ملخص المقالة :
در این پژوهش به منظور اولویت بندی معیارها و شاخص های اکولوژیکی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی ارزیابی پارک های ملی از دو دیدگاه علمی (اعضای هیأت علمی دانشگاه ها) و عملی (متخصصان محیط زیستی در سازمان ها)، از تکنیک انتروپی و طیف لیکرت با طراحی پرسشنامه دلفی استفاده گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل یافته های حاصل از پاسخ دهندگان به پرسشنامه دلفی بر اساس طیف لیکرت نشان داد که از دیدگاه علمی، شاخص های ارزش زیباشناختی با وزن (62/4)، ارزش تفرج با وزن (5/4) و سطح جنگل های بکر با وزن (29/4) و از دیدگاه عملی، شاخص های ارزش زیباشناختی با وزن (38/4) و سطح جنگل های بکر و ارزش تفرج هر دو با وزن (16/4) به ترتیب به عنوان مهمترین و مؤثرترین شاخص ها در ارزیابی پارک های ملی می باشند. بر اساس تکنیک انتروپی از هر دو دیدگاه علمی و عملی سه شاخص مؤثر برای ارزیابی پارک های ملی به ترتیب وزن شامل سطح و درصد جنگل ها و دیگر اراضی چوب ده از قبیل جنگلکاری ها، آگروفارستری و کمربندهای سبز به همراه تغییراتشان، وسعت توده های آمیخته، زون بندی و تعیین زون ضربه گیر می باشد. اولویت بندی معیار ها نیز با استفاده طیف لیکرت از دیدگاه های علمی و عملی نشان داد که معیارهای حفاظت از تنوع زیستی، گستره منابع جنگلی و عملکردهای زیست محیطی و حمایتی با رتبه مبتنی بر میانگین وزنی بیشتر، اهمیت و نقش این معیارها را در مقوله ارزیابی پارک های ملی بیش از بیش روشن تر می سازد. همچنین نتایج حاصل از اولویت بندی معیار ها بر اساس تکنیک انتروپی در این مطالعه از دیدگاه های مختلف نشان داد که معیارهای عملکردهای زیست محیطی و حمایتی، حفاظت از تنوع زیستی، حفظ، توسعه عملکرد شرایط اجتماعی به ترتیب حائز رتبه های برتر شدند.
المصادر:
Asgharian, M., Shahraji, D., Nasir Ahmadi, T and Oladi, J., 2012. The identification of criteria and indicators for ecotourism management in the forest park north of Iran using the Delphi method. Journal of Iranian Natural Ecosystems. 2 (4). 93-103.(In Persian)
Asgharpour, M., 1998. Multiple criteria decision making. Tehran university press, 398 pp. .(In Persian)
Barzekar, GH., 2011. Parks and forest recreational (site selection and planning), Agricultural and natural resources engineering organization of Iran press, 231 pp. .(In Persian)
Fink, A., Kosecoff, J., Chassin, M and Brook, R.H., 1984. Consensus methods: characteristics and guidelines for use. American journal of public health; 74, 979-83.
Frashi, A., Shariati, M., 2013. Protective zoning KoLlah Ghazi national park with multi-criteria assessment approach. Journal of Ecology, 57: 75-84.
Gulnaz, J., Chiranjeewee, K and Harald, V., 2012. Developing criteria and indicators for evaluating sustainable forest management: A case study in Kyrgyzstan. Forest Policy and Economics, (12): 32–43.
Hai, L.T., Hai, P.H., Khoa, N.T and Hens, L., 2009. Indicators for sustainable developmentin the Quang Tri Province, Vietnam, 121 p.
Holden, A., 2000. Environmental and tourism, New York, Routledge, 225 pp.
Jaleb Amelie, m., Abedi, M and Ghavamifar, k., 2004. The value engineering of Mkanidor project managemen, Tehran: Management and Planning Organization Press. 324 pp.
Kabiri Hindi M., Danekar, A., Alizadeh, A and Khorasani, N., 2013. The application of TOPSIS in identifying protected natural areas with spiritual values in the city of Neyshabur. Journal of the Natural Environment, Natural Resources Iranian Journal, 1 (66): 61-76. .(In Persian)
Keam, S., McCormick, N,. 2008. Implementing sustainable bio energy production; a compilation of tools and approaches, Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, 32p.
Keeney, S., Hasson, F and McKenna, H. P., 2001. A critical review of the Delphi technique as a research methodology for nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38(2), 195-200.
Ludwig L and Starr S., 2005. Library as place: results of a Delphi study. Journal of the medical library association; 93(3), 315-327.
Majnonian, H., 2000. Protected areas of Iran. The publication of the environmental protection agency. .(In Persian)
Mociora, E and Kruse M., 2015. Educational values and services of ecosystems and landscapes – An overview. Ecological indicators, No: 60, 137–151.
16.Munroe, K., 2008. Monitoring landscape fragmentation in an inaccessible mountain area: Celaque national park, western Honduras, Journal of environmental management, 12 pp.
Sahrai, S., Hemat yar, A and Abdolazadeh, Gh., 2009. Analyze and develop economic and social indicators of sustainable forest management. The third national conference on forestry, 1-9. .(In Persian)
Sepasi, Y., 2009. Environmental planning for conservation and tourism island with spatial multi-criteria assessment, natural resources, environmental engineering master's thesis, Department of Natural Resources, Tehran University. 148 pp. .(In Persian)
19.Sherrouse, B.C. Semmens, D.J and Clement, J.M., 2014. An application of social values for ecosystem services (SOlVES) to three national forests in Colorado and Wyoming. Ecological Indicators 36: 68–79.
20.Timko, A., 2010. Evaluating ecological integrity in national parks; case studies from Canada. Journal of Environmental Management, 16p.
21.Weaver, D., Oppermann, M., 2000. Tourism management, Australia, Wiley, 468pp.
Yonesian, M., Shariatti, M and Zamani, Gh., 2009. Looks and challenges shaping the health challenges and guilt in Tehran University of Medical Sciences using the Delphi method. Journal of Medical Research, 3 (1): 9-20. .(In Persian)
23.Young J.C., Jordan, A., Searle, K.R., Butler, A., Chapman, D.S., Simmons, P and Watt, A.D., 2013. Does stakeholder involvement really benefit biodiversity conservation? Biological conservation 158: 359–370.
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Asgharian, M., Shahraji, D., Nasir Ahmadi, T and Oladi, J., 2012. The identification of criteria and indicators for ecotourism management in the forest park north of Iran using the Delphi method. Journal of Iranian Natural Ecosystems. 2 (4). 93-103.(In Persian)
Asgharpour, M., 1998. Multiple criteria decision making. Tehran university press, 398 pp. .(In Persian)
Barzekar, GH., 2011. Parks and forest recreational (site selection and planning), Agricultural and natural resources engineering organization of Iran press, 231 pp. .(In Persian)
Fink, A., Kosecoff, J., Chassin, M and Brook, R.H., 1984. Consensus methods: characteristics and guidelines for use. American journal of public health; 74, 979-83.
Frashi, A., Shariati, M., 2013. Protective zoning KoLlah Ghazi national park with multi-criteria assessment approach. Journal of Ecology, 57: 75-84.
Gulnaz, J., Chiranjeewee, K and Harald, V., 2012. Developing criteria and indicators for evaluating sustainable forest management: A case study in Kyrgyzstan. Forest Policy and Economics, (12): 32–43.
Hai, L.T., Hai, P.H., Khoa, N.T and Hens, L., 2009. Indicators for sustainable developmentin the Quang Tri Province, Vietnam, 121 p.
Holden, A., 2000. Environmental and tourism, New York, Routledge, 225 pp.
Jaleb Amelie, m., Abedi, M and Ghavamifar, k., 2004. The value engineering of Mkanidor project managemen, Tehran: Management and Planning Organization Press. 324 pp.
Kabiri Hindi M., Danekar, A., Alizadeh, A and Khorasani, N., 2013. The application of TOPSIS in identifying protected natural areas with spiritual values in the city of Neyshabur. Journal of the Natural Environment, Natural Resources Iranian Journal, 1 (66): 61-76. .(In Persian)
Keam, S., McCormick, N,. 2008. Implementing sustainable bio energy production; a compilation of tools and approaches, Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, 32p.
Keeney, S., Hasson, F and McKenna, H. P., 2001. A critical review of the Delphi technique as a research methodology for nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38(2), 195-200.
Ludwig L and Starr S., 2005. Library as place: results of a Delphi study. Journal of the medical library association; 93(3), 315-327.
Majnonian, H., 2000. Protected areas of Iran. The publication of the environmental protection agency. .(In Persian)
Mociora, E and Kruse M., 2015. Educational values and services of ecosystems and landscapes – An overview. Ecological indicators, No: 60, 137–151.
16.Munroe, K., 2008. Monitoring landscape fragmentation in an inaccessible mountain area: Celaque national park, western Honduras, Journal of environmental management, 12 pp.
Sahrai, S., Hemat yar, A and Abdolazadeh, Gh., 2009. Analyze and develop economic and social indicators of sustainable forest management. The third national conference on forestry, 1-9. .(In Persian)
Sepasi, Y., 2009. Environmental planning for conservation and tourism island with spatial multi-criteria assessment, natural resources, environmental engineering master's thesis, Department of Natural Resources, Tehran University. 148 pp. .(In Persian)
19.Sherrouse, B.C. Semmens, D.J and Clement, J.M., 2014. An application of social values for ecosystem services (SOlVES) to three national forests in Colorado and Wyoming. Ecological Indicators 36: 68–79.
20.Timko, A., 2010. Evaluating ecological integrity in national parks; case studies from Canada. Journal of Environmental Management, 16p.
21.Weaver, D., Oppermann, M., 2000. Tourism management, Australia, Wiley, 468pp.
22-Yonesian, M., Shariatti, M and Zamani, Gh., 2009. Looks and challenges shaping the health challenges and guilt in Tehran University of Medical Sciences using the Delphi method. Journal of Medical Research, 3 (1): 9-20. .(In Persian)
23.Young J.C., Jordan, A., Searle, K.R., Butler, A., Chapman, D.S., Simmons, P and Watt, A.D., 2013. Does stakeholder involvement really benefit biodiversity conservation? Biological conservation 158: 359–370.
