بررسی اثر عصاره گیاه کرفس (Apium graveolens) بر میزان کلسیم و اگزالات سرم در آسیب کلیوی ناشی از اتیلن گلیکول در موش‌های صحرایی نر بالغ نژاد ویستار
الموضوعات :پریسا مهرپرور 1 , اکرم عیدی 2 , سید پژمان مرتضوی 3 , شهربانو عریان 4
1 - گروه زیست شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - گروه زیست شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - دانشیار پاتولوژی، گروه پاتولوژی دامپزشکی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
4 - گروه زیست شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: موش صحرایی, کرفس, سنگ‌کلیه, اتیلن گلیکول,
ملخص المقالة :
کرفس (Apium graveolens) گیاهی دوساله و از خانواده Apiaceae است. بخش های مختلف کرفس در اختلالات کبدی و طحال، اختلالات مغزی، درد و اختلالات خواب استفاده می شود. مطالعه حاضر به منظور بررسی اثر عصاره اتانولی کرفس بر آسیب کلیه ناشی از اتیلن گلیکول در موش های صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار انجام گرفت.القاء سنگ کلیه با استفاده از تیمار 75/0 درصد اتیلن گلیکول به مدت 28 روز انجام شد. موش ها به 8 گروه 6تایی تقسیم شدند که به ترتیب شامل کنترل سالم، کنترل سنگ کلیوی (75/0 درصد اتیلن گلیکول در آب آشامیدنی)، حیوانات سالم تیمار با عصاره کرفس در دوزهای 50، 100 و 200 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم و موش های سنگ کلیویتیمار با عصاره کرفس در دوزهای 50، 100 و 200 میلی گرم در کیلوگرم وزن بدن به صورت گاواژ بودند. در پایان آزمایش (28 روز)، نمونه خون از قلب موش ها جمع آوری شد و میزان کلسیم و اگزالات در سرم ارزیابی گردید. واکاوی آماری از طریق آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی انجام شد و 05/0p< معنی دار در نظر گرفته شد.افزایش معنی دار میزان اگزالات و کاهش معنی دار کلسیم سرم در حیوانات گروه کنترل سنگ کلیوی در مقایسه با گروه کنترل سالم مشاهده شد. تیمار عصاره کرفس با غلظت 200 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن بدن باعث کاهش معنی دار اگزالات و افزایش معنی دار کلسیم سرم در حیوانات دچار سنگ کلیوی شد.نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که عصاره کرفس می تواند باعث بهبود سنگ کلیه ناشی از اتیلن گلیکول شود.
المصادر:
Arumuham, V. and Bycroft, J. (2016). The management of urolithiasis. Surgery, 34(7): 352-360.
Ahmed, Q.S. and Sayedda, K. (2012). Effect of celery (Apium graveolens) seeds extract on protease inhibitor (Ritonavir) induced dyslipidemia. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, 3(1): 52-56.
Al-Howiriny, T., Alsheikh, A., Alqasoumi, S., Al-Yahya, M., ElTahir, K. and Rafatullah, S. (2010). Gastric antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective properties of celery in rats. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48(7): 786-793.
Al-Snafi, A.E. (2014). The pharmacology of Apium graveolens. A review. International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars, 3(1-1): 671-677.
Aquila, S., Giner, R.M., Recio, M.C., Spegazzini, E.D. and Ríos, J.L. (2009). Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids from Cayaponia tayuya roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 121(2): 333-337.
Asif, H.M., Akram, M., Usmanghani, K., Akhtar, N., Shah, P.A., Uzair, M., et al. (2011). Monograph of Apium graveolens Linn. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5(8): 1494-1496.
Baananou, S., Bouftira, I., Mahmoud, A., Boukef, K., Marongiu, B. and Boughattas, N.A. (2013). Antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities of Apium graveolens essential oil and extract. Natural Product Research, 27(12): 1075-1083.
Belanger, J.T. (1998). Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology. Alternative Medicine Review, 3(6): 448-457.
Bos, R. and Fischer, F.C. (1986). Composition of the volatile oils from the roots, leaves and fruits of different taxa of Apium graveolens. Planta Medica, 6: 531.
Calixto, J.B., Beirith, A., Ferreira, J., Santos, A.R.S., Cechinel Filbo, V. and Yunes, R.A. (2000). Naturally occurring antinociceptive substances from plants. Phytotherapy Research, 14: 401-418.
Cao, Z.G., Liu, J.H., Zhou, S.W., Wu, W., Yin, C.P. and Wu, J.Z. (2004). The effects of the active constituents of Alisma orientalis on renal stone formation and bikunin expression in rat urolithiasis model. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 84(15): 1276-1279.
Choochote, W., Tuetun, B., Kanjanapothi, D., Rattanachanpichai, E., Chaithong, U., Chaiwong, P., et al. (2004). Potential of crude seed extract of celery, Apium graveolens L., against the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Vector Ecology: Journal of the Society for Vector Ecology, 29(2): 340-346.
Corley, R.A., Bartels, M.J., Weitz, K.K., Soelberg, J.J., Gies, R.A. and Thrall, K.D. (2005). Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ethylene glycol and its developmentally toxic metabolite, glycolic acid, in adult rats and humans. Toxicological Sciences, 85: 476-490.
Corley, R.A., Wilson, D.M., Hard, G.C., Stebbins, K.E., Bartels, M.J., Soelberg, J.J., et al. (2008). Dosimetry considerations in the enhanced sensitivity of male Wistar rats to chronic ethylene glycol-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 228(2): 165-178.
Curhan, G.C., Willett, W.C., Knight, E.L. and Stampfer, M.J. (2004). Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in younger women. Nurses’ health study II. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(8): 885-891.
Dong, W., Wei, T., Guang-Ming, Y. and Bao-Chang, C. (2010). Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of flavonoids from Oxytropis falcata Bunge. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 8(6): 461-465.
Ebadi, M. (2007). Pharmacodynamic basis of herbal medicine. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, pp: 89.
Fan, J., Glass, M.A. and Chandhoke, P.S. (1998). Effect of castration and finasteride on urinary oxalate excretion in male rats. Urological Research, 26(1): 71-75.
Feleming, T. (2000). PDR for herbal medicines. New Jersey: Montvale, NJ: Medical Economic Company, pp: 128-129, 173.
Fluke, H. (2005). Medicinal Plants. 6th ed., Tavakoli-Saberi, M., Sedaghat, R., translators. Iran: Tehran, Gulshan Press, pp: 201. [In Persian]
Fouad, A.A., Albuali, W.H., Zahran, A. and Gomaa, W. (2014). Protective effect of naringenin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 38(2): 420-429.
Gara, S.K., Gupta, S.R. and Sharma, N.D. (1980). Glucosides of Apium graveolens. Planta Medica, 38(4): 363-365.
Ghodasara, J., Pawar, A., Deshmukh, C. and Kuchekar, B. (2010). Inhibitory effect of rutin and curcumin on experimentally-induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats. Pharmacognosy Research, 2(6): 388-392.
Hadjzadeh, M., Khoei, A., Hadjzadeh, Z. and Parizady, M. (2007). Ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. seeds on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats. Urology Journal, 4(2): 86-90.
Hardani, A., Afzalzadeh, M.R., Amirzargar, A., Mansouri, E. and Meamar, Z. (2015). Effects of aqueous extract of celery (Apium graveolens L.) leaves on spermatogenesis in healthy male rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 5(2): 113-119. [In Persian]
He, X., Li, C., Wei, Z., Wang, J., Kou, J., Liu, W., et al. (2016). Protective role of apigenin in cisplatin-induced renal injury. European Journal of Pharmacology, 789: 215-221.
Heim, K.E., Tagliaferro, A.R. and Bobilya, D.J. (2002). Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 13(10): 572-584.
Huang, H.S., Chen, J. and Chen, C.F. (2000). Circulating adhesion molecules and neutral endopeptidase enzymuria in patients with urolithiasis and hydronephrosis. Urology, 55(6): 961-965.
Kamel, K.M., El-Raouf, A., Ola, M., Metwally, S.A., El-Latif, A., Hekma, A., et al. (2014). Hesperidin and rutin, antioxidant citrus flavonoids, attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 28(7): 312-319.
Karadi, R.V., Gadge, N.B., Alagawadi, K.R. and Savadi, R.V. (2006). Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. root-wood on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105: 306-311.
Khajavi Rad, A., Hadjzadeh, M.A., Rajaei, Z., Mohammadian, N., Valiollahi, S. and Sonei, M. (2011). The beneficial effect of Cynodon dactylon fractions on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats. Urology Journal, 8(3): 179-184.
Khan, S.R. (2005). Hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative stress and antioxidants for renal protection. Urological Research, 33(5): 349-357.
Khan S.R. (2006). Renal tubular damage/dysfunction: key to the formation of kidney stones. Urological Research, 34(2): 86-91.
Knoll, T.H. (2010). Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of urolithiasis. European Urology Supplements, 9(12): 802-806.
Kumar, S. and Pandey, A.K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013: 1-16.
Kupeli, E. and Yesilada, E. (2007). Flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity from Cistus laurifolius L. leaves through bioassay-guided procedures Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 112(3): 524-530.
Lans, C.A. (2006). Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2: 45.
Lee, Y.H., Huang, W.C., Huang, J.K. and Chang, L.S. (1996). Testosterone enhances whereas estrogen inhibits calcium oxalate stone formation in ethylene glycol treated rats. The Journal of Urology, 156(2): 502-505.
Leth, P.M. and Gregersen, M. (2005). Ethylene glycol poisoning. Forensic Science International, 155(2-3): 179-184.
Mansi, K., Abushoffa, A.M., Disi, A. and Aburjai, T. (2009). Hypolipidemic effects of seed extract of celery (Apium graveolens) in rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 5(20): 301-305.
Momin, R.A., Ramsewak, R.S. and Nair, M.G. (2000). Bioactive compounds and 1, 3-Di [(cis)-9-octadecenoyl]-2-[(cis, cis)-9, 12-octadecadienoyl] glycerol from Apium graveolens L. Seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(9): 3785-3788.
Momin, R.A. and Nair, M.G. (2001). Mosquitocidal, nematicidal, and antifungal compounds from Apium graveolens L. seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(1): 142-145.
Murray, M.S., Holmes, R.P. and Lowther, W.T. (2008). Active site and loop 4 movements within human glycolate oxidase: implications for substrate specificity and drug design. Biochemistry, 47(8): 2439-2449.
Naema, N.F., Dawood, B. and Hassan, S.A. (2010). A study of some Iraqi medicinal plants for their spasmolytic and antibacterial activities. Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences), 36(6): 67-73.
Nishijima, S., Sugaya, K., Hokama, S., Morozumi, M. and Ogawa, Y. (2004). Effect of dehydroepiandro-sterone on oxalate metabolism in rats. Frontiers in Bioscience, 9: 1360-1364.
Pawar, A.T., Gaikwad, G.D., Metkari, K.S., Tijore, K.A., Ghodasara, J.V. and Kuchekar, B.S. (2012). Effect of Terminalia chebula fruit extract on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Biomedicine and Aging Pathology, 2(3): 99-103.
Pellegrino, B., Parravani, A., Cook, L. and Mackay, K. (2006). Ethylene glycol intoxication: disparate findings of immediate versus delayed presentation. The West Virginia Medical Journal, 102(4): 32-34.
Porter, W.H. (2012). Ethylene glycol poisoning: Quintessential clinical toxicology; analytical conundrum. Clinica Chimica Acta, 413(3-4): 365-377.
Porto, C.R.C., Soares, L.A.L., Souza, T.P., Petrovick, P.R., Lyra, I.L., Araújo Júnior, R.F., et al. (2013). Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Phyllanthus niruri spray-dried standardized extract. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23(1): 138-144.
Ramesh, M., Rao, Y.N., Rao, A.V.N.A., Prabhakar, M.C., Rao, C.S., Muralidhar, N., et al. (1998). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of a flavonoid isolated from Caralluma attenuate. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 62(1): 63-66.
Saeidi, J., Bozorgi, H., Zendehdel, A. and Mehrzad, J. (2012). Therapeutic effects of aqueous extracts of Petroselinum sativum on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats. Urology Journal, 9(1): 361-366.
Scheid, C.R., Koul, H.K., Kennington, L., Hill, W.A., Luber-Narod, J., Jonassen, J., et al. (1995). Oxalate-induced damage to renal tubular cells. Scanning Microscopy, 9(4): 1097-1105.
Selvam, R., Kalaiselvi, P., Govindaraj, A., Bala Murugan, V. and Sathish Kumar, A.S. (2001). Effect of a lanata leaf extract and vediuppu chunnam on the urinary risk factors of calcium oxalate urolithiasis during experimental hyperoxaluria. Pharmacological Research, 43(1): 89-93.
Shad, A.A., Shah, H.U., Bakht, J., Choudhary, M.I. and Ullah, J. (2011). Nutraceutical potential and bioassay of Apium graveolens L. grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(20): 5160-5166.
Shafaeifar, A., Mehrabi, S., Malekzadeh, J., Jannesar, R., Sadeghi, H., Vahdani, R., et al. (2012). Effect of hydrophilic extract of alhagi maurorum on ethylene glycol-induced renal stone in male Wistar rats. Armaghane danesh, 17(2): 129-138. [In Persian]
Shafizadeh, H. (2002). Medicinal Plants in Lorestan. 1st ed., Lorestan: Haian, pp: 46-49. [In Persian]
Srinivasa, B., Desu, R. and Sivaramakrishna, K. (2012). Antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of Apium graveolens seeds. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2(4): 1124-1127.
Sullivan, J.C., Sasser, J.M. and Pollock, J.S. (2007). Sexual dimorphism in oxidant status in spontaneously hypertensive rats. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 292(2): R764-R768.
Susanti, D., Sirat, H.M., Ahmad, F., Ali, R.M., Aimi, N. and Kitajima, M. (2007). Antioxidant and cytotoxic flavonoids from the flowers of Melastoma malabathricum L. Food Chemistry, 103(3): 710-716.
Thamilselvan, S., Khan, S.R. and Menon, M. (2003). Oxalate and calcium oxalate mediated free radical toxicity in renal epithelial cells: Effect of antioxidants. Urological Research, 31(1): 3-9.
Thimm, J.C., Burritt, D.J., Sims, I.M., Newman, R.H., Ducker, W.A. and Melton, L.D. (2002). Celery (Apium graveolens) parenchyma cell walls: cell walls with minimal xyloglucan. Physiologia Plantarum, 116(2): 164-171.
Toker, G., Kupeli, E., Memisoglu, M. and Yesilada, E. (2004). Flavonoids with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities from the leaves of Tilia argentea (silver linden). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2-3): 393-397.
Wong, R.Y.Y. and Kitts, D. (2006). Studies on the dual antioxidant and antibacterial properties of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extracts. Food Chemistry, 97: 505-515.
Xu, H., Zisman, A.L., Coe, F.L. and Worcester, E.M. (2013). Kidney stones: an update on current pharmacological management and future directions. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 14(4): 435-447.
Yarnell, E. (2002). Botanical medicines for the urinary tract. World Journal of Urology, 20(5): 285-293.
Yoshihara, H., Yamaguchi, S. and Yachiku, S. (1999). Effect of sex hormones on oxalate-synthesizing enzymes in male and female rat livers. The Journal of Urology, 161(2): 668-673.
Yoshioka, I., Tsujihata, M., Akanae, W., Nonomura, N. and Okuyama, A. (2011). Angiotensin type-1 receptor blocker candesartan inhibits calcium oxalate crystal deposition in ethylene glycol-treated rat kidneys. Urology, 77(4): 1007.e9-1007.e14.
Zidorn, C., Johrer, K., Ganzera, M., Schubert, B., Sigmund, E.M., Mader, J., et al. (2005). Polyacetylenes from the apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(7): 2518-2523.
_||_
Arumuham, V. and Bycroft, J. (2016). The management of urolithiasis. Surgery, 34(7): 352-360.
Ahmed, Q.S. and Sayedda, K. (2012). Effect of celery (Apium graveolens) seeds extract on protease inhibitor (Ritonavir) induced dyslipidemia. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, 3(1): 52-56.
Al-Howiriny, T., Alsheikh, A., Alqasoumi, S., Al-Yahya, M., ElTahir, K. and Rafatullah, S. (2010). Gastric antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective properties of celery in rats. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48(7): 786-793.
Al-Snafi, A.E. (2014). The pharmacology of Apium graveolens. A review. International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars, 3(1-1): 671-677.
Aquila, S., Giner, R.M., Recio, M.C., Spegazzini, E.D. and Ríos, J.L. (2009). Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids from Cayaponia tayuya roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 121(2): 333-337.
Asif, H.M., Akram, M., Usmanghani, K., Akhtar, N., Shah, P.A., Uzair, M., et al. (2011). Monograph of Apium graveolens Linn. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5(8): 1494-1496.
Baananou, S., Bouftira, I., Mahmoud, A., Boukef, K., Marongiu, B. and Boughattas, N.A. (2013). Antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities of Apium graveolens essential oil and extract. Natural Product Research, 27(12): 1075-1083.
Belanger, J.T. (1998). Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology. Alternative Medicine Review, 3(6): 448-457.
Bos, R. and Fischer, F.C. (1986). Composition of the volatile oils from the roots, leaves and fruits of different taxa of Apium graveolens. Planta Medica, 6: 531.
Calixto, J.B., Beirith, A., Ferreira, J., Santos, A.R.S., Cechinel Filbo, V. and Yunes, R.A. (2000). Naturally occurring antinociceptive substances from plants. Phytotherapy Research, 14: 401-418.
Cao, Z.G., Liu, J.H., Zhou, S.W., Wu, W., Yin, C.P. and Wu, J.Z. (2004). The effects of the active constituents of Alisma orientalis on renal stone formation and bikunin expression in rat urolithiasis model. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 84(15): 1276-1279.
Choochote, W., Tuetun, B., Kanjanapothi, D., Rattanachanpichai, E., Chaithong, U., Chaiwong, P., et al. (2004). Potential of crude seed extract of celery, Apium graveolens L., against the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Vector Ecology: Journal of the Society for Vector Ecology, 29(2): 340-346.
Corley, R.A., Bartels, M.J., Weitz, K.K., Soelberg, J.J., Gies, R.A. and Thrall, K.D. (2005). Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ethylene glycol and its developmentally toxic metabolite, glycolic acid, in adult rats and humans. Toxicological Sciences, 85: 476-490.
Corley, R.A., Wilson, D.M., Hard, G.C., Stebbins, K.E., Bartels, M.J., Soelberg, J.J., et al. (2008). Dosimetry considerations in the enhanced sensitivity of male Wistar rats to chronic ethylene glycol-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 228(2): 165-178.
Curhan, G.C., Willett, W.C., Knight, E.L. and Stampfer, M.J. (2004). Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in younger women. Nurses’ health study II. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(8): 885-891.
Dong, W., Wei, T., Guang-Ming, Y. and Bao-Chang, C. (2010). Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of flavonoids from Oxytropis falcata Bunge. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 8(6): 461-465.
Ebadi, M. (2007). Pharmacodynamic basis of herbal medicine. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, pp: 89.
Fan, J., Glass, M.A. and Chandhoke, P.S. (1998). Effect of castration and finasteride on urinary oxalate excretion in male rats. Urological Research, 26(1): 71-75.
Feleming, T. (2000). PDR for herbal medicines. New Jersey: Montvale, NJ: Medical Economic Company, pp: 128-129, 173.
Fluke, H. (2005). Medicinal Plants. 6th ed., Tavakoli-Saberi, M., Sedaghat, R., translators. Iran: Tehran, Gulshan Press, pp: 201. [In Persian]
Fouad, A.A., Albuali, W.H., Zahran, A. and Gomaa, W. (2014). Protective effect of naringenin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 38(2): 420-429.
Gara, S.K., Gupta, S.R. and Sharma, N.D. (1980). Glucosides of Apium graveolens. Planta Medica, 38(4): 363-365.
Ghodasara, J., Pawar, A., Deshmukh, C. and Kuchekar, B. (2010). Inhibitory effect of rutin and curcumin on experimentally-induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats. Pharmacognosy Research, 2(6): 388-392.
Hadjzadeh, M., Khoei, A., Hadjzadeh, Z. and Parizady, M. (2007). Ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. seeds on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats. Urology Journal, 4(2): 86-90.
Hardani, A., Afzalzadeh, M.R., Amirzargar, A., Mansouri, E. and Meamar, Z. (2015). Effects of aqueous extract of celery (Apium graveolens L.) leaves on spermatogenesis in healthy male rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 5(2): 113-119. [In Persian]
He, X., Li, C., Wei, Z., Wang, J., Kou, J., Liu, W., et al. (2016). Protective role of apigenin in cisplatin-induced renal injury. European Journal of Pharmacology, 789: 215-221.
Heim, K.E., Tagliaferro, A.R. and Bobilya, D.J. (2002). Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 13(10): 572-584.
Huang, H.S., Chen, J. and Chen, C.F. (2000). Circulating adhesion molecules and neutral endopeptidase enzymuria in patients with urolithiasis and hydronephrosis. Urology, 55(6): 961-965.
Kamel, K.M., El-Raouf, A., Ola, M., Metwally, S.A., El-Latif, A., Hekma, A., et al. (2014). Hesperidin and rutin, antioxidant citrus flavonoids, attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 28(7): 312-319.
Karadi, R.V., Gadge, N.B., Alagawadi, K.R. and Savadi, R.V. (2006). Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. root-wood on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105: 306-311.
Khajavi Rad, A., Hadjzadeh, M.A., Rajaei, Z., Mohammadian, N., Valiollahi, S. and Sonei, M. (2011). The beneficial effect of Cynodon dactylon fractions on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats. Urology Journal, 8(3): 179-184.
Khan, S.R. (2005). Hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative stress and antioxidants for renal protection. Urological Research, 33(5): 349-357.
Khan S.R. (2006). Renal tubular damage/dysfunction: key to the formation of kidney stones. Urological Research, 34(2): 86-91.
Knoll, T.H. (2010). Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of urolithiasis. European Urology Supplements, 9(12): 802-806.
Kumar, S. and Pandey, A.K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013: 1-16.
Kupeli, E. and Yesilada, E. (2007). Flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity from Cistus laurifolius L. leaves through bioassay-guided procedures Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 112(3): 524-530.
Lans, C.A. (2006). Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2: 45.
Lee, Y.H., Huang, W.C., Huang, J.K. and Chang, L.S. (1996). Testosterone enhances whereas estrogen inhibits calcium oxalate stone formation in ethylene glycol treated rats. The Journal of Urology, 156(2): 502-505.
Leth, P.M. and Gregersen, M. (2005). Ethylene glycol poisoning. Forensic Science International, 155(2-3): 179-184.
Mansi, K., Abushoffa, A.M., Disi, A. and Aburjai, T. (2009). Hypolipidemic effects of seed extract of celery (Apium graveolens) in rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 5(20): 301-305.
Momin, R.A., Ramsewak, R.S. and Nair, M.G. (2000). Bioactive compounds and 1, 3-Di [(cis)-9-octadecenoyl]-2-[(cis, cis)-9, 12-octadecadienoyl] glycerol from Apium graveolens L. Seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(9): 3785-3788.
Momin, R.A. and Nair, M.G. (2001). Mosquitocidal, nematicidal, and antifungal compounds from Apium graveolens L. seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(1): 142-145.
Murray, M.S., Holmes, R.P. and Lowther, W.T. (2008). Active site and loop 4 movements within human glycolate oxidase: implications for substrate specificity and drug design. Biochemistry, 47(8): 2439-2449.
Naema, N.F., Dawood, B. and Hassan, S.A. (2010). A study of some Iraqi medicinal plants for their spasmolytic and antibacterial activities. Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences), 36(6): 67-73.
Nishijima, S., Sugaya, K., Hokama, S., Morozumi, M. and Ogawa, Y. (2004). Effect of dehydroepiandro-sterone on oxalate metabolism in rats. Frontiers in Bioscience, 9: 1360-1364.
Pawar, A.T., Gaikwad, G.D., Metkari, K.S., Tijore, K.A., Ghodasara, J.V. and Kuchekar, B.S. (2012). Effect of Terminalia chebula fruit extract on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Biomedicine and Aging Pathology, 2(3): 99-103.
Pellegrino, B., Parravani, A., Cook, L. and Mackay, K. (2006). Ethylene glycol intoxication: disparate findings of immediate versus delayed presentation. The West Virginia Medical Journal, 102(4): 32-34.
Porter, W.H. (2012). Ethylene glycol poisoning: Quintessential clinical toxicology; analytical conundrum. Clinica Chimica Acta, 413(3-4): 365-377.
Porto, C.R.C., Soares, L.A.L., Souza, T.P., Petrovick, P.R., Lyra, I.L., Araújo Júnior, R.F., et al. (2013). Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Phyllanthus niruri spray-dried standardized extract. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23(1): 138-144.
Ramesh, M., Rao, Y.N., Rao, A.V.N.A., Prabhakar, M.C., Rao, C.S., Muralidhar, N., et al. (1998). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of a flavonoid isolated from Caralluma attenuate. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 62(1): 63-66.
Saeidi, J., Bozorgi, H., Zendehdel, A. and Mehrzad, J. (2012). Therapeutic effects of aqueous extracts of Petroselinum sativum on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats. Urology Journal, 9(1): 361-366.
Scheid, C.R., Koul, H.K., Kennington, L., Hill, W.A., Luber-Narod, J., Jonassen, J., et al. (1995). Oxalate-induced damage to renal tubular cells. Scanning Microscopy, 9(4): 1097-1105.
Selvam, R., Kalaiselvi, P., Govindaraj, A., Bala Murugan, V. and Sathish Kumar, A.S. (2001). Effect of a lanata leaf extract and vediuppu chunnam on the urinary risk factors of calcium oxalate urolithiasis during experimental hyperoxaluria. Pharmacological Research, 43(1): 89-93.
Shad, A.A., Shah, H.U., Bakht, J., Choudhary, M.I. and Ullah, J. (2011). Nutraceutical potential and bioassay of Apium graveolens L. grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(20): 5160-5166.
Shafaeifar, A., Mehrabi, S., Malekzadeh, J., Jannesar, R., Sadeghi, H., Vahdani, R., et al. (2012). Effect of hydrophilic extract of alhagi maurorum on ethylene glycol-induced renal stone in male Wistar rats. Armaghane danesh, 17(2): 129-138. [In Persian]
Shafizadeh, H. (2002). Medicinal Plants in Lorestan. 1st ed., Lorestan: Haian, pp: 46-49. [In Persian]
Srinivasa, B., Desu, R. and Sivaramakrishna, K. (2012). Antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of Apium graveolens seeds. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2(4): 1124-1127.
Sullivan, J.C., Sasser, J.M. and Pollock, J.S. (2007). Sexual dimorphism in oxidant status in spontaneously hypertensive rats. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 292(2): R764-R768.
Susanti, D., Sirat, H.M., Ahmad, F., Ali, R.M., Aimi, N. and Kitajima, M. (2007). Antioxidant and cytotoxic flavonoids from the flowers of Melastoma malabathricum L. Food Chemistry, 103(3): 710-716.
Thamilselvan, S., Khan, S.R. and Menon, M. (2003). Oxalate and calcium oxalate mediated free radical toxicity in renal epithelial cells: Effect of antioxidants. Urological Research, 31(1): 3-9.
Thimm, J.C., Burritt, D.J., Sims, I.M., Newman, R.H., Ducker, W.A. and Melton, L.D. (2002). Celery (Apium graveolens) parenchyma cell walls: cell walls with minimal xyloglucan. Physiologia Plantarum, 116(2): 164-171.
Toker, G., Kupeli, E., Memisoglu, M. and Yesilada, E. (2004). Flavonoids with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities from the leaves of Tilia argentea (silver linden). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2-3): 393-397.
Wong, R.Y.Y. and Kitts, D. (2006). Studies on the dual antioxidant and antibacterial properties of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extracts. Food Chemistry, 97: 505-515.
Xu, H., Zisman, A.L., Coe, F.L. and Worcester, E.M. (2013). Kidney stones: an update on current pharmacological management and future directions. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 14(4): 435-447.
Yarnell, E. (2002). Botanical medicines for the urinary tract. World Journal of Urology, 20(5): 285-293.
Yoshihara, H., Yamaguchi, S. and Yachiku, S. (1999). Effect of sex hormones on oxalate-synthesizing enzymes in male and female rat livers. The Journal of Urology, 161(2): 668-673.
Yoshioka, I., Tsujihata, M., Akanae, W., Nonomura, N. and Okuyama, A. (2011). Angiotensin type-1 receptor blocker candesartan inhibits calcium oxalate crystal deposition in ethylene glycol-treated rat kidneys. Urology, 77(4): 1007.e9-1007.e14.
Zidorn, C., Johrer, K., Ganzera, M., Schubert, B., Sigmund, E.M., Mader, J., et al. (2005). Polyacetylenes from the apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(7): 2518-2523.
_||_
