Comparing the impact of culturally laden Task-based language Teaching (TBLT) and Content-based language Teaching (CBLT) on Iranian intermediate learners' Speaking improvement
الموضوعات : نشریه مطالعات آموزش زبان انگلیسیAzadeh Rahmani 1 , Mohammad Alavi 2
1 - Alborz Non-profit University
2 - Alborz Non-profit University
الکلمات المفتاحية: culture, TBLT, CBLT, speaking proficiency,
ملخص المقالة :
This research was designed to compare the impact of culturally laden Task-based language Teaching (TBLT) and Content-based language Teaching (CBLT) on Iranian intermediate learners' Speaking improvement. Two groups of participants, i. e. the experimental and control groups, were used in this study. In the experimental group, task-based instruction for 20 intermediate students and in the control group content-based instruction for 20 intermediate students were used as a methods of the class. At the beginning of the course, TOEFL speaking test from TOEFL Test Preparation was used as the pre-test for both groups and then the experimental and control groups received seven sessions of treatment. In each session the experimental group worked on one cultural-laden topic. The focus of a CBI lesson is on the topic or subject matter. After 7 sessions, a post-test speaking test was given to students to compare their improvement of speaking ability. According statistical analysis, it was observed that progress has been seen in both groups. But TBLT class has had better performance than CBLT class.
A Hasan .Ali Alsagheer. (2014). The effect of using task-based learning in Teaching English on the oral performance of the secondary school students. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 3(2), 250-264.
Academic Affairs, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China.
AdAms, R., & NewToN, J. (2009). TBLT in Asia: Constraints and opportunities. Asian Journal of English Language Teaching, 19(1), 1-17.
Addison, N. M., & Walker, R. J. (2012). Contending with Content: Notes on Introducing a Content-based Instruction (CBI) Approach in a Media English Course for Third/Fourth Year Elective Students in a Japanese University. 文京学院大学外国語学部文京学院短期大学紀要, (11), 241-257.
Ahmed, M. I. (2013). Is Task-based Language Teaching'The Answer'?. Language in India, 13(3).
Ajabshir, Z. F.( 2014).Content-Based Second Language Instruction.International Journal of
Aliakbari, M., & Azizifar, A.(2015). The role of classroom interaction on improvement of speaking among Iranian EFL learners.
and the Case for its Implementation. http://www.birmingham.ac.uk.
Azimi, F., Rahmani, R., & Sadeghi, B.(2014). The effect of Task-based Instruction and Content-based Intruction on the Comprehension and Production of Existential Constructios By Iranaians EFL Learners.
BANCIU, V., & Jireghie, A. (2012). Communicative language teaching. Revista de Administratie Publica si Politici Sociale, 8.
Barnard, R., & Viet, N. G. (2010). Task-based language teaching (TBLT): A Vietnamese case study using narrative frames to elicit teachers’ beliefs. Language Education in Asia, 1(1), 77-86.
Brinton, D., Snow, M., & Wesche, M. (1989). Content-based second language instruction.
Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy. New York: Longman
Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching. New York, NY: Pearson Education.
Busse, V., & Krause, U. M. (2015). Addressing cultural diversity: effects of a problem-based intercultural learning unit. Learning Environments Research, 18(3), 425.
Byram, M., & Feng, A. (2004). Culture and language learning: Teaching, research and scholarship. Language teaching, 37(03), 149-168.
Cartwright, L. T,( 2014).Analysis of the Task-Based Syllabus: Strengths, Weaknesses,
Celce-Murcia, M. (2001). Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language.
Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei, Z., & Thurrell, S. (1995). Communicative competence: A pedagogically motivated model with content specifications. Issues in Applied linguistics, 6(2), 5-35.
Choudhury, R. U. (2014). The role of culture in teaching and learning of English as a foreign language. Jazan University: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved on 17th November.
Chuange Ying.Y. (2010).Task-based Language Approach to Teach EFL Speaking. Chenge
Comer, W. (2007). Implementing Task-Based Teaching from the ground up: considerations for lesson planning and classroom practice. Russian Language Journal/Русский язык, 57, 181-203.
Curso, T. F.( 2011-2012). The importance of teaching of listening and speaking skills. Dpto.
Dai, L. (2011). Practical Techniques for Cultural-based Language Teaching in the EFL Classroom. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 2(5).
Dalton-Puffer, C. (2011). Content-and-language integrated learning: From practice to principles?. Annual Review of applied linguistics, 31, 182-204.
Davies, S. (2003). Content based instruction in EFL contexts. The Internet TESL Journal, 9(2), 24-28.
Dema, O., & Moeller, A. K. (2012). Teaching culture in the 21st century language classroom.
didáctica de la lengua y la literature.
Doganay, Y. (2014). The Impact of Cultural Based Activities in Foreign Language Teaching at Upper-Intermediate (B2) Level. SüleymanDemirel University: Kazakhstan. Retrieved on 14th June.
Dorathy, A. A., & Mahalakshmi, S. N. (2011). Second language acquisition through task-based approach–role-play in English language teaching. English for Specific Purposes World, 11, 33.
Douglas, S. R., & Kim, M. (2015). Task-based language teaching and English for academic purposes: An investigation into instructor perceptions and practice in the Canadian context. TESL Canada Journal, 31, 1.
Dueñas, M. (2009). The whats, whys, hows and whos of content-based instruction in second/foreign language education. International journal of English studies, 4(1), 73-96.
Dupuy, B. C. (2000). Content‐Based Instruction: Can it Help Ease the Transition from Beginning to Advanced Foreign Language Classes?. Foreign language annals, 33(2), 205-223.
Ellis, R. (2002). The methodology of task-based teaching.
Ellis, R. (2003). Task-based language learning and teaching. Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. (2009). Task‐based language teaching: Sorting out the misunderstandings. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 19(3), 221-246.
Elmahdi, O. E. H. (2016). The Impact of Task-Based Approach on EFL Learner’s Performance. World Journal of Educational Research, 3(2), 301.
Elmes. D. (2013). The Relationship between Language and Culture. National Institute of
Eskey, D. (1992). Syllabus design in content-based instruction. The CATESOL Journal, 5(1), 11-23.
Eyjólfsdóttir, T. (2011). Content-based instruction. A closer look at CBI in Iceland.
Farahani, A. A. K., & Nejad, M. S. K. (2009). A Study of Task-based Approach: The Effects of Task-based Techniques, Gender, and Different Levels of Language Proficiency on Speaking Development. Pazhuhesh-e-Zabanha-ye Khareji, 49(4), 23-41.
Feryok, A. (2008). An Armenian English language teacher’s practical theory of communicative language teaching. System, 36(2), 227-240.
Fitness and Sports in Kanoya International Exchange and Language Education Center.
Gan, Z. (2012). Understanding L2 Speaking Problems: Implications for ESL Curriculum Development in a Teacher Training Institution in Hong Kong. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1), 43-59.
Genc, B., & Bada, E. (2005). Culture in language learning and teaching. The Reading Matrix, 5(1).
Genesee, F., & Lindholm-Leary, K. (2013). Two case studies of content-based language education. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 1(1), 3-33.
Grabe, W., & Stoller, F. L. (1997). Content-based instruction: Research foundations. The content-based classroom: Perspectives on integrating language and content, 5-21.
Harmer, J. (2007). How to teach English ( 2nd ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited.
Heidari, A., Ketabi, S., & Zonoobi, R. (2014). The role of culture through the eyes of
different approaches to and methods of foreign language teaching. Journal of
Intercultural Communication, (34).
Helen, Fs. ( 2012). Speaking Your Mind. Bilingual Language, Culture, and Emotion.
Observer Vol.25, No.5 May/June, 2012.
Holmes, D. (2004). Speaking activities for the classroom. Chulalongkorn University Press.
Hommel, B., Colzato, L. S., & Van Den Wildenberg, W. P. (2009). How social are task representations?. Psychological Science, 20(7), 794-798.
Humanities. Year49 No.198.
IBÁÑEZ, J. I. (2012). Teaching English As A Foreign Language and Culture of the English-Speaking Countries Through ICT In and Out Of Classroom Contexts.
Jack, R., & Richards, M. (2008). Teaching listening and speaking from theory to practice. Cambridge University. Printed in The United States of America.
Jacobs, G. M., & Farrell, T. S. (2003). Understanding and implementtng the CLT (Communicative Language Teaching) paradigm. RELC journal, 34(1), 5-30.
Juan-Garau, M., & Jacob, K. (2015). Developing English learners' transcultural skills through content-and task-based lessons. System, 54, 55-68.
Kasap, B. (2005). The effectiveness of task-based instruction in the improvement of learners' speaking skills (Doctoral dissertation, Bilkent University).
Kay, P., & Kempton, W. (1984). What is the Sapir‐Whorf hypothesis?. American anthropologist, 86(1), 65-79.
Kayi, H. (2012). Teaching speaking: Activities to promote speaking in a second language. Новейшие научные достижения, 12(2012).
Kayi, H. (2012). Teaching speaking: Activities to promote speaking in a second language. Новейшие научные достижения, 12(2012).
Khamkhien, A. (2010). Teaching English speaking and English speaking tests in the Thai context: A reflection from Thai perspective. English Language Teaching, 3(1), 184.
Khan, I. (2013). Speaking skills and teaching strategies: The case of an EFL classroom. Elixir International Journal, 58(10), 14557-14560.
Kitao, K. (1991). Teaching Culture in Foreign Language Instruction in the United States. Doshisha studies in English, 52(53), 285-306.
Knight, B. (1992). Assessing speaking skills: a workshop for teacher development. ELT Journal, 46(3), 294-302.
Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford University Press.
Kumagai, Y. (1994). The Effects of Culture on Language Learning and Ways of Communication: The Japanese Case.
Lazear, E. P. (1999). Culture and language. Journal of political Economy, 107(S6), S95-S126.
Liao, G. (2009). Improvement of speaking ability through interrelated skills. English language teaching, 2(3), 11.
Littlewood, W. (1981). Communicative language teaching: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Littlewood, W. (2013). Developing a context-sensitive pedagogy for communication-oriented language teaching. English Teaching, 68(3), 3-25.
Long, M. H. (2000). Focus on form in task-based language teaching. Language policy and pedagogy: Essays in honor of A. Ronald Walton, 179-192.
Long, M. H., & Crookes, G. (1992). Three approaches to task‐based syllabus design. TESOL quarterly, 26(1), 27-56.
Maftoon, P., & Sarem, S. N. (2015). A critical look at the presentation, practice, production (ppp) approach: challenges and promises for ELT. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 3(4), 31-36.
Mahadi, T. S. T., & Jafari, S. M. (2012). Language and culture. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science.
Marsh, D., & Frigols Martín, M. J. (2012). Content and language integrated learning. The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics.
Mayo, M. D. P. G. (2015). The interface between task-based language teaching and content-based instruction. System, (54), 1-3.
Mojavezi, A. (2013). The relationship between task repetition and language proficiency. Applied Research on English Language, 3(1), 29-40.
Mörck Jansson, C. (2016). Teaching EFL to Newly Arrived Adolescents: A Literature Review on EFL Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms.
Navarro Romero, B. (2009). Improving speaking skills.
Navés, T. (2009). Effective content and language integrated learning (CLIL) programmes. Content and language integrated learning: Evidence from research in Europe, 22-40. New York: Newbury House.
Nemat Tabrizi.A.R& Nasiri. M. (2001). The Effect of Using Task-Based Activities on Speaking Proficiency of EFL Learners. The Asian Conference on Education.
Nunan, D. (1991). Language teaching methodology (Vol. 192). New York: Prentice Hall.
Nunan, D. (2006). Task-based language teaching. Ernst Klett Sprachen.
Oradee, T. (2012). Developing speaking skills using three communicative activities (discussion, problem-solving, and role-playing). International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(6), 533.
Oura, G. K. (2001). Authentic task-based materials: Bringing the real world into the classroom. Sophia Junior College Faculty Bulletin, 21, 65-84.
ÖZÜORÇUN, F. (2014). Teaching culture as a fifth language skill. Journal of International Social Research, 7(29).
Pessoa, S., Hendry, H., Donato, R., Tucker, G. R., & Lee, H. (2007). Content‐based instruction in the foreign language classroom: A discourse perspective. Foreign Language Annals, 40(1), 102-121.
Plews, J. L., & Zhao, K. (2010). Tinkering with tasks knows no bounds: ESL teachers’ adaptations of task-based language-teaching. TESL Canada Journal, 28(1), 41.
Powers, D. (2008). Task-Based Instruction: From Concepts to the Classroom. Retrieved November 2 nd, 2012 from the web.
Richards, J. C. (1984). The secret life of methods. TESOL quarterly, 7-23.
Richards, J. C. (2005). Communicative language teaching today. SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.
Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge university press.
Richards, J. C., Rodgers, T. S., & 王才仁. (2000). Approaches and methods in language teaching. 外语教学与研究出版社.
Robinson, P. (2011). Task‐based language learning: A review of issues. Language Learning, 61(s1), 1-36.
Sabet, M. K., & Tahriri, A. (2014). The Impact of Task-based Approach on Iranian EFL Learners' Motivation in Writing Research Abstracts. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 5(4).
Saleng, M. (2014). The Implementation Of Video Learning to Improve Speaking Ability. ELTS JOURNAL, 2(3).
Sárdi, C. (2002). On the relationship between culture and ELT. Studies about languages, 3, 101-107.
Seelye, H. N. (1974). Teaching culture: Strategies for foreign language educators. National Textbook Company.
Shabani, M. B. (2013). The effect of background knowledge on speaking ability of Iranian EFL learners. language, 1(1), 25-33.
Shiu University.
Sim, M. A., & Pop, A. M. (2016). TEACHING SPEAKING SKILLS. THE ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA, 264.
Snow, M. A., Met, M., & Genesee, F. (1989). A conceptual framework for the integration of language and content in second/foreign language instruction. Tesol Quarterly, 23(2), 201-217.
Stoller, F. L. (2002). Content-based instruction: A shell for language teaching or a framework for strategic language and content learning. Retrieved June, 16, 2006.
Stoller, F. L. (2002). Content-based instruction: A shell for language teaching or a framework for strategic language and content learning. Retrieved June, 16, 2006.
Stoller, F. L., & Grabe, W. (1997). A six-T's approach to content-based instruction. The content-based classroom: Perspectives on integrating language and content, 78-94.
Tang, R. (1999). The place of “culture” in the foreign language classroom: A reflection. The Internet TESL Journal, 5(8), 1-2.
Thanasoulas, D. (2001). The importance of teaching culture in the foreign language classroom. Radical pedagogy, 3(3), 1-25.
Thanghun, K. (2014). Using of taks-based learning to development English speaking ability of prathom 6 students at Piboonprachasan School (Doctoral dissertation).
Tinge, J. (2016). A Lesson Plan of TBLT (Task-Based Language Teaching). Office of
Torky, S. A. E. (2006). The Effectiveness of a Task-Based Instruction Program in Developing the English Language Speaking Skills of Secondary Stage Students. Online Submission.
Tsai, Y. L., & Shang, H. F. (2010). The impact of content-based language instruction on EFL students’ reading performance. Asian Social Science, 6(3), 77.
Tsiplakides, I., & Keramida, A. (2009). Helping students overcome foreign language speaking anxiety in the English classroom: Theoretical issues and practical recommendations. International Education Studies, 2(4), 39.
Wang, Z. (2014). Developing accuracy and fluency in spoken English of Chinese EFL learners. English language teaching, 7(2), 110.
Willis, A. I. (2000). Critical Issue: Addressing Literacy Needs in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Classrooms.
Willis, D., & Willis, J. (2007). Doing task-based teaching: A practical guide to task-based teaching for ELT training courses and practising teachers.
Willis, D., & Willis, J. (2009). Task-based language teaching: Some questions and answers. The Language Teacher, 33(3), 3-8.
Willis, J. (1996). A flexible framework for task-based learning. Challenge and change in language teaching, 52-62.
Woods, D., & Çakır, H. (2011). Two dimensions of teacher knowledge: The case of communicative language teaching. System, 39(3), 381-390.
Zohrabi. M., (2006). Task-based language acquisition. Journal Of Faculty of Letters and
