اثر کود نیتروژنه بر برخی ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیک و آنتی‌اکسیدانت گل همیشه بهار در رژیم‌های آبیاری
الموضوعات :
اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
افسانه پیرمانی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری زراعت،واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران.)
تورج میر محمودی
2
(استادیار گروه زراعت، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران.)
سوران شرفی
3
(استادیار گروه زراعت، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران)
سامان یزدان ستا
4
(استادیار گروه زراعت، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران)
تاريخ الإرسال : 22 السبت , محرم, 1441
تاريخ التأكيد : 03 الأحد , رمضان, 1441
تاريخ الإصدار : 03 السبت , محرم, 1442
الکلمات المفتاحية:
شاخص سطح برگ,
کلروفیل,
کم‌آبی,
آنتی اکسیدانت,
ملخص المقالة :
بررسی اثرات سطوح کود نیتروژنه بر برخی ویژگی های مورفوفیزیولوژیک و آنتی اکسیدانت گل همیشه بهار در دورهای مختلف آبیاری طی آزمایشی به‌صورت اسپیلت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در دوسال زراعی 96-1395 در ایستگاه کشاورزی ساعتلوی ارومیه انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل دور آبیاری در چهار سطح (آبیاری بعد از 5، 10، 15 و 20 روز) و مصرف کود نیتروژنه در چهار سطح (صفر: شاهد، 80، 160 و 240 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بودند. تجزیه واریانس داده‌ها نشان داد که اثر دور آبیاری بر کلیه صفات موردبررسی معنی‌دار بود. بین سطوح کود نیتروژنه از لحاظ اثر بر کلیه صفات به‌غیر از محتوی پرولین اختلاف معنی‌دار دیده شد. اثر متقابل دو تیمار نیز بر شاخص سطح برگ، ضریب هدایت روزنه ای، محتوی کلروفیل b، درصد و عملکرد اسانس معنی دار بود. در این تحقیق، با افزایش تعداد روزهای دور آبیاری از 5 به 20 روز محتوی آب نسبی برگ، کلروفیلa، کارتنوئید و عملکرد خشک گل به ترتیب 64/36، 27/35، 31/24 و 77/45 درصد کاهش و محتوی پرولین، فعالیت کاتالاز، سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و مالون دی آلدهید به ترتیب 72/24، 04/33، 51/35 و 86/20 درصد افزایش نشان دادند. در بین سطوح کود نیتروژنه نیز استفاده از160 کیلوگرم در هکتار در مقایسه با شاهد، محتوی آب نسبی برگ، کلروفیلa، کارتنوئید و عملکرد خشک گل را به ترتیب 18/16، 24/4 و 68/23 درصد افزایش و فعالیت کاتالاز، سوپراکسید دسموتاز و مالون دی آلدهید را به ترتیب 10/18، 23/21، 69/29 و 26/28درصد کاهش داد. بالاترین شاخص سطح برگ، ضریب هدایت روزنه ای، کلروفیل b به کاربرد 160 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژنه و دور آبیاری بعد از 5 روز و بالاترین درصد اسانس گل و عملکرد اسانس نیز به کاربرد 160 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژنه و دور آبیاری بعد از 10 روز اختصاص یافت. جهت دستیابی به حداکثر خصوصیات کیفی مناسب در گل همیشه بهار دور آبیاری 10 روزه و کاربرد 160 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژنه در شرایط اقلیمی مشابه این آزمایش می تواند مد نظر قرار گیرد.
المصادر:
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· Ameri, A., M. Nassiri, and P. Rezvani1. 2010. Effects of different nitrogen levels and plant density on flower, essential oils and extract production and nitrogen use efficiency of marigold (Calendula officinalis). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 5(2): 315-325. (In Persian).
· Amini, Z., R. Hadad, and F. Moradi. 2009. The effect of water deficit stress on antioxidant enzymes during generative growth stages in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 12(46): 65-74.
· Amiri, M., S. Mansourifar, K. Sadat Asilan, and H. Heydari. 2015. Effect of irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield and pigment content. Plant Products. 83(4): 71-80. (In Persian).
· Anderson, V.M. 2013. Calendula officinalis and production of secondary compounds in greenhouse and soil-based herbal organic production systems. Ph.D. Thesis in Plant and Soil Sciences University of Kentucky. Paper 26.
· Bahavar, N., A. Ebadi, A. Tobeh, and S. H. Jamati Somarin. 2009. Effects of nitrogen application on growth of irrigated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress in hydroponics conditions. Research Journal ofEnvironmental Sciences. 3(4): 448-455.
· Bannayan, M., F. Nadjafi, M. Azizi, L. Tabrizi, and M. Rastgoo. 2008. Yield and seed quality of Plantago ovata and Nigella sativa under different irrigation treatments. Industrial Crops and Products. 27: 11-16.
· Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldren, and I.D. Teare. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for waterstress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
· Bowler, C., L. Slooten, S. Vandenbranden, R. De Rycke, J. BottermanSybesma, M. van Montagu, and D. Inzé. 1991. Manganese superoxide dismutase can reduce cellular damage mediated by oxygen radicals in transgenic plants. The EMBO Journal. 10: 1723-1732.
· Britton, C., and A. Mehley. 1955. Assay of catalase and peroxidase. Methods in Enzymology. 2: 764-775.
· Chaves, M. 2002. Water stress in the regulation of photosynthesis in the field. Annals of Botany. 89:907-916.
· Chegah, S., M. Chehrazi, and M. Albaji. 2013. Effects of drought stress on growth and development Frankenia plant (Frankenia Leavis). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 19: 659-665.
· Diego, A.M., G. Vı´llora, and L. Romero. 2003. Variations in fruit micronutrient contents associated with fertilization of cucumber with macronutrients. Scientia Horticulture. 97: 121–127.
· Franz, C.H. 1983. Nutrient and water management for medicinal and aromatic plants. Acta Horticulturae. 132: 203-216.
· Fronza, M., B. Heinzmann, M. Hamburger, and S. Laufer. 2009. Determination of the wound healing effect of calendula extracts using the scratch assay with 3T3 fibroblasts. Edmonton Journal. 12(3): 463-477.
· Ghanbari, A.A., M.R. Shakiba, M. Toorchi, and A. Choukan. 2013. Morpho-physiological responses of common bean leaf to water deficit stress. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 3(1): 487-492.
· Hamzehi, J., and M. Babaie. 2016. Reaction of morphological traits, yield components and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) to integrated management of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 9(4): 17-35. (In Persian).
· Heath, R.L., and L. Packer. 1969. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 125: 189–198.
Hemmati, Kh., A. Ebadi, S. Khomari, and M. Sedghi. 2018. The Response of Pot Marigold Plant (Calendula officinalis L.) to Ascorbic Acid and Brassinosteroid under Drought Stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysioloy. 12(2):191- 210.
· Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to plant physiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, USA. pp: 464.
· Inanloufar, M., H. Omidi, and A.R. Paski. 2013. Morphological, agronomic and oil content of purple oil (Portulaca Oleracea L.) affecting drought and nitrogen biological/chemical fertilizer. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 4(48): 170-184. (In Persian).
· Jafarzadeh, L., H. Omidi, and A. Bastani. 2014. Effect of drought stress and bio-fertilizer on flower yield, photosynthesis pigments and proline content of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29(3): 666-680. (In Persian).
· Jafarzadeh, L., H. Omidi, and D. Jafari. 2010. The effect of drought stress on vegetative grouth, essential oil and proline content of Calendula officinalis L. 4th International Conference of Biology, Iran. 1261-1262. (In Persian).
· Jajarmi, V. 2009. Effect of water stress on germination indices in seven wheat cultivar. World Academi Science Engineering Technology. 49; 105-106. In vitro evaluation of osmotic stress tolerance using a novel root recovery assay. Plant and Cell. 95(1): 101-106.
· Jeyaramraja, P.R., S.N. Meenakshi, R.S. Kumar, S.D. Joshi, and B. Ramasubramanian. 2005. Water deficit induced oxidative damage in tea (Camelia sinensis) plants. Plant Physiology. 162: 413-419.
· Khan, M.M., and Z.M. Azam. 2007. Change in theessential oil conostiuents of Foeniculum vulgare in relation of basal and foliar afflication of nitrogenand phosphrus. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 11: 2205 - 515.
· Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1994. Chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments of photosynthetic Biol. Memberance. Method in Enzymology. 148: 350-382.
· Lima, A.L.S., F.M. DaMatta, H.A. Pinheiro, M.R. Totola, and M.E. Loureiro. 2002. Photochemical responses and oxidative stress in two clones of Coffea canephora under water deficit conditions. Environmental andExperimental Botany .47: 239-247.
· Majidian, M., A. Ghalavand, N.A. Karimian, and A.A. Kamkar Haghighi. 2008. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, manure and irrigation water on yield and yield components of maize. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 1(2): 67-85. (In Persian).
· Malakoti, M.J., and M. Homaei. 2003. Prodouctivity of soils in dry and semidry area, problems and solutions. Tarbiat Modares University Press, 494 p. (In Persian).
· Moghadasan, Sh., A. Safipour Afshar, and F. Saeid Nematpour. 2015. The role of mycorrhiza in drought tolerance of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 4(34): 521-532. (In Persian).
· Moghimi, N., and Y. Imam. 2013. Morphophysiological characteristics and yield of two forage sorghum cultivars, under water stress and nitrogen levels. Environmental Stresses in Crop Science. 1: 27-36. (In Persian).
· Moosavi, S.G., M. Javad Seghatoleslami, A. Fazeli-Rostampoor, and Z. Jouyban. 2014. Response of marigold flower yield and yield components to water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Ornamental Plants. 4(3): 153-162. (In Persian).
· Moradi, R., and N. Pourghasemian. 2018. Effect of salicylic acid application on mitigating impacts of drought stress in marigold (Calendula officinalis L). Water and Soil Science. 28(2): 15-28. (In Persian).
· Omidbeigi, R. 2000. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Volume I, Second Edition, Tarahan Publication, 424 pp (In Persian).
· Pazoki, A.S., H.R. Tavakoli, and A. Rashidi. 2016. Evaluation of yield, yield components and essential oil of Calendula officinalis L. using nitrogen and vermicompost. Agriculture Science. 10(3): 629-644. (In Persian).
· Rahmani, N., J. Daneshian, S.A.R. Valadabadi, and M. Bigdeli. 2009. Effects of water deficit stress and application of nitrogen on yeld and growth characteristics of calendula (Calendula officinalis L). Iranian of Journal Field Crops Research. 7(2): 443-450. (In Persian).
· Ramirez-Vallejo, P., and J.D. Kelly. 1998. Traits related to drought resistance in common bean. Euphytica. 99: 127-136.
· Rathke, G.W., T. Behrens, and W. Diepenbrock. 2006. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 117: 80-108.
· Rodriguez, P., A. Torrecillas, M.A. Morales, M.F. Ortuno, and M.J. Blanco. 2005. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 113-123.
· Ruiz-Sanchez, M., E. Armada, Y. Munoz, I.E. Garcia de Salamone, R. Aroca, J.M. Ruiz-Lozano, and R. Azcon. 2011. Azospirillum and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization enhance rice growth and physiological traits under well-watered and drought conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 1031-1037.
· Safikhani, F. 2007. Effects of drought stress on yield and quality of medicinal plants Deracocephalum moldavica L. under field conditions. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ahvaz. (In Persian).
· Samsam Shariat, H. 2005. Selection of medicinal plants. Manny Publications. 264 PP.
· Sepehri, A., S.A.M. Modarese Sanavi, B. Qare Riyazi, and Y. Yamini. 2002. Effect of water deficit and different nitrogen rates on growth and development stages, yield and yield component of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 4(3): 184-195. (In Persian).
· Shahrbabaki, S., S. Zoalhasani, and M. Kodory. 2013. Effects of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer on seed and flower yield of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) in the Kerman. Advances in Environmental Biology. 7(13): 3925-3929.
· Shamsi, K. 2010. The effect of drought stress on yield, relative water content, proline, soluble carbohydrate and cholorophyll of bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Animal and Plant. 3: 1051-1060.
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Vodnar, D.C. 2012. Inhibition of listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 on ham steak by tea bioactive compounds incorporated into chitosan-coated plastic films. Chemistry Central Journal. 6: 74-81.
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· Aliabadi Farahani, H., M.H. Lebaschi, A.H. Shiranirad, A.R. Valadabadi, A. Hamidi, and J. Daneshian, 2007. Effects of mycorrhizal fungi, arbuscular, different levels of phosphorus and drought stress on herbal essential oils of coriander. Proceedings the Third Conference on Herbal Medicine, Shahed University, 2-3 November, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
· Ameri, A., M. Nassiri, and P. Rezvani1. 2010. Effects of different nitrogen levels and plant density on flower, essential oils and extract production and nitrogen use efficiency of marigold (Calendula officinalis). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 5(2): 315-325. (In Persian).
· Amini, Z., R. Hadad, and F. Moradi. 2009. The effect of water deficit stress on antioxidant enzymes during generative growth stages in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 12(46): 65-74.
· Amiri, M., S. Mansourifar, K. Sadat Asilan, and H. Heydari. 2015. Effect of irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield and pigment content. Plant Products. 83(4): 71-80. (In Persian).
· Anderson, V.M. 2013. Calendula officinalis and production of secondary compounds in greenhouse and soil-based herbal organic production systems. Ph.D. Thesis in Plant and Soil Sciences University of Kentucky. Paper 26.
· Bahavar, N., A. Ebadi, A. Tobeh, and S. H. Jamati Somarin. 2009. Effects of nitrogen application on growth of irrigated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress in hydroponics conditions. Research Journal ofEnvironmental Sciences. 3(4): 448-455.
· Bannayan, M., F. Nadjafi, M. Azizi, L. Tabrizi, and M. Rastgoo. 2008. Yield and seed quality of Plantago ovata and Nigella sativa under different irrigation treatments. Industrial Crops and Products. 27: 11-16.
· Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldren, and I.D. Teare. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for waterstress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
· Bowler, C., L. Slooten, S. Vandenbranden, R. De Rycke, J. BottermanSybesma, M. van Montagu, and D. Inzé. 1991. Manganese superoxide dismutase can reduce cellular damage mediated by oxygen radicals in transgenic plants. The EMBO Journal. 10: 1723-1732.
· Britton, C., and A. Mehley. 1955. Assay of catalase and peroxidase. Methods in Enzymology. 2: 764-775.
· Chaves, M. 2002. Water stress in the regulation of photosynthesis in the field. Annals of Botany. 89:907-916.
· Chegah, S., M. Chehrazi, and M. Albaji. 2013. Effects of drought stress on growth and development Frankenia plant (Frankenia Leavis). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 19: 659-665.
· Diego, A.M., G. Vı´llora, and L. Romero. 2003. Variations in fruit micronutrient contents associated with fertilization of cucumber with macronutrients. Scientia Horticulture. 97: 121–127.
· Franz, C.H. 1983. Nutrient and water management for medicinal and aromatic plants. Acta Horticulturae. 132: 203-216.
· Fronza, M., B. Heinzmann, M. Hamburger, and S. Laufer. 2009. Determination of the wound healing effect of calendula extracts using the scratch assay with 3T3 fibroblasts. Edmonton Journal. 12(3): 463-477.
· Ghanbari, A.A., M.R. Shakiba, M. Toorchi, and A. Choukan. 2013. Morpho-physiological responses of common bean leaf to water deficit stress. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 3(1): 487-492.
· Hamzehi, J., and M. Babaie. 2016. Reaction of morphological traits, yield components and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) to integrated management of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 9(4): 17-35. (In Persian).
· Heath, R.L., and L. Packer. 1969. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 125: 189–198.
Hemmati, Kh., A. Ebadi, S. Khomari, and M. Sedghi. 2018. The Response of Pot Marigold Plant (Calendula officinalis L.) to Ascorbic Acid and Brassinosteroid under Drought Stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysioloy. 12(2):191- 210.
· Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to plant physiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, USA. pp: 464.
· Inanloufar, M., H. Omidi, and A.R. Paski. 2013. Morphological, agronomic and oil content of purple oil (Portulaca Oleracea L.) affecting drought and nitrogen biological/chemical fertilizer. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 4(48): 170-184. (In Persian).
· Jafarzadeh, L., H. Omidi, and A. Bastani. 2014. Effect of drought stress and bio-fertilizer on flower yield, photosynthesis pigments and proline content of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29(3): 666-680. (In Persian).
· Jafarzadeh, L., H. Omidi, and D. Jafari. 2010. The effect of drought stress on vegetative grouth, essential oil and proline content of Calendula officinalis L. 4th International Conference of Biology, Iran. 1261-1262. (In Persian).
· Jajarmi, V. 2009. Effect of water stress on germination indices in seven wheat cultivar. World Academi Science Engineering Technology. 49; 105-106. In vitro evaluation of osmotic stress tolerance using a novel root recovery assay. Plant and Cell. 95(1): 101-106.
· Jeyaramraja, P.R., S.N. Meenakshi, R.S. Kumar, S.D. Joshi, and B. Ramasubramanian. 2005. Water deficit induced oxidative damage in tea (Camelia sinensis) plants. Plant Physiology. 162: 413-419.
· Khan, M.M., and Z.M. Azam. 2007. Change in theessential oil conostiuents of Foeniculum vulgare in relation of basal and foliar afflication of nitrogenand phosphrus. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 11: 2205 - 515.
· Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1994. Chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments of photosynthetic Biol. Memberance. Method in Enzymology. 148: 350-382.
· Lima, A.L.S., F.M. DaMatta, H.A. Pinheiro, M.R. Totola, and M.E. Loureiro. 2002. Photochemical responses and oxidative stress in two clones of Coffea canephora under water deficit conditions. Environmental andExperimental Botany .47: 239-247.
· Majidian, M., A. Ghalavand, N.A. Karimian, and A.A. Kamkar Haghighi. 2008. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, manure and irrigation water on yield and yield components of maize. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 1(2): 67-85. (In Persian).
· Malakoti, M.J., and M. Homaei. 2003. Prodouctivity of soils in dry and semidry area, problems and solutions. Tarbiat Modares University Press, 494 p. (In Persian).
· Moghadasan, Sh., A. Safipour Afshar, and F. Saeid Nematpour. 2015. The role of mycorrhiza in drought tolerance of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 4(34): 521-532. (In Persian).
· Moghimi, N., and Y. Imam. 2013. Morphophysiological characteristics and yield of two forage sorghum cultivars, under water stress and nitrogen levels. Environmental Stresses in Crop Science. 1: 27-36. (In Persian).
· Moosavi, S.G., M. Javad Seghatoleslami, A. Fazeli-Rostampoor, and Z. Jouyban. 2014. Response of marigold flower yield and yield components to water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Ornamental Plants. 4(3): 153-162. (In Persian).
· Moradi, R., and N. Pourghasemian. 2018. Effect of salicylic acid application on mitigating impacts of drought stress in marigold (Calendula officinalis L). Water and Soil Science. 28(2): 15-28. (In Persian).
· Omidbeigi, R. 2000. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Volume I, Second Edition, Tarahan Publication, 424 pp (In Persian).
· Pazoki, A.S., H.R. Tavakoli, and A. Rashidi. 2016. Evaluation of yield, yield components and essential oil of Calendula officinalis L. using nitrogen and vermicompost. Agriculture Science. 10(3): 629-644. (In Persian).
· Rahmani, N., J. Daneshian, S.A.R. Valadabadi, and M. Bigdeli. 2009. Effects of water deficit stress and application of nitrogen on yeld and growth characteristics of calendula (Calendula officinalis L). Iranian of Journal Field Crops Research. 7(2): 443-450. (In Persian).
· Ramirez-Vallejo, P., and J.D. Kelly. 1998. Traits related to drought resistance in common bean. Euphytica. 99: 127-136.
· Rathke, G.W., T. Behrens, and W. Diepenbrock. 2006. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 117: 80-108.
· Rodriguez, P., A. Torrecillas, M.A. Morales, M.F. Ortuno, and M.J. Blanco. 2005. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 113-123.
· Ruiz-Sanchez, M., E. Armada, Y. Munoz, I.E. Garcia de Salamone, R. Aroca, J.M. Ruiz-Lozano, and R. Azcon. 2011. Azospirillum and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization enhance rice growth and physiological traits under well-watered and drought conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 1031-1037.
· Safikhani, F. 2007. Effects of drought stress on yield and quality of medicinal plants Deracocephalum moldavica L. under field conditions. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ahvaz. (In Persian).
· Samsam Shariat, H. 2005. Selection of medicinal plants. Manny Publications. 264 PP.
· Sepehri, A., S.A.M. Modarese Sanavi, B. Qare Riyazi, and Y. Yamini. 2002. Effect of water deficit and different nitrogen rates on growth and development stages, yield and yield component of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 4(3): 184-195. (In Persian).
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