Explaining the Conceptual Framework of Place Dignity in the Urban Regeneration Process Using Grounded Theory
الموضوعات : Creative City DesignHabib Khorasani 1 , Siamak Korang Beheshti 2 , Hamid Davazdahemami 3 , Maryam Ghasemi sichani 4
1 - PhD Candidate, Planning and Management of Cultural Affairs Department, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
2 - Business management and communication Department, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3 - Planning and Management of Cultural Affairs Department, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
4 - Architecture and Urban Studies Department, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: dignity, Grounded Theory, Place Dignity, place identity, The Relationship between Human and Place,
ملخص المقالة :
In the past and in Iran's traditional architecture, urban neighborhoods were regarded as the spine and the most significant small urban complexes. However, physical renovation measures have stripped these neighborhoods of their dignity and identity indices. During urban development, neighborhoods with identities were gradually subjected to physical deterioration, leading to their dignity waning. As a result, urban places of these neighborhoods lost their identity elements and this led to deserted neighborhoods especially from their original inhabitants. Due to the importance of place dignity and lack of conceptualization of that in the field of urban geography, this study by using the grounded theory aims to discover and extract dimensions and components of place dignity from middle and historic fabrics to achieve a particular conceptual structure linked to it. Because the elites of urban planning and architecture of the country have influenced the decisions and implementation of urban renewal policies in the contemporary century of Iran and have played an important role in planning or guiding urban development programs and projects and also, due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the topics related to the "city", in this research data was collected through an in-depth interview with several leading and decision-making experts in the academic, policy-making and executive fields of architecture, social sciences, geography and urban planning of the country. 435 phrases or sentences were extracted at the first coding stage. Afterward, 23 sub categories were identified as components of place dignity in six main categories, including cultural, physical-environmental, social, perceptual, functional, and economic dimensions. Validity in this research was ensured through constant comparative analysis and by following the theory of Davis and Rodd regarding precision in doing research.
Explaining the Conceptual Framework of Place Dignity in the Urban Regeneration Process Using Grounded Theory
ABSTRACT
In the past and in Iran's traditional architecture, urban neighborhoods were regarded as the spine and the most significant small urban complexes. However, physical renovation measures have stripped these neighborhoods of their dignity and identity indices. During urban development, neighborhoods with identities were gradually subjected to physical deterioration, leading to their dignity waning. As a result, urban places of these neighborhoods lost their identity elements and this led to deserted neighborhoods especially from their original inhabitants. Due to the importance of place dignity and lack of conceptualization of that in the field of urban geography, this study by using the grounded theory aims to discover and extract dimensions and components of place dignity from middle and historic fabrics to achieve a particular conceptual structure linked to it. Because the elites of urban planning and architecture of the country have influenced the decisions and implementation of urban renewal policies in the contemporary century of Iran and have played an important role in planning or guiding urban development programs and projects and also, due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the topics related to the "city", in this research data was collected through an in-depth interview with several leading and decision-making experts in the academic, policy-making and executive fields of architecture, social sciences, geography and urban planning of the country. 435 phrases or sentences were extracted at the first coding stage. Afterward, 23 sub categories were identified as components of place dignity in six main categories, including cultural, physical-environmental, social, perceptual, functional, and economic dimensions. Validity in this research was ensured through constant comparative analysis and by following the theory of Davis and Rodd regarding precision in doing research.
Keywords: Dignity, Place Dignity, Grounded Theory, Place Identity, The Relationship between Human and Place
Introduction
Industrialization, driven by a technological revolution, broadened gradual population changes and laid the ground for overpopulation. The industrial revolution has, in fact, subjected the world to urbanization consequences; therefore, many population changes have found their roots in cities. Consequently, the social and environmental organizations of the urban environment have become imbalanced due to such a process. According to UN studies, 50% of the world's population lived in cities in 2014, which will rise to 66% by 2050. On the one hand, social consequences, such as the urbanization of poverty, economic heterogeneity, class gap, social predicaments, and biodegradation, and on the other hand, physical issues of cities, such as damages to the fabric and image of the cities, formation of problematic urban fabrics, and regional inequality are the direct consequences of this uncontrolled population growth. Worn-out urban fabrics and marginalization are also the unfavorable results of urbanization in the present world, which have been caused by speedy industrialization and regional inequalities. In urban planning, an inefficient urban fabric is a fabric that has lost its function compared to other urban fabrics due to shortcomings in proper planning and supervision. Hence, despite the special significance and capability of historic and worn-out fabrics in the structural and place urban systems, their capacities, and their abilities, threats such as physical incompatibility with activity, heterogeneous urban structures, insufficient standard in per capita land use, weak urban communication classifications and lack of proper permeability into the organic texture, incongruous and traffic-causing land use, indefensible and deserted urban lands, lack of adequate public areas, etc. have caused the value of such fabrics to fall, and subsequently urban identity to be lost. Population transfer, especially among upper classes, may be the first and most significant reflection of what has been mentioned. Numerous measures, including reconstruction and rehabilitation of such fabrics, have been taken in the country to tackle the problems caused by the development of worn-out fabrics. Nonetheless, reviewing the experiences of worn-out fabrics in Iran indicates that most city centers face an identity crisis due to the import of urban planning. Not only has the renovation not been conducted as per the city's identity structure, but it has also not been a proper solution to the city's Physical- spatial needs. Instead, it has brought about streets non-conforming to traditional urban norms, street widening, and improper reconstruction of problematic urban regions that have caused cultural erosion of urban neighborhoods due to several decades of modern urban development in Iran. Although the course of physical-based development processes mentioned a city-like groundwork in the first step, disregard for rooted cultural indices and variables that have strengthened the culture of urban planning and urban development has been the most crucial gap in this type of development, except architecture and urban planning challenges; meaning several structures have been erected that are internally empty regardless of their external beauty. This is although traditional Iranian urban planning has long focused on enhancing neighborhoods. Further, the neighborhood was regarded as the most crucial urban spine and the most significant small urban complex from which individuals sought their first identity and dignity indices. Therefore, urban areas in Iran were constructed based on a mutual relationship with place dignity and identity. Disregarding identity and historic structures in urban development plans has caused the location to replace socio-cultural elements. Thus, neighborhoods with identity, culture, and social beauty have been stripped of cultural elements such as dignity, neighborhoods are now introduced based on their geography, growth, and sense of belonging have taken shape on location, and their consequences are what is introduced as the main predicament of urban planning in Iran nowadays known as losing the place dignity of middle fabrics, especially in the ones considered the identity card of the city.
The literal meaning of dignity is synonymous with rank, respect, position, place, value, credit, honor, glory, prestige, dignity and grandeur and is derived from befitting and modest worthiness, merit, or grace. There are various contemporary works on dignity in different fields, such as theology, philosophy, law, political theory, sociology, medicine, and nursing, specifying dignity as a has not been mentioned in this field. Furthermore, most studies have attempted to include dignity in other research areas. Additionally, a review of this literature shows that examining the violation of dignity versus dignity in its positive sense was more of a moral concept. A review of these studies also indicates that none of the articles explicitly mention ‘place dignity’. In addition, ‘dignity’ has mainly been analyzed in urban planning literature. This study aims to analyze the dimensions and components of place dignity considering the significance of dignity in urban planning and architecture of Iran, the need to identify its dimensions and components to analyze and evaluate the implementation of development plans, including reconstruction, rehabilitation, and regeneration, and its impact on the place dignity of city or neighborhood inhabitants.theoretical and practical concept. Literature analysis in urban geography indicates that dignity
1. Theoretical Foundations
Jacobson [6] says dignity can fall into three main episodes. First, man has dignity as he was made in God's image. This distinction makes humankind superior to other creatures. Secondly, dignity is in the social hierarchy and closely tied to a system of rank. Dignity is both relative, noblemen are more dignified than peasants, and absolute, with a set of duties and privileges associated with a rank. The third episode introduces the Kantian concept of dignity, which derives from rational agency, the ability of individuals to make moral decisions and thus self-govern. Therefore, dignity is a feature associated with humanity as a collective entity. An entity that attaches to certain classes of people and is a characteristic inherent in all individuals. Literature analysis of this subject indicates that dignity has two complementary yet distinct forms: human dignity and social dignity. Human dignity is the abstract and universal quality of value belonging to every individual for simply being human. It is held by species, collectives (groups or peoples), and individuals. Social dignity is generated in interactions between individuals, collectives, and societies. It may be divided into two types: dignity-of-self and dignity-in-relation. Dignity-of-self is a quality of self-esteem and self-worth identified through characteristics such as confidence, honesty, and behavior described as dignified. Dignity-in-relation refers to methods of conveying respect and worth through individual and collective behavior. It encompasses the historical sense of dignity as adhering to status or rank. No article has explicitly mentioned place dignity; however, it can be analyzed through precision in urban planning literature and focus on dignity-creating subjects for a place.
Mohammadnia et al. [10] regard place dignity as people's valuable mental perception of locations and their roughly conscious positive feelings towards their surroundings. This places the individual in an internal/external relationship with the environment so that their understanding and valuation become tied and consistent with the semantic field of the setting. Further, they manifest as behaviors such as interest in preserving closeness to a place, resistance to changes in the place, and interest in choosing places with dignity.
Overall, place dignity refers to preserving values and various characteristics that grant merit and significance to a particular place. In other words, in a neighborhood or cultural-historic district, place dignity means efforts for sustainable preservation and revival of historic-cultural heritage, attention to vernacular architecture, improvements in construction quality, and emphasis on endogenous development, meaning a type of development that begins and ends within a place with the consultation and participation of its inhabitants. Such a development will bring back cultural-social dignity, historical dignity, and place identity [15].
Different researchers consider different elements as defining elements of place dignity. For instance, Davy et al. [13] regarded dignity in a place as related to elements, such as proper access to land use, inclusivity of the land function, sense of liberty, interest in staying in the place, pride in the place, value for the place, and reason for one’s presence in that place.
McCrudden [9] also regarded satisfaction, human value, self-esteem, mutual respect between an individual and a place, memorability, nobility, comfort, security, welfare, and peace as elements of place dignity.
In a study examining the urban geography of dignity, Jacobson et al. [7] analyzed elements that violate and promote a place. Access to resources to meet the needs of the inhabitants was one of the elements in their dignity violation and promotion. Some elements of dignity violation among individuals are a quest for resources, lack of access to resources needed, and feelings of inequality. In their study, they found a typology of space and place based on accessibility: private spaces and places; public spaces and places; and quasi-public spaces and places. Generally, due to their independence and freedom from intrusions, private places offer the most sense of dignity for those who can access them. While homeless and marginalized people are denied private places, which is a violation of their dignity. Public places provide approximately equal opportunities for dignity violation or dignity promotion. Providing a chance to partake in social activities like political demonstrations is one way of promoting dignity. Nonetheless, such places could also be physically or emotionally dangerous and endanger the dignity of individuals, such as times when sociopolitical policies of municipalities hurt homeless people in parks. Quasi-public spaces and places are particularly problematic for dignity. In quasi-public areas like public transit vehicles, libraries, and coffee shops, appearance and other dignity markers often regulate admission.
In her study, Hasankari [5] regarded elements such as worn-out fabric, fabric renovation, and the socio-economic status of dwellers in a neighborhood as effective in promoting place dignity.
Motahar et al. [11] also considered the following elements as human dignity indices: freedom & authority, communication, respect for the rights of others, pride, humanity, confidence, empowerment, responsibility, justice and equality, unity & solidarity, spiritual and physical well-being, social accountability and public service, creativity, capability, self-esteem, accrediting others, attention to the convenience of others, identity, power, wealth, worth, self-belief, peace and safety, no intrusion in people’s personal affairs, forbidding disrespect to humans, well-fare, education, adhering to the law, etc.
Mohammadnia et al. [10] regarded identity and originality, memorability, memorability, sense of belonging, meaning & content, and legibility as elements of the contextual conditions of place dignity; favorable landscape, regularity and access as elements of environmental conditions; place dignity and personality as axial conditions; and social interactions, activity and management, citizens and vitality as mediating conditions of place dignity.
various and rich contemporary works on dignity wich are being done in different fields, such as theology, philosophy, law, political theory, sociology, medicine, and nursing, specifying dignity as a theoretical and practical concept. In addition to health and human rights, dignity also plays a fundamental role in the constitution, social justice, and ethnographic reports of the lives of the poor and the oppressed. However, the review of the existing literature in the field of urban geography indicates that the concept of dignity has not been conceptualized in this field and most studies have attempted to include dignity in other research areas. Additionally, the literature review indicates that none of the articles explicitly mention ‘place dignity’ but it can be examined by accuracy in the urban planning literature and paying attention to issues that give dignity to the place.
2. Methodology
As noted in the literature review, place dignity is one of the concepts that is rarely analyzed in detail, and the topic is hardly ever brought up in urban literature. In order to reach a precise framework for this concept, this study was conducted using “grounded theory”, An inductive and exploratory research method that enables researchers to develop theories instead of relying on existing and pre-defined theories. Actually instead of analyzing the literature review and testing the developed theory, this strategy seeks to create a theory by analyzing the data collected [16]. In other words grounded theory aims to achieve a systematic structure that transforms concrete categories into abstract and theoretical ones [8]. In this research, data was collected through an in-depth interview with experts. A purposeful sampling was conducted on experts in Urbanism and Architecture, Social Sciences, Geography, and Urban Planning. Theoretical saturation was used as a criterion to determine the sample size. Thus in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 experts and The concepts were determined using three types of coding: open, axial, and selective. Validity in this research was ensured through constant comparative analysis and by following the theory of Davis and Rodd regarding precision in doing research. In fact, this research achieved the criterion of reliability by using three widely-used techniques as follows:
- Control and validation by members: In this method, the participants are asked to examine overall findings and re-discuss their accuracy.
- Analytical comparisons: In this method, raw data is referenced to compare and assess the structuration of the theory with raw data.
- Utilizing the opinions of three experts in grounded theory regarding different stages of coding, conceptualizing, and extracting categories.
3. Findings
As explained above, data was extracted from the interviews. The interviews were reviewed sentence-by-sentence after implementation and entry into the software. After reviewing their texts, coding was conducted in three steps. During initial coding, 435 phrases that conveyed a particular concept were found. These phrases were coded after going through iterative processes. They were classified into 241 unique concepts (first-step concepts). Afterward, axial coding was conducted. In other words, first-step concepts were generated based on attributes, the extent of their relationship, and place dignity components (sub-categories). Sub-categories are the most optimal description of the total concepts mentioned. 23 sub-categories were identified by integrating concepts on similar matters. These concepts were also classified based on their functional area, forming three-step concepts or six main categories. Table 1 illustrates concepts from the second and third steps; Meanwhile, the concepts of the third step have been discussed.1
3.1. The Cultural Dimension
Culture encompasses a set of interconnected ways of thinking, feeling, and acting shared by many individuals. It is viewed objectively and symbolically [14], changing these individuals into a specific and distinct collective. According to this, Designers are encouraged to create spaces responsive to people's lived experiences. Symbols, language, norms, values, and artifacts (architectural style) are the main elements of culture. Culture and cultural representations are always considered an inseparable part of spatial relations, and each place is recognized by the culture and cultural components exclusive to it. Urban regeneration based on place dignity regards cultural components as a crucial development strategy at a local and global scale. Cities, places in particular, seek to create and use culture as part of their efforts at maintaining a sustainable future. As a result, a culture's effective role as a stimulus for urban regeneration should not be disregarded. Therefore, preserving culture and its components will have deep and revolutionary effects on city revival, and their improvement is the driving engine of urban regeneration.
Table 1: Concepts extracted from the second and third steps (source: author)
Concepts from the third step (Dimensions) | Concepts from the second step (Components) |
The Cultural Dimension | - The development of public culture - Reputation - To identify (The possibility of creating identity and personality through a place) - The promotion of social participation - Pluralism |
The Physical-Environmental Dimension | - Proportional architecture - The existence of valuable spaces - Preserving and strengthening the skeleton and primary elements of the urban structure - Adaptability (The ability of adapting a place to the new needs and conditions of the dwellers and users) |
The Social Dimension | - Facilitating social interactions - Having a coherent and dynamic social organization - Proper social services - Comprehensive social security - Social justice |
The Perceptual Dimension | - The sense of belonging - The sense of pride - Vitality - To be memorable - Psychological security |
The Functional Dimension | - Plurality and diversity of land uses and activities - Proper distribution and use of urban furniture - Creativity |
The Economic Dimension | - Strengthening the economic functions of a place, resulting from activities and connections |
3.2. The Physical- Environmental Dimension
Environment is classified into activity and physical factors according to behavior-setting theory in environmental psychology. Activities governing the environment are defined based on social factors, actions, and social interactions of individuals. Structure, with component organization and form variables, is the most significant factor in shaping place dignity [3]. This factor stresses the necessity of considering its physical elements in shaping place dignity. The quality of physical dimensions is regarded as one of the effective factors in boosting place dignity. This category is one of the factors increasing or decreasing users' satisfaction as it significantly impacts their emotional and physical health. Physical revitalization seeks physical constraints and potentials to assess physical elements and catches up with the urban structure with rapid physical, economic, and social changes. The meaning of urban regeneration based on place dignity in the physical dimension is the reproduction of cultural and identity elements in the fabric’s body. Urban regeneration refers to efforts to connect and promote the functional and physical dimensions of a place in interaction with place identity to create vitality and dignity promotion.
3.3. The Social Dimension
The social dimension is the core of people’s needs and wishes across the world. Socially, the most visited policies and investments are the ones that provide people with the most opportunities in using abilities, resources, and circumstances that help access settlement, employment, health, education, and leisure time. Additionally, improving local communities, expanding social views, social empowerment, and attention to the needs of specific social groups are some of the methods emphasized for urban life revival. In the historical discourse of regeneration, social components are fundamentally significant; therefore, the social dimension is the accredited concept and guarantee of sustainability in urban regeneration. Enhancing the social dimension is one of the main factors of place dignity in urban regeneration target fabrics.
3.4. The Perceptual Dimension
Perception is the active and purposive process of obtaining information from the environment [4]. The impact individuals get from the environment and the activities they depict as a result of that impact is not the actual reflection of its characteristics since numerous factors affect this interpretation. Consequently, we must differentiate between what there is, in reality, independent of us and what we infer from this reality. Accordingly, we encounter three spaces: the real space, the effective space, and the perceptual space. The real space is the result of the real information every space present. The effective space is the result of obtaining actual information that our minds consciously/ subconsciously select. Finally, the combination of effective information with other information in our minds, which might be the result of background knowledge, our other experiences, etc., creates perceptual space. The translation of these spaces in urban planning is: urban form, urban landscape, and a citizen’s visualization of his/her city (Image), respectively [12]. In urban planning, the relationship between a human and the environment refers to the perception of an environment, which is firstly related to getting to know the environment and then understanding it by humans [1]. Therefore, it is necessary for a place to have attributes that would positively influence the visitor to create a dignified and favorable mental perception of that place and, subsequently, a place in that individual, meaning the urban form and landscape, which encompasses physical factors, non-physical factors, and human activities [12]. In all four dimensions of perception, including cognitive, emotional, interpretive, and value dimensions [2], environmental definitions and people’s preferences must be considered instead of decreasing the perceptual knowledge of form.
3.5. The Functional Dimension
The functional dimension of a place is related to the qualities dependent on the activities inside the space and the function of the space itself. The functional dimension indicates how settings function, how people use them, and how urban designers can design better ones.
3.6. The Economic Dimension
The economic dimension is one of the primary dimensions of urban planning. It also explores the economic function of urban spaces and the effects caused by urban development. Economic factors and variables greatly influence city shaping and determining their physical features, size, area, etc. Knowing about a structure and how a city's economy functions is necessary for planning at any level, including city, region, and country, as well as analysis of land use analysis. In urban regeneration policies, the more economic activities are suitable for the fabric spaces and values hidden within them, and consequently identity reproduction, the more effective it will be in promoting place dignity.
4. Summary and Theory Presentation
One of the primary challenges in the urban development process, regardless of ignoring architecture and urban planning challenges, is social and cultural indices and variables that strengthen urbanization; Actually the built structures are empty inside despite their external beauty. Neglecting the social, identity, and historic structure in urban development planning causes place elements to replace its social and cultural components. This means places have become dignified that despite having physical aspects for urban life, lack cultural and social identity; while locations with cultural and social components have lost their dignity and function in urban life as time passes. Attention to all the dimensions and components constituting a place to recognize its dignity is crucial. Further, promoting such components improves place dignity and the most interest of citizens to live in historic or middle fabrics. This study analyzed place dignity indices in different cultural, physical-environmental, social, perceptual, functional, and economic dimensions.
Diagram 1 was obtained based on the systematic structure of coding and interview analysis, as well as the principles of grounded theory analysis in the form of a grounded model encompassing conditions, processes, and consequences. Under the conditions (model inputs), development outlook, scope recognition, needs assessment, public participation, and coordination between designers and experts are examined. We will see positive results if these factors are defined correctly.
Diagram 1: Conditions, Process & Consequence (source: author)
Conditions | ||||
Coordination between the designers and experts | Needs assessment | Public participation | Scope recognition | Development outlook |
Process |
Analyzing the components of cultural, physical-environmental, social, perceptual, functional, and economic dimensions of place dignity |
Consequence | |||
Reduced immigration | Improved diversity and vitality | Culture- led regeneration | Improved place dignity and value |
5. Conclusion
In this study, we seek to answer the question, What dimensions and components underlie a framework of place dignity? This question has been answered through theoretical and field studies. First, the framework and components of place dignity were extracted by analyzing studies on it. Place dignity refers to a set of various values and indices that give a place credit and status. In other words, place dignity refers to attempts at population stability and the revival of cultural-historic values, preservation of indigenous architecture, and improvement of physical quality by emphasizing internal development, meaning development carried out within the neighborhood with the participation of the inhabitants by reproducing cultural-historic values. Such a process regains socio-cultural and historic dignity, redefines place identity, and finally boosts the population's interest in remaining in these fabrics.
As one of the dimensions of the connection between humans and a place, place dignity has mostly been neglected by architects, designers, and urban planners. This negligence has caused the credit of historic and middle fabrics to deteriorate and consequently, the emigration from historic and middle fabrics to increase. It is, therefore, necessary to explain the place dignity pattern and the process of shaping place- people connections, as well as effective components for creating, improving, and valuating these links as a fundamental step in achieving the primary goal of developing the urban regeneration pattern. Place dignity is a broad and multi-functional concept that contains various dimensions. According to interviews conducted by experts and pundits, a place dignity framework with six dimensions was identified: cultural, physical-environmental, social, perceptual, functional, and economic dimensions. These six dimensions are defined in constant connection to increase place dignity (Diagram 2).
Diagram 2: The framework of place dignity in urban regeneration (source: author)
A set of cultural, physical-environmental, social, perceptual, functional, and economic components of the final product improves place dignity in urban regeneration patterns. In addition, understanding the framework of place dignity components involves understanding conditions, measures, and consequences from multiple perspectives (Diagram 3).
In the theoretical topics of the research, place dignity indices were examined in terms of various dimensions. These indices can be found in different urban studies. Each of urban designers has explored place dignity indices from different perspectives.
As mentioned in the theoretical section of the article, attention to the cultural dimension is of the utmost significance in creating a place dignity in an inefficient urban fabric. Various factors are involved in creating and improving this dimension that must be considered. The findings of this research also indicate the importance of this dimension of the issue, which has been neglected, according to many experts.
Diagram 3: The components of place dignity in the urban regeneration pattern by dimensions (source: author)
Regarding the physical-environmental index, urban studies stressed the visual structure of the environment, mixed activities and land uses, and a creative environment. Proportional architecture, spaces with value, preserving and strengthening the skeleton and primary elements of the urban structure, and adaptability (ability to adapt the place to the new needs and conditions of the dwellers and users) are the components of the physical-environmental dimension in this research.
Identity and originality, the sense of place identity, memorability, the sense of belonging, meaning, pride and worth are some of the categories of the perceptual dimension on which the findings of this study have also been emphasized.
Further, social interactions and connection with others, high diversity, free selection, attention to the role of public participation, and interaction between people and urban environments are some of the items mentioned in the social dimension. These categories were also of interest to many of the experts interviewed for this research.
As mentioned in the theoretical section of the article, attention to the cultural dimension is of the utmost significance in creating a place dignity in an inefficient urban fabric. Various factors are involved in creating and improving this dimension that must be considered. The findings of this research also indicate the importance of this dimension of the issue, which has been neglected, according to many experts.
Reviews of past research studies show how only a few studies on domestic and foreign literature reviews explored urban regeneration based on place dignity. Most studies in this field have also been conducted in an analytical-descriptive research format on urban regeneration. Regarding the studies analyzed through a qualitative method and grounded theory, their case studies were past theories concerning the topic of place dignity; these studies mentioned some of the dimensions and components of place dignity, whereas this study fully extracted the dimensions by holding interviews with experts who are knowledgeable in various fields and analyzing them. Place dignity dimensions in this study include cultural, physical-environmental, social, perceptual, functional, and economic dimensions. Each of these dimensions is also divided into components, indicating place dignity. The resulting components of each dimension were briefly mentioned in this paper; however, their description will serve as material for writing another paper by the author in the form of this research.
Developing a comprehensive pattern for urban regeneration based on place dignity requires complete identification and in-depth analysis of broad dimensions of regeneration and factors influencing them. In this process it is fundamentally crucial to explore social and cultural indices as the most effective planning tool.
References
[1] Bahrainy, S. H.: 2013, Urban design process, Tehran university press, Tehran.
[2] Carmona, M.: 2021, Public places, Urban spaces, Routledge, New York.
[3] Forouzandeh, A., Motallebi, Gh.: 2011, The concept of sense of belonging to a place and its constituent factors, City identity, 5, 27-37.
[4] Ghafari Sadeh, A.: 1992, Fundamentals of designing consecutive spaces in city architecture, Soffeh, 2, 2-17.
[5] Hasankari, F.: 2016, Regeneration of worn out urban fabric with the approach of promoting place dignity: A case study of Iran street, Tehran, district 12, Master's thesis, Islamic azad university central Tehran branch, Faculty of literature and human sciences.
[6] Jacobson, N.: 2009, A taxonomy of dignity: A grounded theory study, BMC Int. health and human rights, 9, 3.
[7] Jacobson, N., Oliver, V. & Koch, A.: 2009, An urban geography of dignity, Elsevier, Health & Place, 15, 725-731.
[8] Kermani, M., Asgharpour Masuleh, A. R. & Asemani, F.: 2019, The performance of women as a compensatory factor in the household economy, a qualitative analysis of the narratives of married women in the city of Mashhad based on the grounded theory, Women and society, 10, 63-86.
[9] McCrudden, Ch.: 2014, Understanding human dignity, Oxford university press, Oxford.
[10] Mohammadnia, M., Daneshpour, S. A. H. & Seyed Al Hosseini, S. M.: 2019, Determining the place dignity model and studying its various dimensions, Geographical research, 34, 193-201.
[11] Motahar, R., Daneshpour, S. A. H. & Shokouhi Bidhendi, M. S.: 2022, A comparative study of human dignity criteria as one of the characteristics of the desirable Islamic city in new and old neighborhoods (Case study: Hakimiyeh neighborhoods and Iranshahr Street, Tehran), Researches in Islamic architecture, 10, 79-100.
[12] Pakzad, J., Torabi, M., Turkzad, N. & Ghasemi, M.: 2006, Theoretical foundations and process of urban design, Shahidi publication, Tehran.
[13] Pellissery, S., Davy, B. & M.Jacobs, H.: 2017, Land policies in India promises, practices and challenges, In: Davy B, editor. Human dignity and property in land– A human rights approach, Springer, New York.
[14] Salehi Amiri, S. R.: 2016, Cultural concepts and theories, Qoqnoos publication, Tehran.
[15] Sarafi, M., Tavakolinia, J. & Mohammadian Mosamam, H.: 2014, New thoughts in urban planning, Qadiani publication, Tehran.
[16] Strauss, A. L. & Corbin, J. M.: 2006, Basics of qualitative research, Translated by Mohammadi, B., Institute for humanities and cultural studies publication, Tehran.
[1] 1. Descriptions of the concept of the second step became the basis of writing another article by the author in the form of this research
