp. 823-830, 2008.
[10] Salem, Ali Ahmed, et al. ,"Pollution flashover voltage of transmission line insulators: Systematic review of experimental works." ,IEEE Access , Vol. 10, pp. 10416-10444, 2022.
[11] Chiradeja, Pathomthat, and Atthapol Ngaopitakkul, "Classification of lightning and faults in transmission line systems using discrete wavelet transform", Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1847968
[12] Zainuddin, N. Mohd, et al. ,"Review of thermal stress and condition monitoring technologies for overhead transmission lines: Issues and challenges", IEEE Access, Vol. 8,pp. 120053-120081, 2020.
[13] Alhassan, Ahmad Bala, et al., "Power transmission line inspection robots: A review, trends and challenges for future research" , International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems , Vol.118, pp. 105862, 2020.
[14] McClure, G., and M. Lapointe. ,"Modeling the structural dynamic response of overhead transmission lines", Computers & Structures , Vol. 81, No. 8, pp. 825-834, 2003.
[15] Li, Zhonglei, and Boxue Du., "Polymeric insulation for high-voltage dc extruded cables: challenges and development directions", IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 30-43, 2018.
[16] Visacro, Silverio, and Fernando H. Silveira, "Lightning performance of transmission lines: Requirements of tower-footing electrodes consisting of long counterpoise wires", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 1524-1532, 2015.
[17] Stone, Greg C. ,"Partial discharge diagnostics and electrical equipment insulation condition assessment", IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation , Vol. 12, Nol. 5, pp. 891-904, 2005.
[18] Lee, Sang Bin, Karim Younsi, and Gerald B. Kliman., "An online technique for monitoring the insulation condition of AC machine stator windings", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 20, No.4, pp. 737-745, 2005.
[19] Han, Sunsin, Ru Hao, and Jangmyung Lee, "Inspection of insulators on high-voltage power transmission lines", IEEE transactions on power delivery, Vol. 24, No.4, pp. 2319-2327, 2009.
[20] Sanyal, Simpy, et al. ,"Deterioration of porcelain insulators utilized in overhead transmission lines: A review", Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials, Vol. 21, pp.16-21, 2020.
[21] Amin, Muhammad, and Muhammad Salman, "Aging of polymeric insulators (an overview)", Rev. adv. mater. sci Vol.13, No.2, pp.93-116, 2006.
[22] Lahoud, Nadine, et al. ,"Electrical aging of the insulation of low-voltage machines: Model definition and test with the design of experiments", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 60, No.9 , pp.4147-4155, 2013.
[23] Zhang, Jian, et al. ,"Research on High Voltage Insulation Performance of Grounding Grid in Large Substation", IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 692. No. 2. IOP Publishing, 2021.
[24] H. Penrose, "A review of polarization index and IEEE Std. 43-2000", Electrical Construction and Maintenance ,(2004).
[25] Zhang, Nan, et al. , "New synthetic fiber armored cable for freezing-in thermal ice probes", Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 62, No. 85-86, pp. 179-190, 2021.
[26] Grossmann, Peter, et al. ,"Testing." Gas Insulated Substations, pp. 271-291, 2021.
[27] Jahromi, Ali Naderian, "Review of field acceptance hipot& PD testing of medium voltage underground cables", 2017 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC). , 2017.
[28] Cable Hipot – High Potential Test – A Complete Procedure: https://electricaltech.in/cable-hipot-high-potential-test-a-complete-procedure/
[29] Raymond, Wong Jee Keen, Hazlee Azil Illias, and Hazlie Mokhlis , "Partial discharge classifications: Review of recent progress", Measurement , Vol. 68, pp. 164-181, 2015.
[30] Chai, Hua, Bao Toan Phung, and Steve Mitchell, "Application of UHF sensors in power system equipment for partial discharge detection: A review", Sensors, Vol. 19, No.5, pp. 1029, 2015.
[31] Michau, Gabriel, Chi-Ching Hsu, and Olga Fink., "Interpretable detection of partial discharge in power lines with deep learning", Sensors , Vol. 21, No.6, pp.2154, 2021.
[32] Lemke, E. ,"A critical review of partial-discharge models", IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 28, No.6, pp.11-16, 2012.
[33] Aulia, et al. ,"Partial Discharge Characteristic of LowDensity Polyethylene and Silica Nanocomposite", Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 554, pp. 133-136, 2014.
[34] Mas’ ud, Abdullahi Abubakar, et al. ,"Artificial neural network application for partial discharge recognition: Survey and future directions", Energies, Vol. 9, No.8, pp. 574, 2016.
[35] Kumar, A. Santosh, et al. ,"Online partial discharge detection and location techniques for condition monitoring of power transformers: A review", International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis. IEEE, 2008.
[36] Ohlen, Matz, and Peter Werelius ,"Dielectric frequency response and temperature dependence of power factor", IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, IEEE, 2010.
[37] Delta, Or Tan. "TAN δ (DELTA) CABLE TESTING OVERVIEW AND ANSWERS TO FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS."
[38] Zhang, Jing, et al. ,"An online measuring method for tangent delta of power cables based on an injected very-low-frequency signal", IEEE Sensors Journal , Vol. 22, No.1, pp. 980-988, 2021.
[39] Mehta, Dipak, and Hitesh R. Jariwala ,"Analysis of Transformer Insulation by Tan Delta Testing Method", Power Research-A Journal of CPRI , pp.31-40, 2012.
[40] Iga, A., et al. , "Application of GPT to tan delta measuring apparatus for distribution cable in hot line", IEEE transactions on power delivery, Vol. 6, No.3, pp, 938-944, 1991.
[41] https://electricaleverywhere.com/tan-delta-test-modes/
[42] Mallikarhunappa, K., S. Ramaprasath, and V. D. Keri. "Experience of CPRI in very low frequency tan delta testing and condition monitoring of medium voltage polymeric cables." Internationale des grands Reseaux Electriques a haute tension (CIGRE) Session. 2008.
[43] Hernandez-Mejia, J. C., et al. "Characterization of ageing for MV power cables using low frequency tan δ diagnostic measurements", IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 16, No..3, pp. 862-870, 2009.
[44] Syafruddin, H. S., et al. ,"Diagnosis of Transformer Isolation Using Dielectric Dissipation Factor (Tan Delta) and Insulation Resistance: A Review Study", 2021 5th International Conference on Electrical, Telecommunication and Computer Engineering (ELTICOM). Vol. 5. IEEE, 2021.
[45] Burkes, Klaehn W., Elham B. Makram, and Ramtin Hadidi, "Water tree detection in underground cables using time domain reflectometry", IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal, Vol. 2, No.2 , pp. 53-62, 2015.
[46] Mansour, Ibrahim, and Ali Hassan. "FAULT LOCATION STRATEGIES ON POWER CABLES USING OFFLINE METHODS INCLUDE TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY (TDR)", Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector, Vol. 13, No.47, pp. 482-497, 2018.
[47] Hernandez-Mejia, Jean Carlos ,"Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)", Cable Diagnostic Focused Initiative (CDFI) Phase II; Georgia Tech Research Corporation: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2016.