The Impact of the Tourism Sector Policies in the Ninth and Tenth Boards of Government on Urban form and Structure of Mashhad Using Discourse Theory

الموضوعات : Space Ontology International Journal

Sara Jalali ¹ , Zohreh Davoudpour ² , Manouchehr Tabibian ³

1 - Department of Architecture and Urban Planning , Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
2 - Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Iran
3 - Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Iran

تاريخ الإرسال : 08 الخميس , جمادى الأولى, 1439 تاريخ التأكيد : 06 الأحد , محرم, 1440 تاريخ الإصدار : 24 الجمعة , جمادى الثانية, 1440

الکلمات المفتاحية: Discourse, Mashhad, Urban Form, Pilgrimage tourism, Ninth and tenth boards of government,

ملخص المقالة :

As the pilgrims and tourists have been always present in Mashhad, meeting their needs has been constantly prioritized in urban planning especially the renewal and reconstruction projects carried out in the holy shrine surroundings. However, recent years have seen a change of perspective toward pilgrims. These changes have been induced by both global and national politics. That is why great changes can be observed in the urban form and structure which are faster than ever before. The present research aims to analyze the discourse of the ninth and tenth boards of government to explore the effect of policies made in the tourism sector and see how tourist attraction has been perceived in urbanistic discussions. It eventually aims to explore the trend of changes made to the form of Mashhad city influenced by those policies the research adopted Laclauand Mouffe'sdiscoursetheory and conducted a content analysis of higher-order documents and the interviews made by the main decision-makers published about religious tourism in Mashhad. It delve in to the discourse of the ninth and tenth boards of government and how it affected the national tourism sector. It further delved into the effect of this perspective on the revolutions made to the urban form of Mashhad during the target era. The present findings show that there have been traces of changes in how pilgrims and tourists are perceived in Mashhad and how they induced changes to the urban form and structure of the city as well as the urbanism decision making.

المصادر:

1. Ahmadian, S., Tabibian, M., (2016),  A Cultural Tourism Approach Towards Revitalizing Urban Streets (Case Study: Imam Khomeini Street, Tabriz), , Space Ontology International Journal, 5(4): 61-68


2. Aghajani, H., Amirfakhrian, M., &Biniaz, M. K. (2012). Pilgrimage and tourism in national macro plans and development documents: a focus on visiting Imam Reza (p.b.u.h.). Biannual Journal of Tourism Studies, 1(1). (In Persian)


3. Asadi, A., Bayat, N. (2017). Qualitative content analysis of literary tourism development in Iran. The Sceitifc and Research based Journal of Tourism, 4(1).


4. Cohen, E. (1992) , Pilgrimages and Tourism: Convergence and Divergence, in A. Moranis (Ed.) Sacred Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage, New York: Greenwood Press: 47– 61


5. Collins-Kreiner, N. (2010) The Geography of Pilgrimage and Tourism:Transformations and Implications ,Applied Geography, 30(1) :153-164


6. Cooper,C., Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D., &Wanhill, S. (2008), Tourism: principles and practice,(2013), England ,Harlow


7. Christina, R. (2008). Urban tourism. Translated by Pooladi, K. Scientific book of urban and rural management. National organization of city halls and village halls press.


8. Elsayed Ascoura, I., (2013), Impact of Pilgrimage (Hajj) on the Urban Growth of the Mecca, Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3 (2):255- 263


9. Foruzan , I., (2014),  The Role of Religious Tourism in the Development and Growth of Urban Metropolis: (In The Case of Mashhad, Iran), Submitted to the  Institute of Graduate Studies and Research  in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of  Master of Science  in Tourism Management , Eastern Mediterranean University ,Gazimağusa, North Cyprus , Prof. Dr. Habib Alipour


10. HajiHosseini, B.; Sam, A., Ezzatollah. (2014). Government discourse analysis: reformations and status of poverty removal. Welfare programming and social development Quarterly, 21.


11. Hoseini ,S., Saberifar, R., ZeraatPisheh, M., (2014), The Environmental Impacts Assessment of Tourism Accommodations in Urban Areas (Case: Mashhad City in Iran), MAGNT Research Report ,2 (6) :858-870


12. Hosseinizadeh, S.M.A. (2004). Theory of political discourse analysis. Quarterly Journal of Political Sciences, 28. (In Persian)


13. Karbakhsh, H., Farahbakhsh, H.M., Motlagh, H.K., Panjalizadeh, S., &Foroughi, F. (2015). Tourism industry and urban economy and the role of architecture and urban design. The 1st International Conference of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Economic Development. Shiraz. (In Persian)


14. Kasraei, M.S., &Saeedi, B. (2016). Justice discourse analysis in the third decade of the Islamic revolution of Iran with a focus on the year span of 2001-2005. Journal of Historical Sociology, 8(2). (In Persian)


15. Kazemi, B. A. (2009). Justice discourse in the ninth board of government. Journal of Political Knowledge, 1(2). (In Persian)


16. Lickorish, L. J. & Jenkins, C. L. (2011).An Introduction to Tourism, Taylor& Francis


17. Mafi, E., &Saghaei, M. (2009). Exploring tourism in religious metropolises: the case of Mashhad. Regional Conference of Urban geography and Stable Development. Shirvan: Islamic Azad University. (In Persian)


18. Mafi, E., saghaei, M., & Ghahfarokhi, Z. J. (2011). Analysis of shopping tourism in religious metropolises: the case of Mashhad. The 11th National Congress of Iranian Geographers. (In Persian)


19. Momeni, M., Sarrafi, M., Khouzani, & M.G. (2008). Structure and function of religious-cultural tourism and essentiality of consistent management in Mashhad metropolis. Journal of Geography and Development, 11. (In Persian)


20. Mordue, T., (2007), Tourism, Urban Governance and Public Space, Journal of Leisure Studies , 26(4) :447-462


21. Moshaver Mehrazan (2016). Strategic reconstruction and balanced guidance proposal in the holy shrine periphery


22. Qualitative and Quantitative development plan of pilgrimage, Science and technology Park. (2007)


23. Rad, A.F., &Seyednasiri, S.J. (2009). Tourism geography of Tehran and the role of urban designing and architecture on its development. Quarterly Scientific Journal of Human Geography, 2(1). (In Persian)


24. Safari, H., Nazidizaji, S., Fakori Moridani, F., (2018), Social Logic of Cities and Urban Tourism Accessibility; Space Syntax Analysis of Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Space Ontology International Journal, 7(3): 35-46


25. Saghaei, M. (2014). Analysis of binary oppositions in reading the special text of religious tourism in Mashhad metropolis: a focus on proposing intratextual strategies. The 1st International Scientific-Strategic Conference of Tourism Development in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Challenges and Perspectives. Mashhad. (In Persian)


26. Saghaei, M., Khajeshahkoohi, A., &Ghahfarokhi, Z.J. (2012). Zoning the current regions of Mashhad qualified for residential service provision based on the AHP model. Journal of Urban Research and Planning, 3(11). (In Persian)


27. Saghaei, M., Ghahfarokhi, Z.J., hataminejad, H., &Kooshlinian, M.S. (2012). The role of brand management in the tourism economy of metropolises. The 1st National Conference of geography: Environmental hazards and stable development. Ahwaz: Islamic Azad University. (In Persian)


28. Saghaei, M., Nodehi, F., Ghahfarokhi, Z.J., &Tabatabaei, S.M.B. (2012). The spatial context of visiting Imam Reza (p.b.u.h.). Iranian Journal of Social Studies, 6(3,4). (In Persian)


29. Soltani, S.A.A. (2015). Power, discourse and language, the mechanisms of power relations in the Islamic Republic of Iran (4th edition). Tehran: Ney Publications. (In Persian)


30. Samiei, S., &Ghiasian, M.S. (2015). Discourse analysis of national managers and elites about tourism industry in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies, 10(31). (In Persian)


31. Štefko, Róbert, Kiráľováb ,Alžbeta, Mudríka ,Martin, (2015),  Strategic Marketing Communication in Pilgrimage Tourism, Journal of Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,147 :423-430


32. Strategic document of managerial-political pilgrimage, Quantitative and qualitative development plan , Science and technology Park.(2007)


33. Taheri, p., Khatibi, S.M.R.,(2016), Proposing Historic-Religious Tourism Development Approaches with an Emphasis on Identity of Urban Spaces (Case Study: Imam Khomeini Street, Qazvin), Space Ontology International Journal, 5(4): 69-80


34. The fifth development plan of cultural legacy, artefacts and tourism in Khorasan (2010)


35. Yousefipour, G. (1999). A brief analysis of the goals and performance of the first and second development plan of tourism. New on Economy, 84.


36. Veisi, H., Mehmandoost, K. (2014). Evaluation of tourism industry in Iran higher order documents: obstacles and solutions. The International scientific strategic conference on tourism in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Challenges and visions. Mashhad.


37. Zamani-Farahani ,H., Eid, R. (2016), Muslim world: A study of tourism & pilgrimage among OIC Member States, , Tourism Management Perspectives , 19 (B):144-149