شارک

عنوان URL للمقالة


رقم المقالة : 531481 زيارة : 122 الصفحة: 37 - 46

20.1001.1.23456450.2017.6.1.4.5

نوع المخطوط: ابحاث

Evaluation of Urban Resiliency in Physico-Structural Dimension of Karaj Metropolis

الموضوعات : Space Ontology International Journal

Mohammadsaber Eslamlou 1 (Ph.D. Candidate in Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran)
Mahta Mirmoghtadaee 2 (Assistant Professor, Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center- Tehran, Iran)

تاريخ الإرسال : 22 السبت , رمضان, 1438 تاريخ التأكيد : 22 السبت , رمضان, 1438 تاريخ الإصدار : 02 الأربعاء , جمادى الثانية, 1438

الکلمات المفتاحية: resiliency, Urban Resiliency, Physico-structural Dimension, Karaj Metropolis,

ملخص المقالة :

Cities as the most complex man-made structures have been always exposed to natural and man-made hazards; these unpredictable risks have imposed seriousimpacts on urban areas. Meanwhile Urban Resiliency is the ability of cities to respond quickly to inappropriate and unpredictable conditions, which continiues stronger than before, consistent to the new conditions. Karaj as one of the metropolises of Iran and as the nearest city to the capital, has a close connection with economy and employment of Tehran. Earthquake as the possible risk of Karaj and for being adjacent to northernground faults of Tehran, Ray and also the faults of Kahrizak, has a special importance to assess the resiliency. Thus the objective of this research is to obtain the effective indicators on Physico-Structural resiliency of Karaj and to assess them in the city divided to the regions. reviewing the literature, an in-depth interview has caused to obtain and defining the indicators. According to experts` answer to the questionnaire, the 11 indicators were found and weighted by AHP and the importance of each is determined in Physico-Structural resiliency of Karaj. After that relying on spatial-occasional framework and using Arc GIS software, each of eleven indicators are defined as a layer that reflects its status in Karaj. By overlaying the layers and applying each one`s weight in the numerical range of zero to one, the final layer of Physico-Structural resiliency of Karaj is obtained in the numerical range of one to four. The result represents 1.96 as the lowest number of resiliency and 3.94 as the highest in Karaj. Also regions 1 and 8 of the city respectively has the lowest number of Physico-Structural resiliency and regions 12 and 10 respectively has the most.

المصادر:


  1. Adger, W.N. (2000) ‘Social ecological resilience: Are they related?’, Progres in Human Geography 24(3): 347- 364.
    2.
  2. Batty, M. (2007) ‘Complexity in city systems: Understanding, evolution, and design’, MA: MIT Press.
    3.
  3. Bettencourt, L. and Geoffrey, W. (2010) ‘A unified theory of urban living’, Nature 467: 912–913.
    4.
  4. Bruneau, M. and Tierney, K.J. (2007). ‘Conceptualizing and measuring resilience: A key to disaster loss reduction’, TRNews 250: 14-17.
    5.
  5. Cardona, O.D. (2003) The Notions of Disaster Risk: Conceptual framework for Integrated Management. Manizales: Information and Indicators Program for Disaster Risk Management.Inter-American Development Bank.
    6.
  6. Carpenter, S.R & Burby. (2001) ‘From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what?’, Ecosystems4: 765–781.
    7.
  7. Coaffee, J. (2009). Terrorism, Risk and the Global City, Towards Urban Resilience. UK: Ashgate Publishing. Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham.
    8.
  8. COAFFEE, J. and Moore, C. and Fletcher, D. and Bosher, L. (2008) ‘Resilient design for community safety and terror-resistant cities’, Proceedings of the ICE: Municipal Engineer 161 (2): 103-110
    9.
  9. Colten, C. and Kates, R. and Laska, S. (2008) ‘Three years after Katrina: Lessons for community resilience’. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 50: 36-47.
    10.
  10. Comfort, L. (1999) Shared Risk: Complex Systems in Seismic Response. New York: Pergamon,
    11.
  11. Cutter, L. and Burton, C. and Emrich, C. (2010) ‘Disaster ResilienceIndicators for Benchmarking Baseline Conditions’, HomelandSecurity and Emergency Management 7(1): 1-22
    12.
  12. Cutter, S & Boruff, B & Shirley, W.L. (2010) Socialvulnerability to environmental hazards. Social ScienceQuarterly. 84. pp. 242–261.
    13.
  13. Cutter, S. and Boruff, B. and Shirley, W.L. (2003) ‘Socialvulnerability to environmental hazards’, Social ScienceQuarterly 84: 242–261.
    14.
  14. Cutter, S. L and Barnes, L. and Berry, M. and Burton, C. and Evans, E. and Tate, E. and Webb, J. (2008) ‘A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters’, Global Environmental Chang 18: 598-606
    15.
  15. Cutter, S.L. and Johnson, L.A. and Finch, C. and Berry, M. (2007) ‘The US hurricane coasts: increasingly vulnerable?’, Environment 47 (7): 8–20.
    16.
  16. Davis, I. and Izadkhah, Y.O. (2006) "Building Resilient Urban Communities", Special Issue
    17.
  17. De Roo, G. and Juotsiniemi, A. (2010) “Planning and complexity”, In Book of abstracts: 24th AESOP annual conference (p. 90). Finland.
    18.
  18. DFID. (2005) 2005 Autumn Performance Report. Colegate, Norwich: Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for International Development by Command of Her Majesty.
    19.
  19. Farzad Behtash, Mohammadreza and Aghababayi, Mohammad taghi and Keynejad, Mohammad ali, and Pirbabayi, Mohammad taghi. (2012) ‘Resiliency: concepts and models’, 1st National Conference of improvement and retrofitting of urban contexts in neighborhood of active faults, Tabriz.
    20.
  20. Farzad Behtash, Mohammadreza and Keynejad, Mohammad ali, and Pirbabayi, Mohammad taghi and Askari, Ali. (2013) ‘Evaluation and Analysis of Dimensions and Components of Tabriz Metropolis Resiliency’, Journal of fine arts – architecture and urbanization 18(3): 33-42.
    21.
  21. Folke, C. and Carpenter, S. and Elmqvist, T.H. and Gunderson, L. and Holling, C.S. and Walker, B. (2002) ‘Resilience and sustainabledevelopment: building adaptive capacity in a world oftransformations’, Ambio31(5): 437–440.
    22.
  22. Geoffrey, Hinton. (2010) A Practical Guide to Training Restricted Boltzmann Machines (version 1). Canada: Department of Computer Science University of Toronto.
    23.
  23. Godschalk, D. (2003) ‘Urban hazard mitigation: Creatingresilient cities’, Natural Hazards Review 4: 136–143
    24.
  24. Gunderson, L. (2009) ‘Comparing Ecological and HumanCommunity Resilience’. CARRI Research, Report 5, OakRidge: Community and Regional Resilience Institute,[online]http://www.resilientus.org/library/Final_Gunderson_11209_123177474.pdf.
    25.
  25. Gunderson, L. and Holling, C.S. (2002) Panarchy:UnderstandingTransformations In Human NaturalSystems. Washington: Island Press.
    26.
  26. Holling, C.S. (1973) ‘Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems’, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1-23.
    27.
  27. Horne, J.F. and J.E. Orr. (1998) ‘Assessing Behaviours that Create Resilient Organisations’, Employment Relations Today24(4): 29–39.
    28.
  28. Jabareen, Yosef. (2013) ‘Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk’, Cities 31: 220-229.
    29.
  29. Kavian, Farzane. (2011) ‘Investigating role of land use planning in improving urban communities resiliency against earthquake (case study: Sabzevar town)’, Supervisor: Mohammad Salmani Moghaddam, dissertation of M.A degree in geography and urban planning, Faculty of geography and environmental sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar.
    30.
  30. Kendra, M.J. and T. Wachtendorf. (2003) ‘Elements of Resilience After the World Trade Center Disaster: Reconstructing New York City’s Emergency Operation Center’, Disasters27(1): 37–53.
    31.
  31. Klein, R.J.N. and Thomalla, F. (2003) ‘Resilience to naturalhazards: how useful is this concept?’, Environmental Hazard5(1–2): 35–45.
    32.
  32. Kobayashi. (2004) ‘Subjects of preparation and reducing consequences in crisis management’, Textbooks of specialized workshop of experience exchange for secure life and reducing risk taking against earthquake.
    33.
  33. Mallak, L. (1998) ‘Resilience in the Healthcare Industry’, Paper presented at the Seventh Annual Engineering Research Conference, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
    34.
  34. Manyena, S.B. (2006) ‘The concept of resilience revisite’, Disasters 30(4): 433–450.
    35.
  35. Mayunga, JS. (2007) Understanding and Applying theConcept of Community Disaster Resilience: A capitalbasedapproach. A draft working paper prepared for thesummer academy for social vulnerability and resiliencebuilding. Munich.
    36.
  36. Miletti, D.S. (1999) Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States. Washington: Joseph Henry Press.
    37.
  37. Mitchell, T. and Harris, K. (2012) Resilience: a risk management approach. background note, ODI.
    38.
  38. Mohammadi Dah Cheshmeh, Mostafa. (2011) ‘Modeling effective risk taking elements in promoting urban safety of Karaj town’, Supervisors: Keramatollah Ziari, Ph.D Thesis in geography and urban planning, Faculty of geography, Tehran University, Tehran.
    39.
  39. Mohammadzade, Rahmat. (2005) ‘Role of urban planning in reducing effects of earthquake’, Collection of articles in International Conference of Geological risks, Natural disasters and approaches to cope with them. Tabriz University.
    40.
  40. Norris, F.H. and Stevens, SP. and Pfefferbaum, B. and Wyche, KF. and Pfefferbaum, R.L. (2008) ‘Community resilience as a metaphor,theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness’,American Journal of Community Psychology 41:127–150.
    41.
  41. on South Asian Tsunami.‘Open House International Journal31(1): 11-21.
    42.
  42. Pais, J. and Elliot, J. (2008) ‘Places as recovery machines: Vulnerability and neighborhood change after major hurricanes’, Social Forces 86: 1415–1453.
    43.
  43. Paton, D. and L. Smith and J. Violanti. (2000) ‘Disasters Response: Risk, Vulnerabilities and Resilience’, Disaster Prevention and Management 9(3): 173–179.
    44.
  44. Pelling, M. (2003) The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. London: Earthscan.
    45.
  45. Pendall, R. and Foster, K.A. and Cowell, M. (2007) ‘Resilience andregions:Building understanding of the metaphor’, A workingpaper for building resilience network, Institute of urbanregional development, University of California
    46.
  46. Rafieian, Mojtaba and Rezaei, Mohammadreza, and Askari, Ali, and Parhizkar, Akbar and Shayan, Siavash. (2011) ‘Conceptual explanation of resiliency and its indexing in community-based disaster management (CBDM)’, Modares journal of Humanities 4(15): 19-41.
    47.
  47. Rezaei, Mohammadreza. (2010) ‘Explaining resiliency in urban communities in order to decrease effects of natural disasters (earthquake), case study: Tehran Metropolis’, Supervisors: Mojtaba Rafieian and Ali Askari, Ph.D thesis in Geography and urban planning, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.
    48.
  48. Timmerman, P. (1981) Vulnerability. Resilience and the Collapse of Society: A Review of Models and Possible Climatic Applications. Canada: Institute for Environmental Studies. University of Toronto.
    49.
  49. Tobin, G. (1999) ‘Sustainability and community resilience: theholy grail of hazards planning?’, Environmental Hazards 1: 13-25.
    50.
  50. UN/ISDR. (2005) ‘Hyogo framework for 2005-2015: Buildingthe resilience of the nations and communities todisasters’. Japan: World Conference on Disaster Reduction. http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf
    51.
  51. UNISDR. (2010) ‘Information kit for ISDR 2010-2011 World Disaster Reduction’. UNISDR, Geneva. http:// www.unisdr.Org/english/campaigns/campaign2010-2011/documents/ca,paign-kit-pdf.Accessed on Mar 5, 2011
    52.
  52. Vale, L. & Campanella, T. (2005) ‘The Resilient City: How ModernCities Recover from Disaster’. New York: Oxford UniversityPress. www.unisdr.org/wcdr/intergover/official-docsHyogo- frameworkaction- english .pdf. accessed. January 04
    53.
  53. Wildavsky, A. (1991) Searching for Safety. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
    54.
  54. Zhou, H. and Wang, J. and Wan, J. and Jia, H. (2009) ‘Resilience to natural hazards: ageographic perspective’, Nat Hazards. DOI 10.1007/s11069-009-9407-y
    55.
  55. www.unescap.org
    56.

سند

Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications

الروابط

المراكز ذات الصلة

دعامة

الصفحات الرسمية

حقوق هذا الموقع الإلكتروني مملوكة لنظام SANAD Press Management. © 1442-1446

الصفحة الرئيسية| دخول| معلومات عنا| اتصل بنا|
[English] [فارسی] [en] [fa]