Materials Development for Persian Intermediate EFL Learners: English Pronunciation Pros
الموضوعات :
1 - University of Isfahan
الکلمات المفتاحية: pronunciation, segmental and suprasegmental features, material development, locally-prepared materials,
ملخص المقالة :
Mispronunciation is still among the frailties of language learners the world over. The present study reports an all-out investigation into pronunciation training for the Persian-speaking EFL learners at the intermediate level of language proficiency. More specifically, the present study investigated (a) the underlying causes of mispronunciation at the level of segmental features, (b) the crucial importance of error analysis prior to developing any materials concerning suprasegmental features, and (c) the effectiveness of materials developed on the basis of the findings in the first two phases of the study. Sixty-Four Persian-speaking intermediate EFL learners were selected as participants for the purposes of this study. Twenty-Four of them assisted in the second and forty of them in the third phase. Since the results obtained in the first two phases were to be used for the preparation of the materials in the final phase, the researchers devised a pretest posttest design to prove or disprove the efficacy of the whole study. Thus, two intermediate classes in one of the language schools in Isfahan were chosen and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The first phase of the study confirmed the great impact of Persian language on EFL learners’ English pronunciation (51.82%). The second phase supported the idea that some suprasegmental features such as linking sounds are obstacles to proper pronunciation for Persian-speaking EFL learners. The results obtained from the last phase of the study indicated that pronunciation training with supplementary materials is rewarding albeit the progress might be slow.
Abercrombie, D. (1949). Teaching Pronunciation. English Language Teaching, (pp. 113-122).
Acton, W. (1984). Changing Fossilized Pronunciation. TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 18, 71-86.
Alderson, C. J., Wall, D., & C. Claphaim. (1996). Language Test Construction and Evaluation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aoyama, K., & Guion, S. (2007). Prosody in Second Language Acquisition: Acoustic Analyses of Duration and FO Range. Language experience in second language speech learning. pp. 281–297.
Archibald, John. (1993). Language Learnability and L2 Phonology: The Acquisition of Metrical Parameters. Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics (STP). Vol. 19. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Asgari, B. (1992). A Comparative Study of Teaching Phonics and Whole-word to the Farsi-speaking Children over Five Years Old, Tehran: Tehran University M.A. thesis.
Behzadi, D. (1997). The Relationship between Language Proficiency and Pronunciation Errors of Iranian EFL Learners. Tehran: Tehran University M.A. thesis.
Bolinger, D. (1989). Intonation and its Uses: Melody in Grammar and Discourse. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Brazil, D., M. Coulthard, & C. Johns. (1980), Discourse Intonation and Language Teaching. London: Longman.
Breitkreutz, J., Derwing, T. M., & Rossiter, M. J. (2002), Pronunciation Teaching Practices in Canada. TESL Canada Journal, Vol. 19, 51-61.
Bronstein, A. J. (1960). The Pronunciation of American English, An Introduction to Phonetics, Queens College of the city University of New York Educational Division: Meredith Corporation.
Brown, G. (1990). Listening to spoken English, London: Longman.
Brown, A. (1995). Approaches to pronunciation teaching, ELT Journal, Vol. 49/3.
Brown, H. D. (1994). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach by pedagogy. (p. 54). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regent.
Burt, M. K., & Kiparsky, C. (1975). “Global and Local Mistakes”. In Schuman and Stensen (Ed.). New Fronteirs in Second Language Learning. 1975.
Carter, R., & Nunan, D. (2001). The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Castillo, L. (1990). L2 Pronunciation Pedagogy: Where Have We Been? Where Are We Headed? The Language Teacher, Vol. 14, pp. 3-7.
Cauldwell, R. (1992). New Ways of Presenting the Spoken Language to Learners. In Speak Out! Newsletter of the IATEF Phonology Special Interest Group Vol. 10, pp. 29-34.
Celce-Murcia, M. (1987). Teaching pronunciation as communication. In J. Morely (Ed.), Current Perspectives on Pronunciation,1(12). TESOL, Washington, DC.
Celce-Murcia, M., & Brinton, D., & Goodwin, J. (1996). Teaching pronunciation: A reference for teachers of English to speakers of other languages. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Chafe, W. (1970). Meaning and Language. University of Chicago Press.
Chamot, A. (1981). Applications of Second Language Acquisition, in Methodology in TESOL, Long & Richards, (Ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Church, K. (2000). Stress Assignment in Letter to Sound Rules for Speech Synthesis. AT&T Labs –Research.
Clark, J., & Yallop, C. (1995). An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Clennel, C. (1997). Raising the Pedagogic Status of Discourse Intonation Teaching. English Language Teaching Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 117-125.
Cohen, A. (1977). Redundancy as a Tool in Listening Comprehension, TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 16 No.1, pp. 71-77.
Cook, V. (1991). Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. London: Edward Arnold Publishing.
Couper, G. (2003). The Value of an Explicit Pronunciation Syllabus in ESOL Teaching. Prospect, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 53-70.
Crawford, W. W. (1987). The Pronunciation Monitor: L2 Acquisition Considerations and Pedagogical Priorities. In J. Morley (Ed.), Current Perspectives on Pronunciation: Practices Anchored in Theory (pp. 101-121).
Cruz-Fereira, M. (2005). Three is a Crowd? Acquiring Portuguese in a Trilingual Environment. Multilingual Matters, LTD.
Crystal, D. (1987). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Dalton, Ch., & Seidlhofer, B. (1994). Pronunciation. In Candling, c. n., & Widdowson, H. G. (Ed.), Language Teaching: A Scheme for Teacher Education. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Derwing, T. M. (2003). What do ESL Students Say about their Accents? Canadian Modern Language Review, Vol. 59, pp. 547-566.
Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M. J. (2005). Second Language Accent and Pronunciation Teaching: A Research-based Approach. TESOL Quarterly. Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 379-397.
Derwing, T. M., Munro, M. J., & Wiebe, G. (1997). Pronunciation Instruction for “Fossilized” Learners: can it help? Applied Language Learning, Vol. 8, pp. 217-235.
Derwing, T. M., Munro, M. J., & Wiebe, G. (1998). Evidence in Favor of a Broad Framework for Pronunciation Instruction. Language Learning, Vol. 48, pp. 393-410.
Derwing, T., & M. Rossiter. (2003). The Effects of Pronunciation Instruction on the Accuracy, Fluency and Complexity of L2 Accented Speech. Applied Language Learning, 13(1–18).
Devenport, M., & Hannahs, S. (1998). Introducing Phonetics and Phonology. London: Arnold Publishers.
Dixon, J. R. (1960). Practical Guide to the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language. New York: Regents Publishing Company.
Dixon, J. R., & Clarey, M. E. (1947). Pronunciation Exercises in English (revised edition), New York: Regents Publishing Company.
Ellis, R. (1996). The Study of Second Language Acquisition, London: Oxford University Press.
Elliot, R. (1995). Foreign Language Phonology: Field independence, Attitude, and the Success of Formal Instruction in Spanish Pronunciation. The modern language journa. Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 530-542.
Falk, J. S. (1978). Linguistics and language. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Fangzhi, C. (1998). The Teaching of Pronunciation to Chinese Students of English. English Teaching Forum. No. 1, pp. 37-39.
Flege, J. (1987). A critical period for learning to pronounce foreign languages? Applied Linguistics, Vol. 8, 162-177.
Flege, J. E., & Wang, C. (1989). Native Language Phonetic Constraints Affect How Well Chinese Subjects Perceive the Final English /t/ - /d/ contrast. Journal of Phonetics, Vol. 17, pp. 299-315.
Flege, J. E., Munro, M. J., & Mackay, I. R. A. (1995). Factors Affecting Strength of Perceived Foreign Accent in a Second Language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 97, pp. 3125-3134.
Gardner, R.C. (1985). Social Psychology and Second Language Learning. The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London, Ontario: Edward Arnold.
Gardener, R. (1998). Between Speaking and Listening: The Vocalization of Understanding. Applied Linguistics. Vol. 19, No. 2. pp. 204-224.
Gilbert, J. (1980). Prosodic Development: some pilot studies. In R. C. Scarcella & S. D. Krashen (Ed.), Research in second language acquisition: Selected Papers of the Los Angeles Second Language Acquisition Research Forum (pp. 110-117). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Gilbert, J. (1990). Pronunciation: What should we Be Teaching? Database on-line. Available from ERIC, ED pp. 320-443.
Gilbert, J. (1995). Pronunciation Practices as an Aid to Listening Comprehension. in, A Guide for the Teaching of Second Language Learning, D. J. Mendelson and J. Rubin (Ed.), San Diego. Dominic Press, pp. 97-11.
Gilbert, J. (2008). Teaching Pronunciation: Using the Prosody Pyramid. New York: Cambridge University Press. Gimson, (1980)
Goodwin, J. (2001). Teaching Pronunciation, In Celce-Murcia (Eds.), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language (3rd ed). Heinle & Heinle, pp. 117-138.
Buck, G. (1989). Written Tests of Pronunciation: Do they work? ELT Journal, Vol. 43, pp. 50-56.
Guiora, A., Hallahmi, B., Barnnon, R., Dull, C., & Scoverl, T. (1972). The Effects of Experimentally Induced Changes in Ego Status on Pronunciation Ability in a Second Language: An Exploratory Study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 13, pp. 421-428.
Hacker, Ch., et al. (2007). Caller: Computer Assisted Language Learning from Erlangen Pronunciation Training and More. Conference ICL2007, September 26 -28, 2007, Villach: Austria.
Hughes, A.(1991), Testing for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Henrichsen, L. E. (2001). Linguistics. BYU (Bringham Young University): Advanced Materials development, Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http:// linguistics .nyu .edu /classes/ ling78lh678frame. html.
Heyde, A. (1977). The Relationship of Self-esteem to the Oral Production of a Second Language. In Brown, Yorio, & Crymes (Ed.), Title, Place and Publisher PP. 1-13.
Hornby, A. S. (2004). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (6th ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ioup, G., Boustagi, E., El Tigi, M., & Moselle, M. (1994). Re-examining the Critical Period Hypothesis: A case study of successful adult SLA in a naturalistic environment. Studies in second language acquisition, Vol. 16, pp. 73-98.
Jafarpour, A. (1973). Contrastive Analysis of Persian and English Articles for Pedagogical Purposes. Shiraz: Shiraz University M.A. Thesis.
James, C. (1980). Contrastive Analysis. London: Longman.
Jenkins, J. (2002). A Sociolinguistically-based, Empirically-researched Pronunciation Syllabus for English as an International Language. Applied Linguistics, Vol. 23, pp. 83-103.
Jones, d. (1957). An outline of English phonetics (8th ed). Cambridge: W.HEFEER & SONS LTD.
Jones, R. H. (1997). Beyond “Listen and Repeat”: Pronunciation Teaching Materials and Theories of Second Language Acquisition. System, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 103-112.
Jones, R.H. & Evans, S. (1995) "Teaching Pronunciation through Voice Quality", ELT Journal, 49(3), 244-251.
Kenworthy, J. (1990). Longman Handbooks for Language Teachers: Teaching English Pronunciation. London and New York: Longman.
Keshavarz, M. H. (1994). Changing Attitudes TOWARDS Errors and Error Analysis. Roshed ELT Journal. Vol. 8. No. 30, pp. 36-42.
Keshavarz, M. H. (2004). Contrastive Analysis and Error Analysis (6th ed). Tehran: Rahnama Publications.
Kingdon, R. (1948). The Teaching of Intonation. English language teaching. Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 85-91.
Kjellin, O. (1998). Hear Here! An Essay on How Simple It Actually May Be To Learn a Language: The Smallest Child Can Do It. Speak Out! Vol. 22, pp. 10-15.
Kondo, Y. 2001. Prosody-based Approach to English Pronunciation Teaching. Tsuda Review, Vol. 46, pp. 165–190.
Koren, S. (1995). “Foreign Language Pronunciation Testing: a New Approach.” System Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 387-400.
Krashen, S. D. (1973). Lateralization, Language Learning and the Critical Period: Some new evidence. Language Learning, Vol. 23, pp. 63-74.
Ladefoged, p. (2006). A Course in Phonetics (5th ed). Boston: THOMSON.
Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics Across Cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Lanham, L. W. (1978). South African English. In Lanham and Prinsloo (1978). Julius Croos Verlag, Heidelberg.
Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). Biological Foundation of Language. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Levelt, W. (1989). Speaking: From Intention to Articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Levis, J. M. (1999). Intonation in Theory and Practice, Revisited. TESOL Quarterly Vol. 33, pp. 37-63.
Levis, J. (2002). Reconsidering Low-rising Intonation in American English. Applied Linguistics, Vol. 23, pp. 56-82.
Lofgren, E. H. (1972). “The Measurement of Language Proficiency.” In J.W. Oller (Jnr.). (1979).
Long, M. H., & Richards, J. (1987). Methodology in TESOL: A Book of Readings. New York: Newbury House Publishers.
O’Conner, J. D. (1948). Styles of English Pronunciation. English Language Teaching. Vol 2, No. 4. pp. 158-162.
Mackdonald, S. (2002). Pronunciation_ views and practices of reluctant teachers. Prospect, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 3-18.
Mackdonald, D., Yule, G., & Powers, M. (1994). Attempts to Improve English L2 Pronunciation: The Variable Effects of Different Types of Instruction. Language Learning, Vol. 44, pp. 75-100.
McNerney, M., & D. Mendelsohn. (1992). Suprasegmentals in the Pronunciation Class: Setting Priorities. In Teaching American English pronunciation, P. Avery & S. Ehrlich, (Ed.), Oxford University Press: 185–196.
Morley, J. (1991). The pronunciation component in teaching English to speakers of other languages. TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 481-520.
Morley, J. (1994). A Multidimentional Curriculum Design for Speech-Pronunciation Instruction. In J. Morley (Ed.), Pronunciation Pedagogy and Theory: New Views, New Directions (pp. 66-91). Alexandria, VA: TESOL.
Morley, J. (1999). New Developments in Speech Pronunciation Instruction, As we Speak, Newsletter of TESOL. Speech Pronunciation Interest Section. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-5.
Moyer, A. (2004). Age, Accent and Experience in Second Language Acquisition. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Mtters.
Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (1995). Processing Time, Accent, and Comprehensibility in the Perception of Native and Foreign-accented Speech. Language and Speech, Vol. 38, pp. 289-306.
Munro, M. J., & Derwing T. M. (1999). Foreign Accent, Comprehensibility, and Intelligibility in the Speech of Second Language Learners. Language Learning, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 285-310.
Noteboom, S. (1983). 'Is Speech Production Controlled by Speech Perception'? In Sound Structure, van den Broecke et al. (Ed.), Dordrecht:Foris, pp183-194.
Oakeshott-Taylor, J. (1983). Factuality and Intonation. Journal of linguistics. No. 20, pp. 1-21.
Oller, J. W., & Ziahosseiny, M. (1970). “The Contrastive Analysis and Spelling Errors”. In Keshavarz, M. H. (1994).
Otlowski, M. 1998, (accessed November 2002), 'Pronunciation: What are the expectations'? The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, retrieved January 1998, from (Online) http://iteslj.org/Articles/Otlowski-Pronunciation.html
Pennington, m. c., Richards, j. c. (1986). Pronunciation Revisited. TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 20, pp. 207-225.
Pennington, M. 1989, Teaching Pronunciation from the Top Down. RELC Journal, 20/1, pp. 21-38.
Penntington, M.C. (1995). Recent Research in Second Language Phonology: implications for practice. In Pronunciation, Pedagogy and theory: New Views, New Directions, ed. J. Morley: pp. 94-108, TESOL, Alexandria, VA.
Pennington, M & Richards, J. 1986,"Pronunciation Revisited," TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 20, pp. 207-225.
Perlmutter, M. (1989). Intelligibility Rating of L2 Speech pre- and post-intervention. Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 68, pp. 515-521.
Pisk, T., Mackay, I. R. A., & Flege, J. E. (2001). Factors Affecting Degree of Foreign Accent in an L2: A review. Journal of Phonetics, Vol. 29, pp. 191-215.
Purcell, E. & Suter, R. 1980, Predictors of Pronunciation Accuracy: A Re-examination, Language Learning, Vol. 30, pp.271-287.
Raee Sharif abad, M. (2004). The Interface of Information Structure and Unmarked Intonation Pattern “A Comparative Study of English and Persian”. Tehran: Tehran University Ph.D. dissertation.
Richards, J. C. (1971). A non-contrastive Approach to Error Analysis. Paper read at the fourth Annual Meeting of TESOL. San Francisco.
Richards, J. C. & Renandya, W. A. (2002). Methodology in Language Teaching: An Analogy of Current Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. & Rodgers, T. (1986). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. & Schmidt, R. (2002). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (3rd ed). England: Pearson Education Limited.
Richards, J., Platt, J., & Platt, H. (1993). Longman Dictionary of Teaching and Applied Linguistics. 2nd ed. Essex: Longman Group United Kingdom Limited.
Rivers, W. (1981). Teaching Foreign Language Skills. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Roach, P. (1983). English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Roach, P. (2000). English Phonetics and Phonology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robertson, P. 2002, (accessed March 2003), 'Asian EFL Research Protocols', The Asian EFL Journal, from http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/decart2002a.htm
Rosenhouse, J. (2000). The Case of Names of French Origin in (American) English. The Internet TESL Journal.
Schachter, J. (1974). An Error in Error Analysis. Language Learning, Vol. 24, pp. 205-214.
Schmidt, R. (1990). The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning. Applied Linguistics, Vol. 11, pp. 129-158.
Scovel, T. (1969). Foreign Accents, Language Acquisition, and Cerebral Dominance, Language Learning, Vol. 19, pp. 245-253.
Scovel, T. (1988). A Time to Speak: A psycholinguistic inquiry into the critical period for human speech. Rowely, Mass.: Newbury House.
Scovel, T. (2000). A Critical Review of the Critical Period Research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 20, pp. 213-223.
Seidlhofer, B. (1995). Pronunciation Awareness: A Focus on Appropriateness rather than Correctness: Some Thoughts on Pronunciation in Teacher Education. Speak out! Newsletter of the IATEFL Pronunciation. Special Internet Group. No. 6, pp. 12-16. England: IATEFL.
Seliger, H. (1978). Implications of a multiple critical periods hypothesis for second language learning. Ritchie J. (Ed.), Second language acquisition research. Issues and implications (pp. 11-19). New York: Academic Press.
Shokouhi, H. (1989). An Investigation of Transfer in Perception of English Sounds by Iranian EFL Learners. Shiraz: Shiraz University M.A. Thesis.
Silverman, D. (2006). A Critical Introduction to Phonology. London 7 New York: Continuum.
Stern, H. (1992). Issues and Options in Language Teaching, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Suter, H. 1976, Predictors of Pronunciation Accuracy in Second language learning, Language Learning, Vol. 26, pp. 233-253.
Szpyra-Kozłowska, J., Frankiewicz, J., Nowacka, & Stadnicka, L. (2005) Assessing Assessment Methods – on the reliability of pronunciation tests in EFL. PTLC.
Taylor, D. S. (1993). Constraints on Intonational Phrasing in English. Linguistics. Vol. 34, pp. 181-243.
Thompson, I. (1991) Foreign accents revisited: the English pronunciation of Russian immigrants. Language Learning, Vol. 41, pp. 177-204.
Trammell, R. L. (1993). English Ambisyllabic Consonants and Half-Closed Syllables in Language Teaching. Language learning, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp.195-238.
Vaughan-Rees, M. (1989). “The Testing of Pronunciation – Receptive Skills.” Speak Out! p. 8.
Van Els, T. & De Bot, K. (1987). The Role of Intonation in Foreign Accent. The Modern Language Journal. Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 147-155.
Walsh, T., & Diller, K. (1981). Neurolinguistic considerations on the optimum age for second language learning. In K.C. Diller (Ed.), Individual differences in language learning aptitude, pp. 3-21. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Wennerstrom, A. (2001). Intonation and Evaluation in Oral Narratives. Journal of Pragmatics. Vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 1183-1206.
Wode, H. (1989). Maturational changes of language acquisitional abilities. In C. Gass, D. Madden, S. Preston, & L. Selinker (Ed.), Variation in second language acquisition. Vol. 2, pp. 176-185. Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
Yarmohammadi, L., & Pouretedal, Gh. R. (1996). A Course in English Pronunciation: a Generative Framework. Tehran: SAMT.
Yates, K. (2003). Teaching Linguistic Mimicry to Improve Second Language Pronunciation. University of North Texas.
Yule, G. (2006). The study of language (3rd ed). New York: Cambridge University Press.
اختیار، منصور. (1346). صوت شناسی فونتیک، رفع مشکلات تلفظ انگلیسی، چاپ دوم.
حق شناس، علی محمد. (1993). آواشناسی، تهران: انتشارات آگاه.
خلیلی، حسن. (1995). مقایسه تلفظ فارسی و انگلیسی و مشکلات فارسی زبانان در تلفظ انگلیسی. تهران: دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد.
