گیاه پالایی، دست آوردی سبز برای پالایش سیاهی
الموضوعات :مژگان فرزامی سپهر 1 , عباس هانی 2
1 - استادیار، گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ساوه، ساوه،ایران
2 - گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ساوه، ساوه، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: شاخص, عناصر سنگین, استخراج گیاهی, بیش انباشتگر, گونه‌های استخراج کننده,
ملخص المقالة :
این بررسی به وضعیت فنآوری گیاه پالایی با تاکید خاص بر استخراج گیاهی از خاک آلوده به فلزات سنگین می‌پردازد. برخلاف ترکیبات آلی خاک، فلزات سنگین قابل تجزیه نمی‌باشند و پاکسازی آنها معمولا با جداسازی آنها انجام می‌گیرد. بسیاری از فن آوری‌های رایج، پرهزینه و محدودکننده حاصلخیزی خاک می‌باشند، بنابراین، این عمل باعث ایجاد اثرات منفی بر اکوسیستم می‌گردد. گیاه پالایی یک روش مقرون به صرفه، سازگار با محیط زیست، با رویکردی زیبا و دل انگیز، مناسب برای کشورهای در حال توسعه است. با وجود این پتانسیل، گیاه پالایی، تکنولوژی تجاری در دسترس در ایران است. این مقاله در مورد متحرک بودن، فراهمی زیستی و پاسخ گیاه به حضور فلزات سنگین خاک می‌پردازد. طبقه‌بندی گیاهان با توجه به مکانیسم استخراج گیاهی و در مسیر فلز در گیاهان انجام می‌شود. به تکنیک‌های مختلف به‌منظور افزایش استخراج گیاهی و استفاده از محصولات بعدی گیاه پالایی، پرداخته شده است. از آنجا که مقدار زیادی زیتوده در طول این فرایند گیاه پالایی تولید می‌گردد، دفع زیتوده نیز نیاز به مدیریت مناسب دارد. گیاهان با زیتوده بالا برای محدود کردن عبور آلاینده به زنجیره غذایی انتخاب می‌گردند که غیر خوراکی، مقاوم به بیماری باشند و بتواند انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر ارائه کنند. بنابراین روش استخراج گیاهی برای استفاده در موقعیت فعلی کشورمان مناسب‌تر از سایر روش‌ها خواهد بود.
Al Sayad, H. and Dairi, M. (2006). Metal accumulation in the edible snail Turbo coronatus (Gmelin) from different 10 cautions in Bahrain, Persian Gulf. Journal Science Research. 24:48–57.
Álvarez-López, A., Prieto-Fernández, Á., Cabello-Conejo, M.I. and Kidd, P.S. (2016). Organic amendments for improving biomass production and metal yield of Ni-hyperaccumulating plants. Science of the Total Environment. 548:370–379
Atma W., Larouci , M., Meddah, B., Benabdeli , K. and Sonnet, P.( 2017). Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of Arundo donax L. for nickel-contaminated soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 19(4):377-386.
Baker, A.J.M. and Brooks, R.R. (1989). Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements: a review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Biorecovery. 1:81–126.
Baker, A.J.M., Ernst, W.H.O., Van Der Ent, A., Malaisse, F., and Ginocchio, R. (2010). Metallophytes: the unique biological resource its ecology, and conservational status in Europe, central
Africa and Latin America, in Ecology of Industrial Pollution, eds L. C. Batty and K.B. Hallberg (Cambridge, UK: University Press), 7–40.
Bani, A., Echevarria, G., Zhang, X., Benizri, E., Laubie, B. and Morel, J.L. (2015). The effect of plant density in nickel-phytomining field experiments with Alyssum murale in Albania. Australian Journal of Botany. 63:72–77.
Bradfield, S.J., Kumar, P., White, J.C. and Ebbs, S.D. (2017). Zinc, copper, or cerium accumulation from metal oxide nanoparticles or ions in sweet potato: Yield effects and projected dietary intake from consumption. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 110:128-137.
Cobbett, C. and Goldsbrough, P. (2002). Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 53:159-82.
Conesa, H.M., Faz, A. and Arnaldos, R. (2006). Initial studies for the phytostabilization of a mine tailing from the Cartagena-La Union Mining District (SE Spain). Chemosphere. 66(1):38-44.
Cooper, E.M., Sims, J.T., Cunningham, S.D., Huang, J.W. and Berti, W.R. (1999). Chelate-assisted phytoextraction of lead from contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 28:1709–1719.
Dolphen, R. and Thiravetyan, P. (2015). Phytodegradation of ethanolamines by Cyperus alternifolius: effect of molecular size. Internation Journal Phytoremediation. 17(7):686-92.
Farzamisepehr, M., Nourozi Hajabdal, F. and Faraj zadeh, A. (2013). Polypogon monspeliensis species in the phytoremediation capacity of soils contaminated with oil. Plant Environmental Physiology Journal. 8(29): 87-75.
Fodelianakis, S., Antoniou, E., Mapelli, F., Magagnini, M., Nikolopoulou, M., Marasco, R., Barbato, M., Tsiola, A., Tsikopoulou, I., Giaccaglia, L., Mahjoubi, M., Jaouani, A., Amer, R. and Hussein, E. (2015). Allochthonous bioaugmentation in ex situ treatment of crude oil-polluted sediments in the presence of an effective degrading indigenous microbiome. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 28:78–86.
Gasic, K. and Korban, SS. (2007). Transgenic Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) plants expressing an Arabidopsis phytochelatin synthase (AtPCS1) exhibit enhanced As and Cd tolerance. Plant Molecular Biology. 64:361–369.
Ghorbanli, M., Farzami Sepehr, M. and Shekarkar, N. (2015). Interaction of pH and Mn on physiological parameters of Brassica oleracea L. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 38:1–15.
Ghorbanli, M., Farzami Sepehr, M. and Shekarkar, N. (2011). The effect of interaction of various concentrations of manganese and pH on the growth and some physiological and biochemical parameters in ornamental cabbage plants. Plant and Biotechnology Journal of Iran. 6(4):13-24.
Ghorbanli, M. Farzami Sepehr, M. and Sabohimogadam, N. (2013). Screening for accumulator plants in turquoise mine, Nyshaboour( Iran). Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology. 3(4):779- 784.
Hakimi, L. and farzamisepehr, M. (2015). Investigation of Fe and Cu accumulation and antioxidant response of dominant plants in Sorkhe mine, Marand province, Plant Environmental Physiology Journal. 10(40): 21-30.
Hani, A. (2010). Spatial distribution and risk assessment of As, Hg, Co and Cr in Kaveh Industrial City, using geostatistic and GIS. International Conference on Geological Sciences and Engineering, Venice, Italy.
Hani, A., Sinaei, N. and Gholami, A. (2014). Spatial variability of heavy metals in the soils of ahwaz using geostatistical methods. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development. 5(3):294-298.
Heidari Torkabad, M. and Farzamisepehr, M. (2015). Investigation of phragmites potential in remediation of home slugs in Qom, Qom Provience. Master of Science thesis, Islamic Azad University, Save Branch.
Hong, Y., Liao, D., Chen, J., Khan, S., Su, J. and Li, H. (2015). A comprehensive study of the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination on salt marsh plants Spartina alterniflora: implication for plant-microbe interactions in phytoremediation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22 (9): 7071–7081.
Kumar, R.P. (2010). Phytoremediation of heavy metals in a tropical impoundment of industrial region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 165:529-537.
Kumar, P.B.A.N., Dushenkor, V., Ensley, V.D., Chet, I. and Raskin, I. (1995). Phytoremediation: a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from Environment using plants. Journal of Biotechnology. 13: 1232-1238.
Lanson, B., Marcus, M.A., Fakra, S, Panfill, F., Geoffroy, N. and Manceau, A. (2008). Formation of Zn-Caphyllomanganatenanoparticle in grass roots. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 72: 2478-2490.
Lewis, J., Qvarfort, U. and Sjöström, J. (2015). Betula pendula: A promising candidate for phytoremediation of TCE in northern climates international. Journal of Phytoremediation.17(1):9-15.
Li, Q., Li, Y., Wu, X., Zhou, L., Zhu, X. and Fang, W. (2017). Metal transport protein 8 in Camellia sinensis confers superior manganese tolerance when expressed in yeast and Arabidopsis thaliana. Scientific Reports. 7:(1-11).
Liphadzi, M.S. and Kirkham, M.B. (2005). Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals: a technology for rehabilitation of the environment. South African Journal of Botany. 71 : 24–37.
Mandal, A., Purakayastha, TJ., Patra, A.K. and Sanyal, SK.(2012). Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata L. II. Effect on arsenic uptake and rice yield. Internation Journal Phytoremediation. 14(6):621-8
Martins, A.P.L., Reissmann, C.B., Boeger, M.R.T., De Oliviera, E.B. and Favaretto, N. (2010). Efficiency of Polygonum hydropiperoides for phytoremediation of fish pond effluents enriched with N and P. Aquat. Plant Manage. 48: 116-120
Megha, P.U., Kavya, P., Murugan, S. and Harikumar, P.S. (2015). Sanitation Mapping of Groundwater Contamination in a Rural Village of India. Journal of Environmental Protection. 6(1):34-44.
Mirck, J. and Zalesny, R.S. (2015). Mini-Review of knowledge gaps in salt tolerance of plants applied to willows and poplars. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 17(7): 640-650.
Moradli, A., Farzamisepehr, M. and Hani, A. (2012a). The effect of the interaction of heavy metals: chromium and zinc on growth in the cultivation of ornamental cabbage Seedlings 30 days in Hydroponic conditions. Third National Conference on Agriculture and Food Sciences, September , Fasa, Iran.
Moradli, A., Farzamisepehr, M. and Hani, A. (2012b). Brassica oleraceae L. phytoremediation potential for chromium refining industry. The Third National Conference on Industrial Wastewater and Solid Waste Management. December , tehran , Iran
Mortazi , M., Farzamisepehr, M. and Salimpour, F. (2011). Evaluate the potential of dandelion in the stacking of cadmium. Plant Environmental Physiology Journal. 6(24): 61-53.
Moreno, F.N., Anderson, Ch.W.N., Stewart, R.B. and Robinson, B.H. (2008). Phytofiltration of mercury-contaminated water: Volatilisation and plant-accumulation aspects. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 62(1):78–85.
Prasad, M.N.V., Freitas, H., Fraenzle, S., Wuenschmann, S. and Markert, B. (2010). Knowledge explosion in phytotechnologies for environmental solutions. Environmental Pollution. 158 :18–23.
Quartacci, M.F., Argilla, A., Baker, A.J.M. and Navari-Izzo, F. (2006). Phytoextraction of metals from a multiply contaminated soil by Indian mustard. Chemosphere. 63(6): 918-925.
Samarghandi, MR., Nouri, J., Mesdaghinia, AR., Mahvi, AH., Nasseri, S. and Vaezi, F. (2007). Efficiency removal of phenol, lead and cadmium by means of UV/TiO2/H2O2 processes. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 4(1):19–25.
Seyedi , H., Hani, H. and Moradi, P. ( 2013). The effect of sewage sludge adsorption of heavy metals lead and cadmium and nutrients (Fe, Ca and K) in the turnip. 2nd National Conference on New Concepts in Agriculture, Islamic Azad University. Saveh Branch.
Shao J.F., Yamaji, N., Shen, R.F. and Ma, J.F. (2017). The key to Mn homeostasis in plants: Regulation of Mn transporters. Trends in Plant Science. 22(3): 215–224.
Soltani Javid , A., Moraghebi , F. and farzamisepehr, M. (2013a). The role of heavy metals in Robat Karim mine in morphological differentiation of Ephedra. 2nd National Conference on New Concepts inAgriculture, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch.
Soltani Javid, A., Moraghebi , F. and farzamisepehr, M. (2013b). The role of Ephedra procera Fisch. and Mey in heavy metal accumulation in Robat Karim Mn mine. Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research Journal. 9(2): 65-71.
Soni, S. and Jain S. (2014). A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals from soil by using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. International Journal of Advanced Research. 2(8):197-203.
Swain, G., Adhikari, S. and Mohanty, P. (2014). Phytoremediation of copper and cadmium from water using water hyacint, eichhornia crassipes. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 2(1):1-7.
Tangahu, B.V., Sheikh Abdullah, S.R., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N. and Mukhlisin, M. (2015). A review on heavy metals (as, pb, and hg) uptake by Plants through Phytoremediation. Open Journal of Ecology. 5: 375- 388.
Thompson, P.A., Kwamena, N.O, Ilin, M., Wilk, M. and Clark, I.D. (2015). Levels of tritium in soils and vegetation near Canadian nuclear facilities releasing tritium to the atmosphere: implications for environmental models. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 140:105–113.
Yoo, J.Ch., Lee, C. Lee, J.S. and Baek, K. (2017). Simultaneous application of chemical oxidation and extraction processes is effective at remediating soil Co-contaminated with petroleum and heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Management. 186(2):314–319.
Yousefi , Z. and Hani, A. (2013). The amount of cadmium and lead refining plant of German chamomil. 2nd National Conference on New Concepts in Agriculture. December , Saveh , Iran.
Zeinali Nezhad, M. and Farzamisepehr, M. (2015). The case study of Meidok mine based on heavy metal concentrations in soil and plants. Plant environmental Physiology Journal. 10(38): 24-38.
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Al Sayad, H. and Dairi, M. (2006). Metal accumulation in the edible snail Turbo coronatus (Gmelin) from different 10 cautions in Bahrain, Persian Gulf. Journal Science Research. 24:48–57.
Álvarez-López, A., Prieto-Fernández, Á., Cabello-Conejo, M.I. and Kidd, P.S. (2016). Organic amendments for improving biomass production and metal yield of Ni-hyperaccumulating plants. Science of the Total Environment. 548:370–379
Atma W., Larouci , M., Meddah, B., Benabdeli , K. and Sonnet, P.( 2017). Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of Arundo donax L. for nickel-contaminated soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 19(4):377-386.
Baker, A.J.M. and Brooks, R.R. (1989). Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements: a review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Biorecovery. 1:81–126.
Baker, A.J.M., Ernst, W.H.O., Van Der Ent, A., Malaisse, F., and Ginocchio, R. (2010). Metallophytes: the unique biological resource its ecology, and conservational status in Europe, central
Africa and Latin America, in Ecology of Industrial Pollution, eds L. C. Batty and K.B. Hallberg (Cambridge, UK: University Press), 7–40.
Bani, A., Echevarria, G., Zhang, X., Benizri, E., Laubie, B. and Morel, J.L. (2015). The effect of plant density in nickel-phytomining field experiments with Alyssum murale in Albania. Australian Journal of Botany. 63:72–77.
Bradfield, S.J., Kumar, P., White, J.C. and Ebbs, S.D. (2017). Zinc, copper, or cerium accumulation from metal oxide nanoparticles or ions in sweet potato: Yield effects and projected dietary intake from consumption. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 110:128-137.
Cobbett, C. and Goldsbrough, P. (2002). Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 53:159-82.
Conesa, H.M., Faz, A. and Arnaldos, R. (2006). Initial studies for the phytostabilization of a mine tailing from the Cartagena-La Union Mining District (SE Spain). Chemosphere. 66(1):38-44.
Cooper, E.M., Sims, J.T., Cunningham, S.D., Huang, J.W. and Berti, W.R. (1999). Chelate-assisted phytoextraction of lead from contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 28:1709–1719.
Dolphen, R. and Thiravetyan, P. (2015). Phytodegradation of ethanolamines by Cyperus alternifolius: effect of molecular size. Internation Journal Phytoremediation. 17(7):686-92.
Farzamisepehr, M., Nourozi Hajabdal, F. and Faraj zadeh, A. (2013). Polypogon monspeliensis species in the phytoremediation capacity of soils contaminated with oil. Plant Environmental Physiology Journal. 8(29): 87-75.
Fodelianakis, S., Antoniou, E., Mapelli, F., Magagnini, M., Nikolopoulou, M., Marasco, R., Barbato, M., Tsiola, A., Tsikopoulou, I., Giaccaglia, L., Mahjoubi, M., Jaouani, A., Amer, R. and Hussein, E. (2015). Allochthonous bioaugmentation in ex situ treatment of crude oil-polluted sediments in the presence of an effective degrading indigenous microbiome. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 28:78–86.
Gasic, K. and Korban, SS. (2007). Transgenic Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) plants expressing an Arabidopsis phytochelatin synthase (AtPCS1) exhibit enhanced As and Cd tolerance. Plant Molecular Biology. 64:361–369.
Ghorbanli, M., Farzami Sepehr, M. and Shekarkar, N. (2015). Interaction of pH and Mn on physiological parameters of Brassica oleracea L. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 38:1–15.
Ghorbanli, M., Farzami Sepehr, M. and Shekarkar, N. (2011). The effect of interaction of various concentrations of manganese and pH on the growth and some physiological and biochemical parameters in ornamental cabbage plants. Plant and Biotechnology Journal of Iran. 6(4):13-24.
Ghorbanli, M. Farzami Sepehr, M. and Sabohimogadam, N. (2013). Screening for accumulator plants in turquoise mine, Nyshaboour( Iran). Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology. 3(4):779- 784.
Hakimi, L. and farzamisepehr, M. (2015). Investigation of Fe and Cu accumulation and antioxidant response of dominant plants in Sorkhe mine, Marand province, Plant Environmental Physiology Journal. 10(40): 21-30.
Hani, A. (2010). Spatial distribution and risk assessment of As, Hg, Co and Cr in Kaveh Industrial City, using geostatistic and GIS. International Conference on Geological Sciences and Engineering, Venice, Italy.
Hani, A., Sinaei, N. and Gholami, A. (2014). Spatial variability of heavy metals in the soils of ahwaz using geostatistical methods. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development. 5(3):294-298.
Heidari Torkabad, M. and Farzamisepehr, M. (2015). Investigation of phragmites potential in remediation of home slugs in Qom, Qom Provience. Master of Science thesis, Islamic Azad University, Save Branch.
Hong, Y., Liao, D., Chen, J., Khan, S., Su, J. and Li, H. (2015). A comprehensive study of the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination on salt marsh plants Spartina alterniflora: implication for plant-microbe interactions in phytoremediation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22 (9): 7071–7081.
Kumar, R.P. (2010). Phytoremediation of heavy metals in a tropical impoundment of industrial region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 165:529-537.
Kumar, P.B.A.N., Dushenkor, V., Ensley, V.D., Chet, I. and Raskin, I. (1995). Phytoremediation: a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from Environment using plants. Journal of Biotechnology. 13: 1232-1238.
Lanson, B., Marcus, M.A., Fakra, S, Panfill, F., Geoffroy, N. and Manceau, A. (2008). Formation of Zn-Caphyllomanganatenanoparticle in grass roots. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 72: 2478-2490.
Lewis, J., Qvarfort, U. and Sjöström, J. (2015). Betula pendula: A promising candidate for phytoremediation of TCE in northern climates international. Journal of Phytoremediation.17(1):9-15.
Li, Q., Li, Y., Wu, X., Zhou, L., Zhu, X. and Fang, W. (2017). Metal transport protein 8 in Camellia sinensis confers superior manganese tolerance when expressed in yeast and Arabidopsis thaliana. Scientific Reports. 7:(1-11).
Liphadzi, M.S. and Kirkham, M.B. (2005). Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals: a technology for rehabilitation of the environment. South African Journal of Botany. 71 : 24–37.
Mandal, A., Purakayastha, TJ., Patra, A.K. and Sanyal, SK.(2012). Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata L. II. Effect on arsenic uptake and rice yield. Internation Journal Phytoremediation. 14(6):621-8
Martins, A.P.L., Reissmann, C.B., Boeger, M.R.T., De Oliviera, E.B. and Favaretto, N. (2010). Efficiency of Polygonum hydropiperoides for phytoremediation of fish pond effluents enriched with N and P. Aquat. Plant Manage. 48: 116-120
Megha, P.U., Kavya, P., Murugan, S. and Harikumar, P.S. (2015). Sanitation Mapping of Groundwater Contamination in a Rural Village of India. Journal of Environmental Protection. 6(1):34-44.
Mirck, J. and Zalesny, R.S. (2015). Mini-Review of knowledge gaps in salt tolerance of plants applied to willows and poplars. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 17(7): 640-650.
Moradli, A., Farzamisepehr, M. and Hani, A. (2012a). The effect of the interaction of heavy metals: chromium and zinc on growth in the cultivation of ornamental cabbage Seedlings 30 days in Hydroponic conditions. Third National Conference on Agriculture and Food Sciences, September , Fasa, Iran.
Moradli, A., Farzamisepehr, M. and Hani, A. (2012b). Brassica oleraceae L. phytoremediation potential for chromium refining industry. The Third National Conference on Industrial Wastewater and Solid Waste Management. December , tehran , Iran
Mortazi , M., Farzamisepehr, M. and Salimpour, F. (2011). Evaluate the potential of dandelion in the stacking of cadmium. Plant Environmental Physiology Journal. 6(24): 61-53.
Moreno, F.N., Anderson, Ch.W.N., Stewart, R.B. and Robinson, B.H. (2008). Phytofiltration of mercury-contaminated water: Volatilisation and plant-accumulation aspects. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 62(1):78–85.
Prasad, M.N.V., Freitas, H., Fraenzle, S., Wuenschmann, S. and Markert, B. (2010). Knowledge explosion in phytotechnologies for environmental solutions. Environmental Pollution. 158 :18–23.
Quartacci, M.F., Argilla, A., Baker, A.J.M. and Navari-Izzo, F. (2006). Phytoextraction of metals from a multiply contaminated soil by Indian mustard. Chemosphere. 63(6): 918-925.
Samarghandi, MR., Nouri, J., Mesdaghinia, AR., Mahvi, AH., Nasseri, S. and Vaezi, F. (2007). Efficiency removal of phenol, lead and cadmium by means of UV/TiO2/H2O2 processes. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 4(1):19–25.
Seyedi , H., Hani, H. and Moradi, P. ( 2013). The effect of sewage sludge adsorption of heavy metals lead and cadmium and nutrients (Fe, Ca and K) in the turnip. 2nd National Conference on New Concepts in Agriculture, Islamic Azad University. Saveh Branch.
Shao J.F., Yamaji, N., Shen, R.F. and Ma, J.F. (2017). The key to Mn homeostasis in plants: Regulation of Mn transporters. Trends in Plant Science. 22(3): 215–224.
Soltani Javid , A., Moraghebi , F. and farzamisepehr, M. (2013a). The role of heavy metals in Robat Karim mine in morphological differentiation of Ephedra. 2nd National Conference on New Concepts inAgriculture, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch.
Soltani Javid, A., Moraghebi , F. and farzamisepehr, M. (2013b). The role of Ephedra procera Fisch. and Mey in heavy metal accumulation in Robat Karim Mn mine. Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research Journal. 9(2): 65-71.
Soni, S. and Jain S. (2014). A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals from soil by using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. International Journal of Advanced Research. 2(8):197-203.
Swain, G., Adhikari, S. and Mohanty, P. (2014). Phytoremediation of copper and cadmium from water using water hyacint, eichhornia crassipes. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 2(1):1-7.
Tangahu, B.V., Sheikh Abdullah, S.R., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N. and Mukhlisin, M. (2015). A review on heavy metals (as, pb, and hg) uptake by Plants through Phytoremediation. Open Journal of Ecology. 5: 375- 388.
Thompson, P.A., Kwamena, N.O, Ilin, M., Wilk, M. and Clark, I.D. (2015). Levels of tritium in soils and vegetation near Canadian nuclear facilities releasing tritium to the atmosphere: implications for environmental models. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 140:105–113.
Yoo, J.Ch., Lee, C. Lee, J.S. and Baek, K. (2017). Simultaneous application of chemical oxidation and extraction processes is effective at remediating soil Co-contaminated with petroleum and heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Management. 186(2):314–319.
Yousefi , Z. and Hani, A. (2013). The amount of cadmium and lead refining plant of German chamomil. 2nd National Conference on New Concepts in Agriculture. December , Saveh , Iran.
Zeinali Nezhad, M. and Farzamisepehr, M. (2015). The case study of Meidok mine based on heavy metal concentrations in soil and plants. Plant environmental Physiology Journal. 10(38): 24-38.
