The Concept of Quality in Public Courtyards: Explanations and Analyses. Case Study: Mausoleum of Shah Ni’mat-Allah Vali
الموضوعات :
Space Ontology International Journal
Elham Khajehpour
1
,
Djavad Rasooli
2
1 - Saba Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
2 - Saba Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
تاريخ الإرسال : 25 الخميس , صفر, 1441
تاريخ التأكيد : 30 الثلاثاء , ذو القعدة, 1441
تاريخ الإصدار : 09 الإثنين , شوال, 1441
الکلمات المفتاحية:
Public Courtyards,
Architectural Quality,
Public Open Space,
Built Environment,
Shah Ni’mat-Allah Vali Mausoleum,
ملخص المقالة :
Quality is a highly esoteric concept which compels theorists to offer different explanations. Based on library resources, quality can be defined as an interaction between individuals and their environment, which is caused by a set of environmental components differing in each environment. This paper studied the concept of quality in public courtyards. The Mausoleum of Shah Ni’mat-Allah Vali, which provides a reasonable setting with four distinguished public courtyards was selected as the case study. Owing to traditional patterns and frameworks of Iranian architecture, these courtyards are immensely popular amongst Iranian scholars and architecture students, and a formal imitation of this pattern is prevalent, while the qualities of such spaces are often neglected. By employing a wide literature review, the different theories regarding dimensions and components of quality in public open spaces were categorized based on the year and author. In the Delphi panel, experts narrowed down the literature review and suggested that the main dimensions are Functional, Visual and Morphological, Experiential and Perceptual, Social and Ecological, each of which has several components. These components were achieved using the Delphi method. Moreover, the authors used the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method to understand the importance and to prioritize the dimensions and components. Furthermore, by using questionnaires and interviews, this research analyses the public courtyards of the case study. Based on the results, individuals could perceive all the proposed components and dimensions of the research and consider them while labeling a place as a high-quality environment. This highlights the fact that individuals’ minds recognize the role of these components in the real-world, and consciously or unconsciously evaluating with the aim of discovering a place more pleasant, attractive, and with higher qualities.
المصادر:
Alipour, R., Khademi, M., Senemari, M., & Rafieyan, M. (2012)‘Surveying Environment Quality Indicators in Detection of Interfering Priorities in the Deteriorated Fabric of Bandar Lengeh city’. Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar,9(20), 13-22. (In Persian)
Almhafdy, A., Ibrahim, N., Ahmad, S. S., & Yahya, J. (2013) ‘Analysis of the Courtyard Functions and its Design Variants in the Malaysian Hospitals’. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105, 171-182.
Bell, S. (2012) Landscape: pattern, perception and process (2nd ed.). London; New York: Routledge.
Bentley, I. (1985) Responsive environments: a manual for designers. London: Architectural Press.
Bentley, I. (1990) ‘Ecological urban design’. Architects’ Journal, 192(24), 69-71.
Bittencourt, M. C., Pereira, V. L. D. d. V., & Júnior, W. P. (2015) ‘The Usability of Architectural Spaces: Objective and Subjective Qualities of Built Environment as Multidisciplinary Construction’. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 6429-6436.
Brunelli, M. (2014) Introduction to the Analytic Hierarchy Process: London: Springer International Publishing.
Burt, M.E. (1978) A Survey of Quality and Value in Building. Watford, UK: Building Research Establishment..
Canter, D. V. (1977) The psychology of place. London: Architectural Press.
Carmona, M. (2003) Public places, urban spaces: The dimensions of urban design. Oxford: Architectural Press.
Carmona, M., Magalhães, C. d., & Hammond, L. (2008) Public space: the management dimension. London; New York: Routledge.
Chapman, D. (2004) Creating Neighbourhoods and Places in the Built Environment, London: Taylor & Francis.
Cochran, W. G. (1977) Sampling techniques (3rd ed.) New York: Wiley.
Colman, J. (1987)‘Opportunities for Innovation in Urban Design Education’ Australian Planner, 25(4), 28-31.
Cortina, J. M. (1993)‘What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98-104.
Darkhani, F., Asif, N., Utaberta, N., Sabil, A., Ali, M. & Rahman, Z. (2019) ‘Street, landscape and courtyard: Study on the essence of public space in Islamic built environment’, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8. 543-546.
Dempsey, N. (2008) ‘Quality of the Built Environment in Urban Neighbourhoods’, Planning Practice & Research, 23(2), 249-264.
DETR. (2000) By design: urban design in the planning system: towards better practice, London: Crown.
Edwards, B. (2006) Courtyard housing: past, present, and future, New York: Taylor & Francis.
Falahat, M. S. (2006) ‘Sense of place concept and fundamental factors’, Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Memary Va Shahrsazi, 1(26), 57-66. (In Persian)
Fennelly, L. J., & Perry, M. A. (2018) CPTED and traditional security countermeasures: 150 things you should know. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Force, U. T. (1999) Towards an Urban Renaissance, London: Spon.
Ford, L. R. (1999) ‘Lynch revisited: New urbanism and theories of good city form’, Cities,16(4), 247-257.
Fronczek-Munter, A. (2011) ‘Usability and user driven innovation - unity or clash?’, Paper presented at the 13th International FM&REM Congress Built Environment, Kufstein, Austria.
Gangwar, G., & Kaur, P. (2016) Towards Sustainable Future: Typologies and Parameters of Courtyard Design. Paper presented at the International Conference On Recent Advances in “Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering for Sustainable Development”, New Delhi.
Gehl, J. (1987) Life between buildings: using public space, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Gibson, J. J. (1977) The Theory of Affordances [in] Perceiving, acting and knowing: toward an ecological psychology. In R. E. Shaw, J. D. Bransford, & M. University of (Eds.), ‘Perceiving, acting and knowing: toward an ecological psychology’ (pp. 67-82). London: Wiley.
Goharipour, H. (2019) ‘Narratives of a lost space: A semiotic analysis of central courtyards in Iranian cinema’, Frontiers of Architectural Research, 8(2), 164-174.
Golkar, K. (2001)‘Components of urban design quality’ Soffeh,11(32), 38-65. (In Persian)
Goodey, B. (1993) ‘Two gentlemen in Verona: The qualities of urban design’, StreetWise, 4(14), 3-5.
Goudini, J., Bakhtiarimanesh, E. & Barati, N. (2018) ‘Reflection on Existential Levels of Environment and its Manifestation in Iranian-Islamic Cultural Context (Case Study: Yard)’, The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-E Nazar, 15(59), 5-16. (In Persian)
Greene, S. (1992)‘Cityshape Communicating and Evaluating Community Design’ Journal of the American Planning Association, 58(2), 177-189.
Haghi, M., Samavati, S., Eskandari, A. (2018). An Evaluation of Housing Quality in Two Types of Conventional Housing vs. Apartments, (Case Study: Haft Hoz Neighborhood and the 1st Phase of Ekbatan Community in Tehran). Space Ontology International Journal, 7(2), 23-34.
Haughton, G., & Hunter, C. (1994) Sustainable Cities, London: Routledge.
Iranmanesh, M., Rasooli, D. (2018). Experience of Urbanscape Essence in International Award Winning Iranian Movies. Space Ontology International Journal, 7(3), 11-22.
Isaac, S., & Michael, W. B. (1995) Handbook in research and evaluation: a collection of principles, methods, and strategies useful in the planning, design, and evaluation of studies in education and the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). San Diego, Calif.: EdITS.
Jacobs, A., & Appleyard, D. (1987) ‘Toward an Urban Design Manifesto’, Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(1).
Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities: New York: Random House.
Kazemi Shishavan, M. & Sharif Khajehpasha, S. (2020) ‘The Role of Physical Architectural Environment on Treatment of Autism Disorder in 4-10-Year-Old Children in Urmia’, Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 12(29), 153-166. (In Persian)
Koohsari, M. J., Badland, H., Mavoa, S., Villanueva, K., Francis, J., Hooper, P., Giles-Corti, B. (2018) ‘Are public open space attributes associated with walking and depression?’, Cities, 74, 119-125.
Lang, J. T. (1987) Creating architectural theory: the role of the behavioral sciences in environmental design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Lansing, J. B., & Marans, R. W. (1969) ‘Evaluation of Neighborhood Quality’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(3), 195-199.
László, J. (2018) ‘Inner Courtyards as Public Open Spaces’. Proceedings of 23rd International Conference on Urban Planning, Regional Development and Information, 605-612.
Latifi, A., & Sajadzadeh, H. (2014) ‘The evaluation of environmental quality factors on the Behavioral patterns in urban parks- Case study: Mardom park of Hamadan City’, Journal of Urban Studies, 3(11), 3-18. (In Persian)
Li, Zh., Chow, D.H.C, Yao, J., Zheng, X. & Zhao, W. (2019) ‘The effectiveness of adding horizontal greening and vertical greening to courtyard areas of existing buildings in the hot summer cold winter region of China: A case study for Ningbo’, Energy and Buildings, 196, 227-239,
Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (1975) The Delphi method: Techniques and applications, Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Advanced Book Program.
Lynch, K. (1960) The image of the city, Cambridge Mass.: Technology Press.
Lynch, K. (1981) A theory of good city form, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Marans, R. W., & Spreckelmeyer, K. F. (1982)‘Measuring Overall Architectural Quality:A Component of Building Evaluation’, Environment and Behavior, 14(6), 652-670.
Maslow, A. H. (1943)‘A theory of human motivation’, Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396.
Mat Idris, M., Sibley & M., Hadjri, K. (2018) ‘Users’ Perceptions, Experiences and Level of Satisfaction with the Quality of a Courtyard Garden in a Malaysian Public Hospital’, Environment-Behavior Proceedings Journal, 3, 1-11.
Meir, I. (2000) ‘Courtyard microclimate: A hot arid region case study’, Paper presented at the proc. 17th PLEA int., Cambridge, UK.
Moradinasab, H., bemanian, M. & etessam, I. (2018) ‘The qualitative role of geometry on geometric shape stability of mosques’ central yards in Iran’, ‘Scientific Journal of Architectural Thought’, 2(4), 53-62. (In Persian)
Nasar, J. L. (1994) ‘Urban Design Aesthetics:The Evaluative Qualities of Building Exteriors’,26(3), 377-401.
Natanian, J. & Auer, T. (2020) ‘Beyond nearly zero energy urban design: A holistic microclimatic energy and environmental quality evaluation workflow’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 56,102094.
Nelessen, A. C. (1994) Visions for a new American dream: process, principles, and an ordinance to plan and design small communities (2nd ed.). Chicago: Planners Press, American Planning Association.
Nelson, C. (2006) Managing quality in architecture: a handbook for creators of the built environment (1st ed.). Boston: Elsevier.
Newman, O. (1972) Defensible space; crime prevention through urban design. New York: Macmillan.
Nichol, J., & Wong, M. S. (2005) ‘Modeling urban environmental quality in a tropical city’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 73(1), 49-58.
Norberg-Schulz, C. (1985) The concept of dwelling: on the way to figurative architecture, Milan: Rizzoli.
Oxford Dictionary. (2010) London: Oxford University Press.
Pacione, M. (2003) ‘Urban environmental quality and human wellbeing—a social geographical perspective’, Landscape and Urban Planning,65(1), 19-30.
Pakzad, J. (2004) The urban spaces design guideline in Iran, Tehran: Department of Housing and Urban Development. (In Persian)
Pakzad, J. (2006) Theoretical principles and urban design process. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University. (In Persian)
Partridge, E. (1983) Origins: a short etymological dictionary of modern English (1983 ed.), New York: Greenwich House.
PMUDTF. (1994) Urban Design in Australia: Report by The Prime Minister's Urban Design Task force. Retrieved from https://urbandesign.org.au/.
PPS. (2018) What Makes a Successful Place? Retrieved from https://www.pps.org/article/grplacefeat.
Punter, J. (2007) ‘Developing urban design as public policy: best practice principles for design review and development management’, Journal of Urban Design, 12(2), 167-202.
Punter, J., & Carmona, M. (1997) The design dimension of planning: theory, content, and best practice for design policies (1st ed.) London: E & FN Spon.
Rafieian, M., Taghvaei, A. A., Khademi, M., & Alipour, R. (2013) ‘Comparative study on approaches of quality evaluation in public spaces design’, Iranian Association of Architecture & Urbanism, 3(4), 35-43. (In Persian)
Rivera-Gómez, C., Diz-Mellado, E., Galán-Marín, C. & López-Cabeza, V. (2019) ‘Tempering potential-based evaluation of the courtyard microclimate as a combined function of aspect ratio and outdoor temperature’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 51, 101740.
Rönn, M. (2011) Architectural quality in competitions: A dialogue based assessment of design proposals. Form Akademisk, 4(1).
Saadati, S. (2019). The Role of House Outdoor Environment Features in Creating Home Attachment. Space Ontology International Journal, 8(4), 1-11.
Saaty, T. L. (1982) Decision making for leaders: the analytical hierarchy process for decisions in a complex world, Belmont, Calif.: Lifetime Learning Publications.
Shirvani, H. (1981) Urban design review: a guide for planners, Washington, D.C.: Planners Press, American Planning Association.
Sirgy, M. J., Rahtz, D. R., Cicic, M., & Underwood, R. (2000) ‘A method for assessing residents' satisfaction with community-based services: a quality-of-life perspective’, Social Indicators Research,49(3), 279-316.
Soflaei, F., Shokouhian, M., & Mofidi Shemirani, S. M. (2016a) ‘Investigation of Iranian traditional courtyard as passive cooling strategy (a field study on BS climate)’ International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(1), 99-113.
Soflaei, F., Shokouhian, M., & Mofidi Shemirani, S. M. (2016b) ‘Traditional Iranian courtyards as microclimate modifiers by considering orientation, dimensions, and proportions’, Frontiers of Architectural Research,5(2), 225-238.
Sung, H., Lee, S., & Cheon, S. (2015) ‘Operationalizing Jane Jacobs’s Urban Design Theory: Empirical Verification from the Great City of Seoul, Korea’, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35(2), 117-130.
Tabibian, M., & Mansouri, Y. (2014)‘Improvement of Environmental Quality and Satisfaction of Living in New Neighbourhoods by Priority of Actions on the Basis of Residents’ Views (Case Study, Kashan)’, Journal of Environmental Studies, 39(4), 1-16. (In Persian)
Tibbalds, F. (2001) Making people-friendly towns, New York: Spon Press.
Trancik, R. (1986) Finding lost space: theories of urban design, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Tuan, Y. F. (1977) Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Van der Voordt, T. J. M., & Vrielink, D. (1987) Kosten-kwaliteit van wijkwelzijnsaccommodaties [Cost v. quality in district welfare accommodation]. Delft: Delftse Univeresitaire Pers.
van Kamp, I., Leidelmeijer, K., Marsman, G., & de Hollander, A. (2003) ‘Urban environmental quality and human well-being: Towards a conceptual framework and demarcation of concepts; a literature study’, Landscape and Urban Planning,65(1), 5-18.
Vandell, K. D., & Lane, J. S. (1989) ‘The Economics of Architecture and Urban Design: Some Preliminary Findings’, Real Estate Economics,17(2), 235-260.
Violich, F. (1983) ‘'Urban Reading' and the Design of Small Urban Places: The Village of Sutivan’, The Town Planning Review, 54(1), 41-62.
Voordt, D. J. M. v. d., & Wegen, H. B. R. v. (2005). Architecture in use: an introduction to the programming, design and evaluation of buildings, Amsterdam; Boston: Architectural Press.
Walzer, M. (1986) ‘Public Space: Pleasures and Costs of Urbanity, Dissent’, 33, 470-475.
Wang, D., & Groat, L. N. (2013) Architectural research methods (2nd ed.), Hoboken:Wiley.
Whyte, W. H. (1988) City: Rediscovering the center, New York: Doubleday.
Woolley, H. (2003) Urban open spaces, London; New York: Spon Press.
Zamani, Z., Heidari, Sh. & Hanachi, P. (2018) ‘Reviewing the thermal and microclimatic function of courtyards’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 93, 580-595.
