Chemical synthesis and characterization of Zn-doped cadmium oxide based nanoparticles: As nanofluids for thermophysical applications

الموضوعات :

M Sheela Pauline W ¹ (Department of Nanoscience and Technology, School of Science and Humanities, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India)
A Samson Nesaraj ² (Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Humanities, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India)

تاريخ الإرسال : 21 الجمعة , محرم, 1436 تاريخ التأكيد : 20 الثلاثاء , رمضان, 1436 تاريخ الإصدار : 12 الأربعاء , جمادى الثانية, 1436

الکلمات المفتاحية: Zn doped CdO nanoparticles, chemical precipitation method, molecular interactions in nanofluids, thermo-physical characteristics,

ملخص المقالة :

Semiconductor nanoparticles are studied worldwide at present because of their good optical, physical and chemical properties. In this research work, a set of Zn doped cadmium oxide (Cd1-xZnxO1-δ) nanoparticles were synthesized by simple chemical precipitation route. The precursor materials used in this research work were cadmium nitrate and zinc nitrate (as basic materials) and sodium hydroxide (as a precipitator material). The formed hydroxides of Cd/Zn were washed with water and ethyl alcohol (9:1 v/v) and dried at 75o C overnight. The dried powder was then heat treated for 1 h each at 150, 300, 450o C respectively and then cooled down to room temperature. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by XRD where the peaks are well matched with the phase purity of cubic structure. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of the functional groups present in the pure and Zn doped CdO nanoparticles. The SEM results showed that the obtained nanoparticles are polycrystalline in nature having the average grain size of 100-200 nm. The molecular interactions with respect to the different dopant concentrations (Zn) and their thermo-physical characteristics of CdO based nanofluids (Cd1-xZnxO1-δ ; where x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) prepared in ethylene glycol are studied and reported. The results were discussed and presented in this manuscript. From the results, it was found that the intermolecular free length of the present nanofluids are seemed to be increasing with the higher incorporation of Zn2+ ions in CdO nanoparticles.

المصادر:

1. Oronzio Manca, Yogesh Jaluria, Dimos Poulikakos, “Heat transfer in nanofluids”, Adv. Mech. Engg., Vol. 2010, Article ID 380826, 2 pages, 2010. doi:10.1155/2010/380826.


2. S. U. S. Choi, Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles: in developments and applications of Non-newtonion flows, Vol. 12, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1995, p. 99.


3. J. Hemalatha, T. Prabhakaran, R. P. Nalini, “A comparative study on particle–fluid interactions in micro and nanofluids of aluminium oxide” Microfluid. Nanofluid. Vol. 10, 2010,
   pp. 263-270. 


4. D. Erickson, “Towards numerical prototyping of labs-on-chip: modeling for integrated microfluidic devices”, Microfluid. Nanofluid. Vol. 1, 2005, pp. 301-318. 


5. N. T. Nguyen, A. Beyzavi, K. M. Ng, X. Huang, “Kinematics and deformation of ferrofluid droplets under magnetic actuation”, Microfluid. Nanofluid. Vol. 3, 2007, pp. 571-579. 


6. P. Krajnik, F. Pusavec, A. Rashid, Nanofluids: Properties, applications and sustainabilitiy aspects in material processing technologies: in Advances in sustainable Manufacturing,  Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 107. 


7. Madhusree Kole, T. K. Dey, “Thermophysical and pool boiling characteristics of ZnO-ethylene glycol nanofluids” Int. J. Thermal Sciences, Vol.62, 2012, pp. 61-70.


8. S. Lee, S. U. S. Choi, S. Li, J. A. Eastman, “Measuring thermal conductivity of fluids containing oxide nanoparticles”,  J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 121, 1999, pp. 280–289.


9. C. H. Li, G. P. Peterson, “Experimental investigation of temperature and volume fraction variations on the effective thermal conductivity of nanoparticle suspensions (nanofluids)”, J. App. Phys. Vol. 99, 2006, pp. 084314–1–084314–8.


10. K. Manickathai, S. Kasi Viswanathan, M. Alagar, “Synthesis and characterization of CdO and CdS nanoparticles”, Indian J. Pure App. Phy. Vol.46, 2008, 561-564.


11. M. Tabatabaeea, A. A. Mozafari, M. Ghassemzadeh, M. Reza Nateghi, I. Abedini, “A simple method for synthesis of cadmium oxide nanoparticles using polyethylene glycol”, Bulg. Chem. Comm. Vol. 45, 2013, pp. 90-92.


12. P. A. Radi, A. G. Brito-Madurro, J. M. Madurro, N. O. Dantas, “Characterization and Properties of CdO Nanocrystals Incorporated in Polyacrylamide”, Brazilian Journal of Physics, Vol. 36, 2006, pp. 412 – 414. 


13. Hani H. Ahmed, Abdul-Majeed, E. Al-Samar, Abdulla M.Ali, “Structural and optical properties of CdxZn1-xO thin film  prepared by chemical bath deposition method” Diyala J. Pure Sci., Vol. 10, pp. 65-72.


14. Abdolali Alemi, Sang Joo, Shahin Khademinia, Mahboubeh Dolatyari, Akbar Bakhtiari, Hossein Moradi, Sorayya Saeidi, “Sol–gel synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of Gd3+-doped CdO sub-micron materials” Int. Nano Lett., Vol. 3, 2013, pp. 41.


15. Tokeer Ahmad, Sarvari Khatoon, Sarvari Khatoon, Samuel E. Lofland, “Solvothermal synthesis, optical and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Cd1―xMnxO (0.04 < x = 0.10) solid solutions”, J. Mater. Res., Vol. 28, 2013, pp. 1245-1253.


16. H. Karami, “Investigation of sol-gel Synthesized CdO-ZnO Nanocomposite for CO Gas Sensing”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 5, 2010, pp. 720-730. 


17. J. A. Eastman, S. U. S. Choi, S. Li, W. Yu, L.J. Thompson, “Anomalously increased effective thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 78, 2001, pp. 718-720.


18. Maria Jose, Pastoriza-Gallego, Luis Lugo, Jose Luis Legido, Manuel M Pineiro, “Rheological non-Newtonian behaviour of ethylene glycol-based Fe2O3 nanofluids”, Nanoscale Res. Lett., Vol. 6, 2011, pp. 221.


19. K. Petcharoen, A. Sirivat, “Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles via the chemical co-precipitation method” Mat. Sci. Engg. B, Vol. 177, 2012, pp. 421-427.


20. A. S. Aldwayyan, F. M. Al-Jekhedab, M. Al-Noaimi, B. Hammouti, T. B. Hadda,               M. Suleiman, I. Warad, “Synthesis and characterization of CdO nanoparticles starting from organometalic Dmphen-CdI2 complex”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013, pp. 10506-10514.


21. R. Anbarasan, M. Seethalakshmi, A. Maria Franklin Dheepa, T. Jayalakshmi, V. Dhanalakshmi, “Synthesis and characterization of CdO nanorod by ultrasound assisted onepot method and its surface catalytic effect on poly (vinyl alcohol)”, Indian. J. Sci., Vol. 2, 2013, pp. 121-124.


22. N. Mahesha, Arunkumar Lagashetty, “Synthesis and characterisation of nanosized cadmium oxide”, Int. J. Sci. Res., Vol. 2, 2013, pp. 73-75.


23. P. D. Shima, J. Philip, B. Raj, “Influence of aggregation on thermal conductivity in stable and unstable nanofluids”, App. Phy. Lett., Vol. 97, 2010, pp. 153113. 


24. K. S. Hong, T. K. Hong, H. S. Yang, “Nanoparticles-disperson-dependent thermal conductivity in nanofluids, J. Korean Phys. Soc., Vol. 47, 2005, pp. S321-S324. 


25. Mandeep Singh, Lal Kundan, “Experimental study on thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3 – nanotransformer oil”, Int. J. Theo. App. Res. Mech. Engg., Vol. 2, 2013, pp. 125 – 130.


26. Huaqing Xie, Wei Yu, Wei Chen, “Mgo nanofluids: higher thermal conductivity and lower viscosity among ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing oxide nanoparticles”, J. Exp. Nanosci., Vol. 5, 2010, pp. 463-472.  


27. J. S. Rowlinson, F. L. Swinton, Liquid and Liquid mixtures 3rd edition, Butterworths, London, 1982, p. 16.


28. M. J. W. Povey, Ultrasonic techniques for fluids characterization, Academic Press, USA, 1997, p. 25.


29. Sunanda S. Aswale, Shashikant R. Aswale, Rajesh S. Hajare, “Adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length and acoustic relaxation time of aqueous antibiotic cefotaxime sodium”,  J. Chem. Pharma. Res., Vol. 4, 2012, pp. 2671-2677.


30. M. Nabeel Rashin, L. Hemalatha, “Acoustic study on the interactions of coconut oil based copper oxide nanofluid”, World Academy of Sci. Engg. Tech., Vol. 6, 2012, pp. 172 – 176.


31. R. Kiruba, M. Gopalakrishnan, T. Mahalingam, A. Kingson Solomon Jeevaraj, “Ultrasonic studies on zinc oxide nanofluids”, J. Nanofluids, Vol. 1, 2012, pp. 97-100.


32. R. Kiruba, M. Gopalakrishnan, T. Mahalingam, A. Kingson Solomon Jeevaraj, “The effect of temperature on the ultrasonic properties of carbon nanotubes incorporated in zinc oxide nanofluids”, J. Nanofluids, Vol. 2, 2013, pp. 50-54.