Distinctive Aspects of Vernacular Architecture of Wakhan Valley in Afghanistan; Influencing the Crossing Cultures and Adapting to the Harsh Climate
الموضوعات :
Space Ontology International Journal
Hossein Medi
1
(Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Urbanism, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran)
Sayed Fridoon Fedelle
2
(Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Urbanism, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran)
تاريخ الإرسال : 29 الثلاثاء , رمضان, 1442
تاريخ التأكيد : 14 الأحد , محرم, 1443
تاريخ الإصدار : 26 الأربعاء , ربيع الثاني, 1443
الکلمات المفتاحية:
Symbols,
mountain,
Vernacular,
Cold climate,
Cross culture,
ملخص المقالة :
Many scientific sources agree that indigenous architecture, in terms of shape and function, is best suited to its environment. In this architecture, climatic conditions, access to materials, culture and beliefs of residents play an important role in the formation of the outer wall, the arrangement of ancillary spaces and decorative features. This architecture has a unique feature in the Pamir Mountains of Afghanistan in the face of wildlife, different cultures and harsh climatic conditions. The approach of the two Wakhi and Kyrgyz immigrant communities in the region is quite different in their adherence to traditions. However, in the Wakhan Valley, the transfer of experiences between farmers and herding nomads has created a new kind of architecture that is still introverted. To study the formation of this architecture, descriptive-analytical method has been studied on library resources, maps, statistical data, reports and field images. This study showed that indigenous architecture, in a wise introverted way, is based on both maintaining the internal warmth of the house and socio-cultural relationships. Symbols are influenced by the nature, history and culture of neighboring civilizations and have evolved over time. However, this architecture plays an important role in creating interaction and social stability in this region. Communities in residential, religious and burial buildings have also paid attention to available materials and adaptation to land form. Despite efforts to adapt to very cold climates in both types of homes, buildings and tents, there are limitations to receiving lighting and ventilation.
المصادر:
Aich, V., Akhundzadah, N. A., Knuerr, A., Khoshbeen, A. J., Hattermann, F., Paeth, H., Scanlon, A. and Paton, N.A. (2017) Climate Change in Afghanistan Deduced from Reanalysis and Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment, South Asia Simulations, Climate, 38(5), DOI: 10.3390/cli5020038.
Amini, K. (2017) Documentary about the Pamir, Tolo News, Available at: https://www.youtube.com/embed/jlJjWjpmK10
Ardebili, M.R. and Shafiei, M. (2016) Lessons from the Past: Climatic Response of Iranian Vernacular Houses to Hot Climate Conditions, Space Ontology International Journal, (5), 4, 15-28, http://soij.qiau.ac.ir/article_526877_57e90a0c189dc434db77a221b02bed16.pdf
Badakhshan (2018) Physical Conservation and Restoration, Available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/13281/original/DTP105665.pdf
Bernensia, on 22 September. Available at http://www.northsouth.unibe.ch/content.php/publication/id/1705
Callahan, T. (2019) The Kyrgyz of the Afghan Pamir Ride On Ted Callahan, Boston University,
DOI: 10.3167/np.2007.110103.
Carvanistan(2021) Wakhan Corridor, available at: https://caravanistan.com/afghanistan/wakhan-corridor/
Cassar, B. and Noshadi, S. (2015) Keep alive History, Safeguarding Cultural Heritage in Post Conflict of Afghanistan, UNESCO, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Chenevie`re C. and Chenevie`re, A. (2007) Mongolie: Le vent des centaures, Paris, France, Editions Vilo, Terres de passion.
Clipartmax (2019) Afghanistan's map of climate classification koeppen, Available at:
https://www.clipartmax.com/middle/m2i8m2i8N4Z5A0b1_afghanistan-map-of-climate-classification-koppen-climate-map-afghanistan
Eduljee, K. E. (2017) Pamirs Badakhshan, Available at: http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/tajikistan/page4.htm
Farzaneh, A. (2020) How to Cope with Heat and Combined in Hot and Dry Climate in Chahar- Sofe (Four-Sided) Houses of the Zoroastrian Village of Mazraeh Kalantar, Yazd, Iran, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, HERITAGE International Conference, Valencia, Spain. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-219-2020.
Forster, H., Pachova, N.I., and Renaud, F. G. (2011) Energy and Land Use in the Pamir-Alai Mountains, Mountain Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00041.1
Geography (2003) Wakhan Mission Report by the UNEP, Available at: http://www.juldu.com/Pamir/geography.html
Gil Crespo, I.J., Barrera, M.M. B. and Ramos, L. M. (2015) Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future, Taylor & Francis Group, London.
Isaacson, A. (2009) Pamir Mountains, the Crossroads of History Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/travel/20Pamir.html, on Dec. 17.
Kreutzmann, H. (2003). Ethnic minorities and marginality in the Pamirian Knot: survival of Wakhi and Kirghiz in a harsh environment and global contexts, The Geographical Journal, 169, 3 ,215–235, DOI: 10.1111/1475-4959.00086
Kassam, K. S. (2010) Pluralism, Resilience, and the Ecology of Survival: Case Studies from the Pamir Mountains of Afghanistan, Research. Ecology and Society, 15(2): 8 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss2/art8.
Keshtkaran, P.: 2011, Harmonization between climate and architecture in vernacular heritage, A Case Study in Yazd, Iran, Procedia Engineering, 21: pp.428–438, DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2035
Kirbas, B. and Hizli, N. (2016) Learning from Vernacular Architecture: Ecological Solutions in Traditional Erzurum Houses, Procedia of Social and Behavior Sciences, 216: 788-799, DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.076.
Lacaze, G. and Borel, C. (2006) Mongolie: Pays d’ombres et de lumie`res, Paris, France, Editions Olizane.
Mauvieux, B., Reinberg, A. and T., Yvan (2014) The Yurt: A mobile home of nomadic populations dwelling in the Mongolian steppe is still used both as a sun clock and a calendar, The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research, pp. 1525-6073, http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2014.874801.
Medi, H. (2015) Climatic typology of Mountain Housing in Iran (In Persian), Aval va Aakhar Publisher, Tehran: 15-16.
Matikeev, M., Sherbaeva, Z., Satybaldiev, B., Isakova1, U. and Abdullaeva, Z. (2020) The Role of the Tenir-Too Relief Steps in the Formation of High-Altitude Belts, Open Journal of Geology,(10),12,1164-1172, 10.4236/ojg.2020.1012056
Mehmani, R. and Nakhaii, J. (2017) Study of the Cold and Mountainous Climate and Obtaining Architectural Indices of the Effecting Region on the Climatic Design of Housing, Journal of Applied Environmental Biological. Science. 25(7): pp. 98-108, https://www.textroad.com/pdf/JAEBS/J.Appl.Environ.Biol.Sci.7(2S)98-108,2017.pdf
Messerli, B. and Ives, J. D. (1997) Energy resources for remote highland areas: Mountains of the World, A Global Priority, New York, NY: Parthenon: 157–170.
Meteoblue (1989-2019) Weather Pamir Mountains, Available at: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/week/pamir-mountains_tajikistan_1131187
Middleton, R. (2020) Symbolism in the Pamiri House, Available at http://eurasia.travel/tajikistan/traditions/symbolism_in_the_pamiri_house/2020.
Miller, A. (2007) Wakhan Heritage Inventory, The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, Available at: https://archnet.org/publications/12739
Mock, J. (2018) The Pamiri House: At Home on the Roof of the World, Available at: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/tajikistan/articles/the-pamiri-house-at-home-on-the-roof-of-the-world/on 2 January
Mock, J. (2013) New Discoveries of Rock Art in Afghanistan Wakhan’s Corridor and Pamir: A Primarily Study, http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol11/SilkRoad_11_2013_mock.pdf
Mock, J. and O’Neil K. (2005) Wakhan and the Afghan Pamir: In the Footsteps of Marco Polo, Available at: https://www.akdn.org/akdn/sites/akdn/files/Publications/2010_akf_wakhan.pdf
Molinar-Ruiz, A. (2017) Cold-Arid Deserts: Global Vernacular Framework for Passive Architectural Design, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Hawaii: 22-23.
Oliver, P. (2006) Built to Meet Needs: Cultural Issues in Vernacular Architecture, Architectural Press of Elsevier, 3-4.
Olson, D. M., E. Dinerstein, E. D. Wikramanayake, N. D. Burgess, G. V. N. Powell, E. C. Underwood, J. A. D’amico, I. Itoua, H. E. Strand, J. C. Morrison, C. J. Loucks, T. F. Allnutt, T. H. Ricketts, Y. Kura, J. F. Lamoreux, W. W. Wettengel, P. Hedao and Kassem, K. R. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth: a new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. Biological Science, 51: 933-938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568
Özgun, T. O. (2021) George Hayward’s Journey to the Central Asia: The Periphery of the British Imperialist Politics, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34, 175-195.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/turkiyat/issue/62374/800456
Rijal, H.B.(2021) Thermal adaptation of buildings and people for energy saving in extreme cold climate of Nepal, Energy and Buildings, 230, 1-18
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110551
SecerCompass (2021) In Images: Afghanistan, Expeditions on the Roof of the World, available at: https://secretcompass.com/in-photos-wakhan-corridor-afghanistan/
Shahrani, N. (2002) The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War, Amazon Press: 11-13.
Shariatmadari, F. (2017) Mehr to Allah: Studying the place of light and how it continues in rituals, Quarterly Journal of Art and Eastern Civilization, 22, 49-54, DOI:10.22034/jaco.2019.81923.
Shkolnik, A., Taylor, C. R., Finch, V. and Borut, A. (1980) Why Do the Bedouins Wear Black Robes in Hot Deserts, Nature, 283: 373-375.
Supic, P. (1982) Vernacular Architecture: A Lesson of the Past for the Future, Energy and Buildings, 6, 43- 54.
Szabo, A. (1991) Afghanistan: An Atlas of Indigenous Domestic Architecture, University of Texas Press, Austin, USA.
