Analyzing the Impact of the Physical Form of Neighborhoods on Walkability
الموضوعات :
Space Ontology International Journal
Maryam Mohamadi
1
,
Mahsa Mostafaei
2
1 - University of Art
2 - University of Art
تاريخ الإرسال : 01 الخميس , شوال, 1442
تاريخ التأكيد : 17 الأحد , ذو القعدة, 1442
تاريخ الإصدار : 24 الأربعاء , محرم, 1443
الکلمات المفتاحية:
walkability,
Spatial Configuration,
Physical Elements of Form,
Grid Fabric,
Organic Fabric,
ملخص المقالة :
Physical health influences the wide area such as: urban design, physical activities, walking behavior) and generally needs accurate laboratory methods and tools to assess. A large number of studies considered walking behavior as one of the aspects of physical health.The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the physical form in neighborhoods on the walkability to explain the effect of the urban element on physical activity. Haft Hoz (with grid pattern) and Bagh-e-Feyz (with organic pattern) were selected due to the different spatial configurations. The social and economic conditions were identical to avoid the impact of intervening variables. The spatial configuration and order were investigated by using the space syntax technique and Depth Map Software . The typology and field survey methods were used to evaluate the characteristics of the blocks and parcels and land use, respectively. In addition to examining the physical forms in the neighborhoods objectively, the subjective technique was used by interviewing the residents and getting to the theoretical saturation. Based on the results, spatial configuration, blocking pattern and parcel, and land use affect the walkability.
المصادر:
Arvidsson, D., Eriksson, U., Lönn, SL., & Sundquist, K. (2012). Neighborhood walkability, income, and hour-by-hour physical activity patterns. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 45(4): 698-705.
Bahraini, H. & Khosravi, H. (2010). Physical and Spatial Features of built environment which have Impact on Walking, Health status and Body Fitness, Honar-ha-ye-ziba Memari-Va-Shahrsazi, 2 (43), 5-16.
Buck, C., Tkaczick, T., Pitsiladis, Y., Bourdehaudhuij, I., Reisch, L., Ahrens, W., & Pigeot, I. (2015). Objective measures of the built environment and physical activity in children: from walkability to move ability. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 92(1), 24-38.
Burton, N. W., Oldenburg, B., Sallis, J., & Turrell, G. (2005).The relative contributions of psychological, social, and environmental variables to explain participation in walking, moderate and vigorous intensity leisure-time physical activity. Journal of physical activity & health, 2(2): 181–196.
Caniggia, G. & Maffei, G. (2001). Architectural composition and building typology: interpreting basic building. Firenze: Alinea.
Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (2003). Public Places and Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. Oxford: Architectural Press.
Christiansen, L. B., Cerin, E., Badland, H., Kerr, J., Davey, R., Troelsen, J., Van Dyck, D., Mitas, J., Schofield, G., Sugiyama, T., Salvo, D., Sarmiento, O. L, Reis, R., Adams, M., Frank, L. & Sallis, JF. (2016). International comparisons of the associations between objective measures of the built environment and transport-related walking and cycling: IPEN adult study. Journal of Transport and Health, 3 (4), 467-478.
Cole, R., Leslie, E., Bauman , A., Donald , M., & Own, N. (2006). Sociodemographic variations in walking for transport and for recreation or exercise among adult Australians. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 3:164–78.
Conzen, M.R.G. (1960). Alnwick, Northumberland: A study in town-plan analysis. London, Institute of British Geographers Publication.
Cowan, R. (2005). The Dictionary of Urbanism: Streetwise Press.
Cutumisu, N. (2011). Movement-Attractors and Generic Neighborhood Environment Traits(MAGNET): The Association between Urban Form and Physical Activity (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Alberta, Canada.
Daniel, L. (2012). Beyond the Buzzword: 4 Real Life Essentials for Walkable Cities. Retrieved from http://rethinkurban.com/2012/places-and-spaces/beyond-the-buzzword-4-real-life-essentials-for-walkable-cities/
De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Teixeira, PJ., Cardon , G., & Deforche, B. (2005). Environmental and psychosocial correlates of physical activity in Portuguese and Belgian adults, Public Health Nutrition, 8(7): 886-95.
Dill, J. (2004, September). Measuring Network Connectivity for Bicycling and Walking. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting CD-ROM, Portland State University, Victoria, BC.
Ewing, R. & Cervero, R. (2010). Travel and the Built Environment. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3): 265-294.
Forsyth, A., Michael Oakes, J., Lee, B. R. & Schmitz, K. (2009). The built environment, walking, and physical activity: Is the environment more important to some people than others? Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment 14(1), 42-49.
Frank, L. D., Anderson, M. A, & Schmid, T. L (2004). Obesity Relationships with Community Design, Physical Activity and Time Spent in Cars. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(2), 87‐96.
Frank, LD., Kerr, J., Chapman, J. & Sallis, J. (2007). Urban Form Relationships with Walk Trip Frequency and Distance among Youth. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21(4), 305-11.
Frank, LD., Sallis, JF., Saelens, BE., Leary, L., Cain, K., Conway, TL., & Hess, PM. (2009).The development of a walkability index: application to the Neighborhood Quality of life study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(13), 924-33.
Frank, LD., Schmid, TL ., Sallis, JF., Chapman, J.,& Saelens, BE. (2005). Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: findings from SMARTRAQ. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2), 117-25.
Ghafarian Shojaei, M., Noghsan Mohammadi, M. R. & Tajdar, V. (2013). Identify the manner and extent of the impact of urban sidewalk elements on the dimensions and components of pedestrian health. Motaleat Shahri, 2(7), 15-30.
Giles-Corti, B., Kelty, S. F., Zubrick, S. R. & Villanueva, K. (2009). Encouraging Walking for Transport and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents. Sports Medicine, 39 (12), 995-1009.
Habib, F. (2006). Searching for The meaning of Urban Shape. Journal of Fine Arts, (25), 15-5.
Hakimian, P. (2014). Healthy urban spaces: Physical characteristics affecting obesity. PhD Degree Dissertation. Shahid Beheshti University.
Handy, S., Boarnet, M., Ewing, R. & Killingsworth, R. ( 2002). How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from urban planning. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(2 Suppl): 64-73.
Hillier, B., & Hanson, J. (1984). The Social logic of space. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Hillier, B., & Vaughan, L. (2007). The city as one thing. Progress in Planning, 67, 205-230.
Humpel, N., Owen, N. & Leslie, E. (2002). Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity: A review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(3), 188-199.
Jamali, S. (2012). Investigating the Effect of Housing Typology on Urban Morphology Case Study: Tabriz Metropolis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Tabriz, Iran.
Jenks, M. & Jones, C. (2010). Dimensions of the Sustainable City: Springer, Netherlands.
Jiang, B., Claramunt, C., & Klarqvist, B. (2000). Integration of space syntax into GIS for modelling urban spaces. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2(3-4), 161-171.
Kaplan, S., Sick Nielsen, T. A. & Prato, C.G. (2016). Walking, cycling and the urban form: A Heckman selection model of active travel mode and distance by young adolescents. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.44, 55-65.
Kazemi, A. & Gol Lale. T. (2017). Identification of spatial factors affecting pedestrian movement in urban neighborhoods (Case Study: Nowshahr). Motaleat Shahri, 6(22), 89-97.
Kirtland, K. A., Porter, D. E., Addy, C. L., Neet, M. J., Williams, J. E., Sharpe, P. A., Neff, L. J., Kimsey, C. D., Jr., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2003). Environmental Measures of Physical Activity Supports: Perception Versus Reality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24(4), 323–331.
Ko, Y. & Radke, J. D. (2014). The effect of urban form and residential cooling energy use in Sacramento, California. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 41(4): 573-593.
Kondo, M.C., Fluehr, J.M., McKeon, T., Branas, C.C. (2018).Urban green space and its impact on human health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15( 3), 445-451.
Koohsari, M.J., Oka, K., Owen, N. & Sugiyama, T. (2019). Natural Movement: A Space Syntax Theory Linking Urban Form and Function with Walking for Transport, Journal of Health & Place, 58.
Koohsari, M.J., Owen, N., Cole, R., Mavoa, S., Oka, K., Hanibuchi, T., & Sugiyama, T. (2017). Built environmental factors and adults’ travel behaviors: Role of street layout and local destinations. Preventive medicine, 96, 124–128.
Koohsari, M.J., Sugiyama, T., Lamb, K.E., Kare, V., Neville, O. (2014). Street connectivity and walking for transport: Role of neighborhood destinations. Preventive medicine, 66, 122–144.
Kropf, K. (2009). Aspects of urban form. Urban Morphology, 13(2), 105-20.
Lee, C., & Moudon, A.V. (2006). Correlates of Walking for Transportation or Recreation Purposes. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 3(s1), S77-S98.
Leslie, E., Butterworth, L., & Edwards, M. (2006, October). Measuring the Walkability of Local Communities Using Geographic Information Systems Data. Paper presented at Walk21-VII, “The Next Steps”, The 7th International Conference on Walking and Livable Communities, Melbourne, Australia.
Liao, Y., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., Koohsari, M.J., Inoue, S. & Oka, K. (2018). Can neighborhood design support walking? Cross-sectional and prospective findings from Japan. Journal of Transport & Health, No 11, p. 73-79.
Lin, L. (2018). Leisure-time physical activity, objective urban neighborhood built environment, and overweight and obesity of Chinese school-age children. Journal of Transport & Health, 10, 322–333.
Lock, J. (2008). Anything but child’s play: Reclaiming the streets for child health and wellbeing (Unpublished Bachelor Project). University Of NSW, Sydney, Australia.
Loon, J., & Frank, LD. (2011). Urban Form Relationships with Youth Physical Activity: Implications for Research and Practice. Journal of Planning Literature, 26(3), 280-308.
Lynch, K. (1981). Good city form. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Mantri, A. (2008). A GIS Based Approach to Measure Walkability of a Neighborhood. University of Cincinnati, USA.
Mitchell, CA. (2016). Children's Physical Activity and the Built Environment: The Impact of Neighborhood Opportunities and Contextual Environmental Exposure (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Western Ontario, Canada.
Mott, N. (2012). Walkonimics is using open data to build a street-grading platform? Retrieved from https://pando.com/2012/11/06/walkonomics-is-using-open-data-to-build-a-street-grading-platform/
Moudon, A.V. (1997). Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field. Urban Morphology .1(1), 3-10.
Moudon, A.V. (1998). The changing morphology of suburban neighbourhood. Typology process and design theory. Attilio Petruccioli (ed). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture.
Nikpour, A., Hosainpour Asgar, M. & Talebi, H. (2017). Studying the impact of environmental indices on walkability (A case study of Amol). Urban Structure and Function studies, 4(13), 110-133.
Oliveira, V. (2016). Urban Morphology an Introduction to the Study of the Physical Form of Cities. Switzerland: Springer.
