بررسی غلظت‌های روی، سرب، کادمیوم و مس در گندم و نان مصرفی در شهر همدان

الموضوعات :

سامان کیان‌پور ¹ , سهیل سبحان اردکانی ²

1 - دانش‌‌ آموخته کارشناسی ارشد محیط‌‌زیست، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه محیط‌زیست، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران

تاريخ الإرسال : 29 الأربعاء , محرم, 1437 تاريخ التأكيد : 25 السبت , ذو الحجة, 1438 تاريخ الإصدار : 04 الجمعة , ربيع الثاني, 1439

الکلمات المفتاحية: گندم, همدان, فلزات سنگین, نان,

ملخص المقالة :

با گسترش آلاینده ‌‌های محیطی و به ‌‌تبع آن ورود آن‌‌ها به زنجیر غذایی، بررسی در مورد انواع آلودگی و بهداشت مواد غذایی حائز اهمیت است. لذا، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی محتوی عناصر روی، سرب، کادمیوم و مس در محصول گندم و نان مصرفی شهر همدان در سال 1393 انجام یافت. بدین منظور 4 مزرعه کشت گندم و 4 نانوایی پخت انواع نان لواش، بربری، سنگک و فرانسوی انتخاب و نمونه‌‌ برداری از آن‌ ‌ها مطابق روش استاندارد انجام شد. پس از انجام مراحل آماده‌‌سازی نمونه‌‌‌ها به‌روش هضم اسیدی، غلظت عناصر در آن‌ها توسط دستگاه نشر اتمی (ICP) در 3 تکرار خوانده شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین غلظت عناصر روی، سرب، کادمیوم و مس در نمونه‌های نان بر حسب میلی‌‌گرم در کیلوگرم برابر با 48/2 ± 47/5، 04/0 ± 06/0، 36/0 ± 92/0 و 14/0 ± 57/1 و در نمونه‌ ‌های گندم بر حسب میلی‌‌گرم در کیلوگرم برابر با 34/1 ± 93/4، 16/0 ± 17/0، 55/0 ± 92/0 و 31/0 ± 02/1 بود. از طرفی نتایج بیان‌‌ گر آن بود که میانگین غلظت عناصر روی، سرب و مس کم‌ ‌تر و میانگین غلظت عنصر کادمیوم بیش‌‌ تر از حد مجاز WHO است. از این‌‌‌رو، آلودگی محصول گندم و نان مصرفی شهر همدان به‌‌دلایلی همچون استفاده طولانی‌‌مدت و بی‌‌ رویه از نهاده‌ ‌های کشاورزی به‌ ‌ویژه کودهای فسفاته و فاضلاب شهری برای آبیاری، استقرار مزارع در مجاوت صنایع و جاده‌های مواصلاتی می‌‌ تواند تبعات بهداشتی غیرقابل جبرانی برای مصرف‌‌ کنندگان به‌دنبال داشته باشد.

المصادر:

 

• • Abdollahi, M., Mohammadi, F., Houshiar-Rad, A., HajiFaragi, M. and Esfarjani, F. (2011). Shares of energy and nutrients intake from subsidized food items in Iranian households in different socio-economic status. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, 6(1): 43–56. [In Persian]


• • Alam, M.G., Snow, E.T. and Tanaka, A. (2003). Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown in Samta village, Bangladesh. Science of the Total Environment, 308(1-3): 83–96.


• • Apau, J., Acheampong, A., Appiah, J.A. and Ansong, E. (2014). Levels and health risk assessment of heavy metals in tubers from markets in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana. International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(9): 534–539.


• • Bahmanyar, M.A. (2008). The impact of use of wastewater in crops irrigation on some heavy metals content in soil and plants. Journal of Environmental Studies, 44: 19–26. [In Persian]


• • Beigi Harchegani, H.and Banitalebi G. (2013). The effect of twenty-three years of surface irrigation with treated municipality wastewater on soil loadings, transfer to wheat and corn grains, and related health risks of some heavy metals.Journal of Water and Soil, 27(3): 570–580. [In Persian]


• • Bigdeli, M., Seilsepour, M. (2008). Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 4(1): 86–92.


• • Dobaradaran, S., Afrasyabi, E., Sobhani T. and Khorsand, M. (2013). Investigation of Cd, Co and Cu in cultivated wheat and consumed rice in Bushehr City. 16thNational Conference on Environmental Health, Tabriz, Iran, p. 2. [In Persian]


• • Fathi, G. and Enayat Gholozadeh, M.R. (2009). The effect of Fe, Zn and Cu micronutrient fertilizers on the growth and function of barley varieties on weather conditions of Khozestan Province, Crop Physiology Journal, 1(1): 26–39. [In Persian]


• • Fu, Q.L., Liu, Y., Li, L. and Achal, V. (2014). A survey on the heavy metal contents in Chinese traditional egg products and their potential health risk assessment. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance, 7(2): 99–105.


• • Golshahi, A. (2010). Spatial distribution of Cd, Zn and V in surface soil and their accumulation in a number of agricultural crops in Hamedan Province. M.Sc. Thesis, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran. [In Persian]


• • Gracey, J.F., Collins, D.S. and Huey, R.J. (1999). Meat Hygiene. 10^th Edition. New York, WB Saunders & Co.  


• • Harmankaya, M., Ozcan, M.M. and Gezgin, S. (2012). Variation of heavy metal and micro and macro element concentrations of bread and durum wheats and their relationship in grain of Turkish wheat cultivars. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(9): 5511–5521.


• • Hodgson, E. (2010). A Textbook of Modern Toxicology, 4th Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New Jersey, p. 672.


• • Iwegbue, C.M.A. (2011). Concentrations of selected metals in candies and chocolates consumed in southern Nigeria. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance, 4(1): 22–27.


• • Jahed Khaniki, G.R., Yunesian, M., Mahvi, A.H. and Nazmara, Sh. (2005). Trace metal contaminants in Iranian flat breads. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences, 1(4): 301–303.


• • Jawad, I. and Allafaji, S.H. (2012). The levels of trace metals contaminants in wheat grains, flours and breads in Iraq. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(10): 88–92.


• • JECFA. (2003). Summary and conclusions of the 61st Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. JECFA/61/Sc: Rome, Italy.


• • Kabata-Pendias, A. (2010). Trace elements in soils and plants (Fourth Edition). CRC Press, New York, p. 548.


• • Karami, M., Afyuni, M., Rezaee Nejad, Y. and Khosh Goftarmanesh, A. (2009). Cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge on zinc and copper concentration in soil and wheat. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 12(46): 639–654. [In Persian]


• • Khab Nadideh, S., Mokhari Fard, A., Nam Avar Jahromi, B. and Malek Pour, M.B. (2004). Determination of Pb content in bread components of region 5 of Shiraz City in 2001. Hakim Health Systems Research Journal, 7(2): 17–21. [In Persian]


• • Kirchmann, H., Mattsson, L. and Eriksson, J. (2009). Trace element concentration in wheat grain: results from the Swedish long-term soil fertility experiments and national monitoring program. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31(5): 561–571.


• • Li, P., Wang, X., Zhang, T., Zhou, D. He, Y. (2008). Effect of several amendments on rice growth and uptake of copper and cadmium from a contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(4): 449–455.


• • Malakouti, M.J. and Davoodi, M.H. (2004). Zinc in Agriculture, "The Forgotten Element in the Life Cycle of Plants, Animals and Humans", Sana Publications, Tehran, p. 220. [In Persian]


• • Marschner, H. (2011). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (Third Edition). Academic Press, New York, p. 672.


• • Massa, N., Andreucci, F., Poli, M., Aceto, M., Barbato, R and Berta, G. (2010). Screening for heavy metal accumulators amongst autochtonous plants in a polluted site in Italy. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73(8): 1988–1997.


• • Mohajer, R., Salehi, M. and Mohammadi, J. (2014). Lead and cadmium concentration in agricultural crops (lettuce, cabbage, beetroot, and onion) of Isfahan Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 7(1): 1–10. [In Persian]


• • Mulla, D.J., Page, A.L. and Ganje, T.J. (1980). Cadmium accumulations and bioavailability in soils from long-term phosphorus fertilization. Journal of Environmental Quality, 9(3): 408–412.


• • Naghipour, D., Amouei, A. and Nazmara, Sh. (2014). A comparative evaluation of heavy metals in the different breads in Iran: A case study of Rasht City. Health Scope, 3(4): e18175.


• • Rahimi, M. (2013). Survey of Cd content and its distribution in predominant soil series under wheat cultivation in the Hamedan province, M.Sc. Thesis, Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran. [In Persian]


• • Rahmani, H.R., Kalbasi, M. and Haj Rasouliha, S. (2000). Plant pollution from lead produced by automobile exhaust system near certain high ways of Iran. Journal of Environmental Studies, 26(3): 77–83. [In Persian]


• • Samargandi, M.R., Karimpour, M. and Sadri, Gh. (1999). Determination of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated with polluted water to these metals in vicinity of Hamedan City in 1996. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 7(1): 45–53. [in Persian]


• • Sobhanardakani, S. and Jafari, S.M. (2014). Assessment of heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) in different tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) caught from Shirinsu Wetland, Western Iran. Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 4(2): 47–54.


• • Sobhanardakani, S., Talebiani, S. and Maanijou, M. (2014a). Evaluation of As, Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations in groundwater resources of Toyserkan Plain and preparing the zoning map using GIS. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 24(114): 120–129. [In Persian]


• • Sobhanardakani, S., Jamali, S. and Maanijou, M. (2014b). Evaluation of As, Zn, Cr and Mn concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan Plain and preparation of zoning map using GIS. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(2): 25–38. [In Persian]


• • Sobhanardakani, M., Maanijou, H. and Asadi, H. (2015). Investigation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Mg concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan Plain. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 21(4): 319–329. [In Persian]


• • Stefanovic, V.Z., Filipovic, N.K. and Jovanovic, B.M. (2008). Undesirable metals content in wheat of different wheat varieties. Acta Periodica Technologica, 39: 69–76.


• • Turkmen, M., Turkmen, A., Tepe, Y., Tore, Y. and Ates, A. (2009). Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Food Chemistry, 113: 233–237.


• • Zhu, F., Wang, X. and Fan, W. (2013). Assessment of potential health risk for arsenic and heavy metals in some herbal flowers and their infusions consumed in China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(5): 3909–3916.


• • Zolfaghari, M. (2013). Investigation of heavy metals contents in Barbari, Taftoon and Lavash bread in Tehran City, M.Sc. Thesis, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. [In Persian]