پویایی بانک بذر علف های هرز تحت تأثیر سیستم های مختلف خاک‌ورزی و کاربرد علف کش در مزارع ذرت (.Zea mays L)
الموضوعات : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیمحمدجواد جمالزاده جهرمی 1 , فرود بذرافشان 2 , امید علیزاده 3 , مهدی زارع 4 , عبدالله بحرانی 5
1 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد فیروزآباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فیروزآباد، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد فیروزآباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فیروزآباد، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
4 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد فیروزآباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فیروزآباد، ایران
5 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد رامهرمز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رامهرمز، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: ذرت, خاک‌ورزی, علف های هرز, علف کش, بانک بذر,
ملخص المقالة :
به منظور ارزیابی تأثیر سیستم‌های مختلف خاک ورزی و کاربرد علف کش بر تراکم بذر علف‌های هرز و عملکرد ذرت، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با پنج تکرار در سال های 1396 و 1397 انجام شد. فاکتور اصلی خاک‌ورزی در سه سطح شامل خاک‌ورزی رایج، کم خاک‌ورزی و بی‌خاک‌ورزی و فاکتور فرعی کاربرد علف کش در دو سطح با علف کش و بی علف‌کش بود. بررسی بانک بذر پس از برداشت ذرت در پاییز 1396، در تیمار شاهد بدون علف کش نشان داد که بذرهای تاج خروس Amaranthus retroflexus، سلمه تره Chenepodium album، چسبک Setaria viridis، قیاق Sorghum halepense، خردل وحشی Portulaca oleracea، پیچک Convulvulus arvensis، پنیرک Malva neglecta، خاکشیر تلخ Descurainia sophia و کاهوی وحشی Lactuca serriola به طور معنی‌داری در سیستم بی‌خاک‌ورزی نسبت به کم خاک‌ورزی و خاک‌ورزی رایج بیشتر بود. میانگین تعداد بذر یولاف وحشی Avena ludveciana در کم خاک ورزی و بی‌خاک‌ورزی در مقایسه با خاک ورزی رایج به طور معنی داری کاهش یافت. در تیمارهای سم پاشی شده، بذرهای قیاق Sorghum halepense، پیچک Convulvulus arvensis و پنیرک Malva neglecta در بی‌خاک‌ورزی به طور معنی داری بیشتر از خاک‌ورزی رایج و کم خاک‌ورزی بود. در هر کدام از سیستم‌های خاک‌ورزی علف کش نیکوسولفورون در میزان 2 لیتر در هکتار بیشترین تأثیر بر افزایش عملکرد دانه داشت. به طورکلی، سیستم بی‌خاک‌ورزی طی دو سال منجر به تجمع علف‌های هرز در قسمت قشر سطحی خاک و افزایش تراکم علف های هرز چند ساله در خاک شد.
Abbas, A., A. Khaliq, M. Saqib, M.Z. Majeed, S. Ullah, and M. Haroon. 2019. Influence of tillage systems and selective herbicides on weed management and productivity of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa). Planta Daninha. 37: 1-14.
Aguilar, V., C. Staver, and P. Milberg. 2003. Weed vegetation response to chemical and manual selective ground cover management in a shaded coffee plantation. Weed Research. 43: 68-75.
Alarcón, R., E. Hernandez Plaza, L. Navarrete, M.J. Sánchez, A. Escudero, J.L. Hernanz, V. Sánchez-Giron, and A.M. Sánchez. 2018. Effects of no-tillage and non-inversion tillage on weed community diversity and crop yield over nine years in a Mediterranean cereal-legume cropland. Soil Tillage Research. 179: 54–72.
Albrecht, H., and B. Sprenger. 2008. Long-term effects of reduced tillage on the populations of arable weeds "In Perspectives for agroecosystem management. pp. 237-256.
Armengot, L, A. Berner, J.M. Blanco-Moreno, P. Mäder, and F. X Sans. 2015. Long-term feasibility of reduced tillage in organic farming. Agronomy, Sustainble, Development. 35: 339–346.
Armengot, L., J.M. Blanco-Moreno, P. Bàrbieri, G. Bocci, S. Carlesi, R. Aendekerk, A. Berner, F. Celette, M. Grosse, H. Huiting, A. Kranzler, A. Luik, P. Mäder, J. Peigné, E. Stoll, P. Delfosse, W. Sukkel, A. Surböck, S. Westaway, and F.X. Sans. 2016. Tillage as a driver of change in weed communities: a functional perspective. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. 222: 276–285.
Auskalniene, O., and A. Auskalnis. 2009. The influence of tillage system on diversities of soil weed seed bank. Agronomy Research. 7: 156-161.
Bernstein, E.R., D.E. Stoltenberg, J.L. Posner, and J. Hedtcke. 2014. Weed Community dynamics and suppression in tilled and no-tillage transitional organic winter rye–soybean systems. Weed Science. 62:125–137.
Blackshaw, R.E., F.J. Larney, C.W. Lindwall, P.R. Watson, and D.A. Derksen. 2001. Tillage intensity and crop rotation affect weed community dynamics in a winter cropping system. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 81: 805-813.
Cardina, J., C.P. Herms, and D.J. Doohan. 2002. Crop rotation and tillage system effects on weed seedbank. Weed Science. 50: 448- 460.
Das, T.K., and N.T. Yaduraju. 2011. Effects of missing-row sowing supplemented with row spacing and nitrogen on weed competition and growth and yield of wheat. Crop and Pasture Science. 62: 48–57.
Ebrahimian, E., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, S. Khorramdel, and A. Behesti. 2016. The effect of tillage and wheat residue management on nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen harvest index in wheat. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 21(2): 233-239.
Feledyn, D., J. Smagacz., C. A. Kwaitkowski., and E. Harasim. 2020. Weed flora and soil seed bank composition as affected by tillage system in three-year crop rotation. 10(5): 186-197.
Fried, G., E. Kazakou, and S. Gaba. 2012. Trajectories of weed communities explained by traits associated with species’ response to management practices. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment. 158: 147–155.
Forcella, F. 1992. Prediction of weed seedling densities from buried seed reserves. Weed Research. 32, 29-38.
Gaba, S., R. Perronne, G. Fried, A. Gardarin, F. Bretagnolle, L. Biju-Duval, N. Colbach, S. Cordeau, M. Fernandez-Aparicio, C. Gauvritan, and S. Gibot-:eclerc. 2017. Response and effect traits of arable weeds in agro-ecosystems: a review of current knowledge. Weed Research. 57: 123-147.
Hanifepey, M., and M.R. Bihamta. 2017. Genetic analysis of quantitive traits using SAS software. Research and Innovation Center of Etka Organization. 550p.
Karaminejad, M.R., M.H. Hadizadeh, and E. Zand. 2018. Chemical weed control in single cross maize 704 inbred lines. Journal of Weed Science. 14(2). 117-128. (In Persian).
Kaur, T., and L.S. Brar. 2014. Residual effect of wheat applied sulfonylurea herbicides on succeeding crops as affected by soil pH. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 46: 241-243.
Kovach, D.A., D.C. Thill and F.L. Young. 1988. A water-spray system for removing seed from soil. Weed Technology. 2: 338-341.
Mohammad-Mobarak, H., M. Begum, A, Hashem, M. Moshiour, A. Hadifa, and R.W. Bell. 2021. Strip tillage and crop residue retention decrease the size but increase the diversity of the weed seed bank under intensive rice-based crop rotations in Bangladesh. 11(6): 1164.
Mohler, C.L., B.A. Caldwell, C.A. Marschner, S. Cordeau, Q. Maqsood, M.R. Ryan, and A. DiTommaso. 2018. Weed seedbank and weed biomass dynamics in a long-term organic vegetable cropping systems experiment. Weed Science. 66: 611–626.
Murphy, S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Belaoussoff, P.G. Kevan, and C.J. Swanton. 2006. Promotion of weed species diversity and reduction of weed seedbanks with conservation tillage and crop rotation. Weed Science. 54: 69-77.
Refsell, D.E, and R.G. Hartzler. 2009. Effect of tillage on common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) emergence and vertical distribution of seed in the soil. Weed Technology. 23: 129-133.
Skuodiene, R., D. Karcauskiene, S. Ciuberkis, R. Repsiene, and D. Ambrazaitiene. 2013. The influence of primary soil tillage on soil weed seed bank and weed incidence in a cereal-grass crop rotation. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 100: 25–32.
Sosnoskie, L.M., C.P. Herms, and J. Cardina. 2006. Weed seedbank community composition in a 35-yr-old tillage and rotation experiment. Weed Science. 54: 263-273.
Torresen, K.S., and R. Skuterud. 2002. Plant protection in spring cereal production with reduced tillage. III. Cereal diseases. Crop Protection. 21: 195-201.
Vanasse, A., and G.D. Leroux. 2000. Floristic diversity, size, and vertical distribution of the weed seed bank in ridge and conventional tillage systems. Weed Science. 48: 454-460.
Zewdie, K., R. Suwanketnikom, S. Chinawong, C. Suwannarat, S. Juntakool and V. Vichukit. 2004. Weed population dynamics as influenced by tillage, fertilizer and weed management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems of central Ethiopia. Kasetsart Journal- Natural Science. 38: 290-304.
_||_Abbas, A., A. Khaliq, M. Saqib, M.Z. Majeed, S. Ullah, and M. Haroon. 2019. Influence of tillage systems and selective herbicides on weed management and productivity of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa). Planta Daninha. 37: 1-14.
Aguilar, V., C. Staver, and P. Milberg. 2003. Weed vegetation response to chemical and manual selective ground cover management in a shaded coffee plantation. Weed Research. 43: 68-75.
Alarcón, R., E. Hernandez Plaza, L. Navarrete, M.J. Sánchez, A. Escudero, J.L. Hernanz, V. Sánchez-Giron, and A.M. Sánchez. 2018. Effects of no-tillage and non-inversion tillage on weed community diversity and crop yield over nine years in a Mediterranean cereal-legume cropland. Soil Tillage Research. 179: 54–72.
Albrecht, H., and B. Sprenger. 2008. Long-term effects of reduced tillage on the populations of arable weeds "In Perspectives for agroecosystem management. pp. 237-256.
Armengot, L, A. Berner, J.M. Blanco-Moreno, P. Mäder, and F. X Sans. 2015. Long-term feasibility of reduced tillage in organic farming. Agronomy, Sustainble, Development. 35: 339–346.
Armengot, L., J.M. Blanco-Moreno, P. Bàrbieri, G. Bocci, S. Carlesi, R. Aendekerk, A. Berner, F. Celette, M. Grosse, H. Huiting, A. Kranzler, A. Luik, P. Mäder, J. Peigné, E. Stoll, P. Delfosse, W. Sukkel, A. Surböck, S. Westaway, and F.X. Sans. 2016. Tillage as a driver of change in weed communities: a functional perspective. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. 222: 276–285.
Auskalniene, O., and A. Auskalnis. 2009. The influence of tillage system on diversities of soil weed seed bank. Agronomy Research. 7: 156-161.
Bernstein, E.R., D.E. Stoltenberg, J.L. Posner, and J. Hedtcke. 2014. Weed Community dynamics and suppression in tilled and no-tillage transitional organic winter rye–soybean systems. Weed Science. 62:125–137.
Blackshaw, R.E., F.J. Larney, C.W. Lindwall, P.R. Watson, and D.A. Derksen. 2001. Tillage intensity and crop rotation affect weed community dynamics in a winter cropping system. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 81: 805-813.
Cardina, J., C.P. Herms, and D.J. Doohan. 2002. Crop rotation and tillage system effects on weed seedbank. Weed Science. 50: 448- 460.
Das, T.K., and N.T. Yaduraju. 2011. Effects of missing-row sowing supplemented with row spacing and nitrogen on weed competition and growth and yield of wheat. Crop and Pasture Science. 62: 48–57.
Ebrahimian, E., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, S. Khorramdel, and A. Behesti. 2016. The effect of tillage and wheat residue management on nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen harvest index in wheat. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 21(2): 233-239.
Feledyn, D., J. Smagacz., C. A. Kwaitkowski., and E. Harasim. 2020. Weed flora and soil seed bank composition as affected by tillage system in three-year crop rotation. 10(5): 186-197.
Fried, G., E. Kazakou, and S. Gaba. 2012. Trajectories of weed communities explained by traits associated with species’ response to management practices. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment. 158: 147–155.
Forcella, F. 1992. Prediction of weed seedling densities from buried seed reserves. Weed Research. 32, 29-38.
Gaba, S., R. Perronne, G. Fried, A. Gardarin, F. Bretagnolle, L. Biju-Duval, N. Colbach, S. Cordeau, M. Fernandez-Aparicio, C. Gauvritan, and S. Gibot-:eclerc. 2017. Response and effect traits of arable weeds in agro-ecosystems: a review of current knowledge. Weed Research. 57: 123-147.
Hanifepey, M., and M.R. Bihamta. 2017. Genetic analysis of quantitive traits using SAS software. Research and Innovation Center of Etka Organization. 550p.
Karaminejad, M.R., M.H. Hadizadeh, and E. Zand. 2018. Chemical weed control in single cross maize 704 inbred lines. Journal of Weed Science. 14(2). 117-128. (In Persian).
Kaur, T., and L.S. Brar. 2014. Residual effect of wheat applied sulfonylurea herbicides on succeeding crops as affected by soil pH. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 46: 241-243.
Kovach, D.A., D.C. Thill and F.L. Young. 1988. A water-spray system for removing seed from soil. Weed Technology. 2: 338-341.
Mohammad-Mobarak, H., M. Begum, A, Hashem, M. Moshiour, A. Hadifa, and R.W. Bell. 2021. Strip tillage and crop residue retention decrease the size but increase the diversity of the weed seed bank under intensive rice-based crop rotations in Bangladesh. 11(6): 1164.
Mohler, C.L., B.A. Caldwell, C.A. Marschner, S. Cordeau, Q. Maqsood, M.R. Ryan, and A. DiTommaso. 2018. Weed seedbank and weed biomass dynamics in a long-term organic vegetable cropping systems experiment. Weed Science. 66: 611–626.
Murphy, S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Belaoussoff, P.G. Kevan, and C.J. Swanton. 2006. Promotion of weed species diversity and reduction of weed seedbanks with conservation tillage and crop rotation. Weed Science. 54: 69-77.
Refsell, D.E, and R.G. Hartzler. 2009. Effect of tillage on common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) emergence and vertical distribution of seed in the soil. Weed Technology. 23: 129-133.
Skuodiene, R., D. Karcauskiene, S. Ciuberkis, R. Repsiene, and D. Ambrazaitiene. 2013. The influence of primary soil tillage on soil weed seed bank and weed incidence in a cereal-grass crop rotation. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 100: 25–32.
Sosnoskie, L.M., C.P. Herms, and J. Cardina. 2006. Weed seedbank community composition in a 35-yr-old tillage and rotation experiment. Weed Science. 54: 263-273.
Torresen, K.S., and R. Skuterud. 2002. Plant protection in spring cereal production with reduced tillage. III. Cereal diseases. Crop Protection. 21: 195-201.
Vanasse, A., and G.D. Leroux. 2000. Floristic diversity, size, and vertical distribution of the weed seed bank in ridge and conventional tillage systems. Weed Science. 48: 454-460.
Zewdie, K., R. Suwanketnikom, S. Chinawong, C. Suwannarat, S. Juntakool and V. Vichukit. 2004. Weed population dynamics as influenced by tillage, fertilizer and weed management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems of central Ethiopia. Kasetsart Journal- Natural Science. 38: 290-304.
