اثر مقادیر بیوچار و اسیدهیومیک بر برخی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد دانه ذرت (Zea mays L) هیبرید سینگل‌کراس 704 تحت تنش کمبود آب
الموضوعات : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
ارمغان چرخاب
1
(
گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
)
مانی مجدم
2
(
گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
)
شهرام لک
3
(
گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
)
طیب ساکی نژاد
4
(
گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
)
محمدرضا دادنیا
5
(
گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
)
الکلمات المفتاحية: عملکرد دانه, هیومیک اسید, شاخص کلروفیل, آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز, آبیاری مطلوب,
ملخص المقالة :
اثر کاربرد مقادیر مختلف بیوچار و اسید هیومیک بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد دانه ذرت هیبرید سینگل کراس 704 تحت تنش کمبود آب طی آزمایشی به صورت کرت های دو بار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال های زراعی 97-1396 و 98-1397 در مزرعه ای واقع در شهرستان اهواز ارزیابی شد. کرت اصلی شامل تنش کمبود آب با سه سطح آبیاری، پس از تخلیه 30، 40 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی، به ترتیب به عنوان آبیاری مطلوب، تنش ملایم و تنش شدید، کرت فرعی شامل بیوچار با 2 سطح (شاهد، عدم کاربرد بیوچار) و کاربرد 4 تن در هکتار بیوچار و کرت فرعی فرعی شامل اسید هیومیک با 4 سطح (شاهد، عدم کاربرد اسید هیومیک)، کاربرد 2، 4 و 6 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثرات برهمکنش تنش کمبود آب و بیوچار، همچنین تنش کمبود آب و اسید هیومیک بر عملکرد دانه، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در بلال، شاخص کلروفیل فعالیت آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و کاتالاز در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی دار بودند. در شرایط تنش شدید، عملکرد دانه (36 درصد) تعداد دانه در بلال (22 درصد) و شاخص سطح برگ (36/30 درصد) کاهش و میزان فعالیت آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (37 درصد) افزایش یافت. اسید هیومیک بر تمام صفات آزمایش اثر معنی داری داشت. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (18/8995 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به تیمار آبیاری پس از تخلیه 40 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و کاربرد 4 تن در هکتار بیوچار بود. در مجموع استفاده از 4 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک در شرایط تنش رطوبتی متوسط به دلیل نقش مثبتی که بر رشد و افزایش 42 درصدی عملکرد نسبت به تیمار تنش شدید و عدم مصرف اسید هیومیک داشت می تواند در شرایط خشک و نیمه خشک برای صرفه جویی در مصرف آب و کاهش اثرات تنش کمبود آب قابل توصیه باشد.
Abbas, T., M. Rizwan, S. Ali, M.Z. Rehman, M.F. Qayyum, F. Abbas, Hannan, J. Rinklebe, and Y.S. Ok. 2017. Effect of biochar on cadmium bioavailability and uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a soil with aged contamination. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 140: 37-47.
· Abeer, H., E.F. Abd Allah, A.A. Alqarawi, and D. Egamberdieva. 2015. Induction of salt stress tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Legume Research. 38: 579-88.
· Abrishamkesh, S., M. Gorji, H. Asadi, A.A. Poorbabaei, and Gh. Bagheri Marandi. 2017. Production of rice husk biochar and its effects on lentil and wheat biomass. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable. 7(2):135-150. (In Persian).
· Adejumo, S.A., M.O. Owolabi, and I.F. Odesola. 2016. Agro-physiologic effects of compost and biochar produced at different temperatures on growth, photosynthetic pigment and micronutrients uptake of maize crop. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 11(8): 661-673.
· Afarinesh, A., Gh. Fathi, R. Chogan, A. Siadat, Kh. Alami Said, and S. Ashrafizadeh. 2015. Evaluation of drought stress and soil density on some agronomic characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.). Journal Plant Production. 38: 13-24. (In Persian).
· Albayrak, S., and N. Camas. 2005. Effect of different levels and application times of humic acid on root and leaf yield and yield component of mungbean. Journal of Agronomy. 42: 130-133.
· Anonymous. 2014. FAOSTAT.Statistical database of the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome.
· Anonymous. 2017. FAOSTAT. Statistical database of the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome.
Anwar, Sh., F. Iqbal, W.A. Khattak, M. Islam, B. Iqbal, and Sh.Khan. 2016. Response of wheat crop to humic acid and nitrogen levels. Ecronicon Agriculture. 3(1): 558-565.
· Apel, K., and H. Hirt. 2004. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress and signal transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 55: 373-399.
· Arif, M., A. Asad, M. Umair, F. Munsif, A. Kawsar, M. Inamullah, M. Saleem, and A.Gohar. 2012. Effect of biochar, FYM and mineral nitrogen alone and in combination on yield components of maize. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 28(2): 191-195.
· Arumend, T., M.K. Abbasi, and E. Rafiqe. 2015. Effect of lignite-derived humic acid on some selected soil propertis, growth and nuntrient uptake of wheat grown under greenhouse conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 47(6): 2231-2238.
· Ayman, M., K.M. Abd El-Hai, and Kh.M. Ghoneem. 2009. Amino and humic acids promote growth, yield and disease resistance of Faba bean cultivated in Clayey soil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 3(2): 731-739.
· Boominathan, R., and P.M. Doran. 2002. Ni indused oxidative stress in roots of the Ni hyperaccumulator, Alyssum bertolonii. Newphytologist. 156: 205-215.
· Cavani, L., C. Ciavatta, and C. Gessa. 2003. Identification of organic matter from peat, leonardite and lignite fertilizers using humification parameters and electrofocusing. Bioresour Technology. 86: 45-52.
· Cui, L., J. Yan, Y. Yang, L. Li, G. Quan, C. Ding, T. Chen, Q. Fu, and A. Chang. 2013. Biochar for heavy metals in soil. Biores Technology. 8: 5536-5548.
· Dadnia, M.R. 2016. Effect of humic acid on antioxidant enzyme activity and castor yield under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 1(4): 85-98. (In Persian).
· Delfine, S., R. Tognetti, E. Desiderio, and A. Alvino. 2005. Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 25: 183-191.
· Dhindsa, R.A., P. Plumb-Dhindsa, and T.A. Thorpe. 1981. Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Journal Experiment Botany. 126: 93-101.
· Fallahi, G., A. Hatami, and R. Naseri. 2013. Growth Analysis of six corn hybrids under drought conditions in Kermanshah province, Iran. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 7(2): 181-196. (In Persian).
· Fiaz, K., S.A. Malik, Y. Younis, S. Danish, M.H. Raza Shah, and S. Niaz. 2014. Drought impact on Pb/Cd toxicity remediated by biochar in Brassica campestris. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 14(4): 845-854.
· Gaskin, J. W., R.A. Speir, K. Harris, K. Das, R.D. Lee, L.A. Morris, and D.S. Fisher. 2010. Effect of peanut hull and pine chip biochar on soil nutrients, corn nutrient status, and yield. Agronomy Journal. 102: 623-633.
· Gavili, E., A.A. Moosavi, and A.A. Kamgar Haghighi. 2016. Effect of cattle manure biochar and drought stress on the growth characteristics and water use efficiency of spinach under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 30(2): 243-259. (In Persian).
· Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Sh. Heydari, and B. Dalil. 2018. Field performance of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars under drought stress. Acta agriculturae Slovenica. 111(1):25-32.
· Ghorbani, SH., R. Khazaee, M. Kaafi, and A. Banayan. 2010. Effect of humic acid application in irrigation water on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agriculture Ecology. 2: 123-131.
· Gokila, B., and K. Baskar. 2015. Influence of biochar as soil amendment on yield and quality of maize. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences. 5: 152-155.
· Halek, F., A. Delavari, and A. Kavousi-rahim. 2013. Production of biodiesel as a renewable energy source from castor oil. Clean Technology Environment. 15: 1063-1068.
· Hoekman, S.K., A. Broch, C. Robbins, E. Ceniceros, and M. Natarajan. 2012. Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications. Renew Sustainable Energy Revolution. 16: 143-169.
· Jemal, K., and A. Abebe. 2016. Determination of bio-char rate for improved production of Lemmon grass. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 4(2):149–157.
· Kathrin, A. 2016. Biochar in soil: Effect on physical, chemical and hydrological properties in differently textured soils. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agro Ecology, AU.
· Khan, R. U., M.Z. Khan, A. Khan, S. Saba, F. Hussain, and I.U. Jan. 2018. Effect of humic acid on growth and crop nutrient status of wheat on two different soils. Journal of plant nutrition. 41(4): 453-460.
· Koocheki, A., and Gh. Sarmadnia. 2008. Plant physiology (Translation). Mashhad Academic Publications. 467p.
· Korir, P.C., J.O. Nyabundi, and P.K. Kimurto. 2006. Genotypic responses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to moisture stress conditions in Kenya. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 5: 24-32.
· Lotfollahi, S., B. Sani, and F. Rajabzadeh. 2018. Investigation of soil effect of humic acid and fulvic acid on yield and yield components of maize. 4th International Conference on Agricultural and Environmental Engineering. 4 November 2018.
· Mahmoud, E., M. Ibrahim, L. Abd El-Rahman, and A. Khader. 2019. Effects of biochar and, phosphorus fertilizers on phosphorus fractions, wheat yield and microbial biomass carbon in Vertic torrifluvents. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 50(3): 362-372.
· Mahpara, S., T. Hussain, and J. Farooq. 2014. Drought tolerance studies in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 4(160): 133-140.
· Mohebali, M., S. Seifzadeh, and H.R. Zakerin. 2017. Effect of humic acid on grain yield of hybrid maize NS 640 under different irrigation regimes in Qazvin region, 3rd International Conference on New Ideas in Agriculture, Environment and Tourism, Ardabil, Ideal Environment Supporters Institute. (In Persian).
· Pullen, J., and K. Saeed. 2012. An overview of biodiesel oxidation stability. Renew Sustainable Energy. 16: 5924-5950.
· Rab, A., M. Rabnawaz Khan, S. Ul Haq, S. Zahid, M. Asim, M.Z. Afridi, M. Arif, and F. Munsif. 2016. Impact of biochar on mungbean yield and yield components. Pure and Applied Biology. 5(3): 632-640.
· Safahani, A.R., R. Noora. 2018. Effect of different levels of biochar on physiological traits of pumpkin under water shortage stress. Journal of Plant Ecophysiological Research. 13(49): 13-32. (In Persian).
· Sanjari, M., A.R. Siroosmehr, and B.A. Fakheri. 2015. The effects of drought stress and humic acid on some physiological characteristics of roselle. Journal of Crops Improvement. 17(2): 403-414. (In Persian).
· Sharma, P., A. Jha, R. Dubey, and M. Pessarakli. 2012. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Journal of Botany. 14: 1-26.
· Siddiqui, M.H., M.Y. Al-Khaishany, M.A. Al-Qutami, M.H. Al-Whaibi, A. Grover, H.M. Ali, M.S. Al-Wahibi, and N.A. Bukhari. 2015. Response of different genotypes of faba bean plant to drought stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16: 10214–10227.
· Sika, M.P. 2012. Effect of biochar on chemistry, nutrient uptake and fertilizer mobility in sandy soil. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch.
· Sun, H.J., H.C. Zhang, W.M. Shi, M.Y. Zhou, and X.F. Ma. 2019. Effect of biochar on nitrogen use efficiency, grain yield and amino acid content of wheat cultivated on saline soil. Plant, Soil and Environment. 65(2): 83–89.
· Szczepanek, M., and E. Wilczewski. 2016. Maize response to soil-applied humic substances and foliar fertilization with potassium. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 26(5): 1298-1303.
· Tsanaktsidis, C.G., S.G. Christidis, and E.P. Favvas. 2013. A novel method for improving the physicochemical properties of diesel and jet fuel using polyaspartate polymer additives. Fuel. 104: 155-162.
· Ullah, Z., M. Akmal, M. Ahmed, M. Ali, A. Zaib, and T. Ziad. 2018. Effect of biochar on maize yield and yield components in rainfed conditions. International Journal Agronomy Agricultur Research. 12(3): 46-51.
· Uzoma, K., M. Inoue, H. Andry, H. Fujimaki, A. Zahoor, and E. Nishihara. 2011. Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition. Soil Use and Management. 27: 205-212.
· Von Braun, J., D. Byerlee, C. Chartres, T. Lumpkin, N. Olembo, and J.J. Waage. 2010. A draft strategy and results framework for the CGIAR. World Bank, CGIAR, Washington DC, USA.
· Wang, J., L. Cao, and S. Han. 2014. Effect of polymeric cold flow improvers on flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Fuel. 117: 876-881.
· Zhang, J., and Q. Meng. 2014. Preparation of KOH/CaO/C supported biodiesel catalyst and application process. World Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2: 184-191.
Zhou, L., C. Monreal, Sh. Xu, N. McLaughlin, H. Zhang, G. Hao, and J. Liu. 2019. Effect of bentonite-humic acid application on the improvement of soil structure and maize yield in a sandy soil of a semi-arid region. Geoderma Science Direct. 338:269-280.
_||_Abbas, T., M. Rizwan, S. Ali, M.Z. Rehman, M.F. Qayyum, F. Abbas, Hannan, J. Rinklebe, and Y.S. Ok. 2017. Effect of biochar on cadmium bioavailability and uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a soil with aged contamination. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 140: 37-47.
· Abeer, H., E.F. Abd Allah, A.A. Alqarawi, and D. Egamberdieva. 2015. Induction of salt stress tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Legume Research. 38: 579-88.
· Abrishamkesh, S., M. Gorji, H. Asadi, A.A. Poorbabaei, and Gh. Bagheri Marandi. 2017. Production of rice husk biochar and its effects on lentil and wheat biomass. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable. 7(2):135-150. (In Persian).
· Adejumo, S.A., M.O. Owolabi, and I.F. Odesola. 2016. Agro-physiologic effects of compost and biochar produced at different temperatures on growth, photosynthetic pigment and micronutrients uptake of maize crop. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 11(8): 661-673.
· Afarinesh, A., Gh. Fathi, R. Chogan, A. Siadat, Kh. Alami Said, and S. Ashrafizadeh. 2015. Evaluation of drought stress and soil density on some agronomic characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.). Journal Plant Production. 38: 13-24. (In Persian).
· Albayrak, S., and N. Camas. 2005. Effect of different levels and application times of humic acid on root and leaf yield and yield component of mungbean. Journal of Agronomy. 42: 130-133.
· Anonymous. 2014. FAOSTAT.Statistical database of the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome.
· Anonymous. 2017. FAOSTAT. Statistical database of the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome.
Anwar, Sh., F. Iqbal, W.A. Khattak, M. Islam, B. Iqbal, and Sh.Khan. 2016. Response of wheat crop to humic acid and nitrogen levels. Ecronicon Agriculture. 3(1): 558-565.
· Apel, K., and H. Hirt. 2004. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress and signal transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 55: 373-399.
· Arif, M., A. Asad, M. Umair, F. Munsif, A. Kawsar, M. Inamullah, M. Saleem, and A.Gohar. 2012. Effect of biochar, FYM and mineral nitrogen alone and in combination on yield components of maize. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 28(2): 191-195.
· Arumend, T., M.K. Abbasi, and E. Rafiqe. 2015. Effect of lignite-derived humic acid on some selected soil propertis, growth and nuntrient uptake of wheat grown under greenhouse conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 47(6): 2231-2238.
· Ayman, M., K.M. Abd El-Hai, and Kh.M. Ghoneem. 2009. Amino and humic acids promote growth, yield and disease resistance of Faba bean cultivated in Clayey soil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 3(2): 731-739.
· Boominathan, R., and P.M. Doran. 2002. Ni indused oxidative stress in roots of the Ni hyperaccumulator, Alyssum bertolonii. Newphytologist. 156: 205-215.
· Cavani, L., C. Ciavatta, and C. Gessa. 2003. Identification of organic matter from peat, leonardite and lignite fertilizers using humification parameters and electrofocusing. Bioresour Technology. 86: 45-52.
· Cui, L., J. Yan, Y. Yang, L. Li, G. Quan, C. Ding, T. Chen, Q. Fu, and A. Chang. 2013. Biochar for heavy metals in soil. Biores Technology. 8: 5536-5548.
· Dadnia, M.R. 2016. Effect of humic acid on antioxidant enzyme activity and castor yield under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 1(4): 85-98. (In Persian).
· Delfine, S., R. Tognetti, E. Desiderio, and A. Alvino. 2005. Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 25: 183-191.
· Dhindsa, R.A., P. Plumb-Dhindsa, and T.A. Thorpe. 1981. Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Journal Experiment Botany. 126: 93-101.
· Fallahi, G., A. Hatami, and R. Naseri. 2013. Growth Analysis of six corn hybrids under drought conditions in Kermanshah province, Iran. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 7(2): 181-196. (In Persian).
· Fiaz, K., S.A. Malik, Y. Younis, S. Danish, M.H. Raza Shah, and S. Niaz. 2014. Drought impact on Pb/Cd toxicity remediated by biochar in Brassica campestris. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 14(4): 845-854.
· Gaskin, J. W., R.A. Speir, K. Harris, K. Das, R.D. Lee, L.A. Morris, and D.S. Fisher. 2010. Effect of peanut hull and pine chip biochar on soil nutrients, corn nutrient status, and yield. Agronomy Journal. 102: 623-633.
· Gavili, E., A.A. Moosavi, and A.A. Kamgar Haghighi. 2016. Effect of cattle manure biochar and drought stress on the growth characteristics and water use efficiency of spinach under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 30(2): 243-259. (In Persian).
· Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Sh. Heydari, and B. Dalil. 2018. Field performance of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars under drought stress. Acta agriculturae Slovenica. 111(1):25-32.
· Ghorbani, SH., R. Khazaee, M. Kaafi, and A. Banayan. 2010. Effect of humic acid application in irrigation water on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agriculture Ecology. 2: 123-131.
· Gokila, B., and K. Baskar. 2015. Influence of biochar as soil amendment on yield and quality of maize. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences. 5: 152-155.
· Halek, F., A. Delavari, and A. Kavousi-rahim. 2013. Production of biodiesel as a renewable energy source from castor oil. Clean Technology Environment. 15: 1063-1068.
· Hoekman, S.K., A. Broch, C. Robbins, E. Ceniceros, and M. Natarajan. 2012. Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications. Renew Sustainable Energy Revolution. 16: 143-169.
· Jemal, K., and A. Abebe. 2016. Determination of bio-char rate for improved production of Lemmon grass. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 4(2):149–157.
· Kathrin, A. 2016. Biochar in soil: Effect on physical, chemical and hydrological properties in differently textured soils. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agro Ecology, AU.
· Khan, R. U., M.Z. Khan, A. Khan, S. Saba, F. Hussain, and I.U. Jan. 2018. Effect of humic acid on growth and crop nutrient status of wheat on two different soils. Journal of plant nutrition. 41(4): 453-460.
· Koocheki, A., and Gh. Sarmadnia. 2008. Plant physiology (Translation). Mashhad Academic Publications. 467p.
· Korir, P.C., J.O. Nyabundi, and P.K. Kimurto. 2006. Genotypic responses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to moisture stress conditions in Kenya. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 5: 24-32.
· Lotfollahi, S., B. Sani, and F. Rajabzadeh. 2018. Investigation of soil effect of humic acid and fulvic acid on yield and yield components of maize. 4th International Conference on Agricultural and Environmental Engineering. 4 November 2018.
· Mahmoud, E., M. Ibrahim, L. Abd El-Rahman, and A. Khader. 2019. Effects of biochar and, phosphorus fertilizers on phosphorus fractions, wheat yield and microbial biomass carbon in Vertic torrifluvents. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 50(3): 362-372.
· Mahpara, S., T. Hussain, and J. Farooq. 2014. Drought tolerance studies in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 4(160): 133-140.
· Mohebali, M., S. Seifzadeh, and H.R. Zakerin. 2017. Effect of humic acid on grain yield of hybrid maize NS 640 under different irrigation regimes in Qazvin region, 3rd International Conference on New Ideas in Agriculture, Environment and Tourism, Ardabil, Ideal Environment Supporters Institute. (In Persian).
· Pullen, J., and K. Saeed. 2012. An overview of biodiesel oxidation stability. Renew Sustainable Energy. 16: 5924-5950.
· Rab, A., M. Rabnawaz Khan, S. Ul Haq, S. Zahid, M. Asim, M.Z. Afridi, M. Arif, and F. Munsif. 2016. Impact of biochar on mungbean yield and yield components. Pure and Applied Biology. 5(3): 632-640.
· Safahani, A.R., R. Noora. 2018. Effect of different levels of biochar on physiological traits of pumpkin under water shortage stress. Journal of Plant Ecophysiological Research. 13(49): 13-32. (In Persian).
· Sanjari, M., A.R. Siroosmehr, and B.A. Fakheri. 2015. The effects of drought stress and humic acid on some physiological characteristics of roselle. Journal of Crops Improvement. 17(2): 403-414. (In Persian).
· Sharma, P., A. Jha, R. Dubey, and M. Pessarakli. 2012. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Journal of Botany. 14: 1-26.
· Siddiqui, M.H., M.Y. Al-Khaishany, M.A. Al-Qutami, M.H. Al-Whaibi, A. Grover, H.M. Ali, M.S. Al-Wahibi, and N.A. Bukhari. 2015. Response of different genotypes of faba bean plant to drought stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16: 10214–10227.
· Sika, M.P. 2012. Effect of biochar on chemistry, nutrient uptake and fertilizer mobility in sandy soil. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch.
· Sun, H.J., H.C. Zhang, W.M. Shi, M.Y. Zhou, and X.F. Ma. 2019. Effect of biochar on nitrogen use efficiency, grain yield and amino acid content of wheat cultivated on saline soil. Plant, Soil and Environment. 65(2): 83–89.
· Szczepanek, M., and E. Wilczewski. 2016. Maize response to soil-applied humic substances and foliar fertilization with potassium. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 26(5): 1298-1303.
· Tsanaktsidis, C.G., S.G. Christidis, and E.P. Favvas. 2013. A novel method for improving the physicochemical properties of diesel and jet fuel using polyaspartate polymer additives. Fuel. 104: 155-162.
· Ullah, Z., M. Akmal, M. Ahmed, M. Ali, A. Zaib, and T. Ziad. 2018. Effect of biochar on maize yield and yield components in rainfed conditions. International Journal Agronomy Agricultur Research. 12(3): 46-51.
· Uzoma, K., M. Inoue, H. Andry, H. Fujimaki, A. Zahoor, and E. Nishihara. 2011. Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition. Soil Use and Management. 27: 205-212.
· Von Braun, J., D. Byerlee, C. Chartres, T. Lumpkin, N. Olembo, and J.J. Waage. 2010. A draft strategy and results framework for the CGIAR. World Bank, CGIAR, Washington DC, USA.
· Wang, J., L. Cao, and S. Han. 2014. Effect of polymeric cold flow improvers on flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Fuel. 117: 876-881.
· Zhang, J., and Q. Meng. 2014. Preparation of KOH/CaO/C supported biodiesel catalyst and application process. World Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2: 184-191.
Zhou, L., C. Monreal, Sh. Xu, N. McLaughlin, H. Zhang, G. Hao, and J. Liu. 2019. Effect of bentonite-humic acid application on the improvement of soil structure and maize yield in a sandy soil of a semi-arid region. Geoderma Science Direct. 338:269-280.
