Politeness Strategies Used in the Iranian and American Newspapers: The Case of Iran's Nuclear Deal
الموضوعات : Research in English Language Pedagogy
Rasoul Mohammad Hosseinpur
1
(
English Department, Faculty of Humanities, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
)
Maryam Sadat Sadat Hosseini
2
(
Department of English, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Face, Iran's nuclear deal, negative face, politeness strategies, positive face, pragmatics,
ملخص المقالة :
The appropriate employment of language by politicians can settle many of the current global problems and crises. Iran’s nuclear deal with all its complexities and subtleties is one of the most contentious global issues that demands a lot of tact and prudence on the part of the politicians to be resolved. Politicians could draw upon different politeness strategies to employ appropriate speech, save the face of others, gain their trust, and resolve problems. Considering the significance of this issue, this corpus based descriptive research investigated the politeness strategies employed in the editorials of Iranian and American newspapers. Fifty news articles from the Tehran Times and New York Times published from May 2019 to June 2022 were investigated according to Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness strategies. These news articles were relevant to Iran's nuclear deal. The findings indicated that the most frequent politeness strategy in the Tehran Times news was the positive politeness strategy and the most frequent politeness strategy in the New York Times news was the negative politeness strategy. Finally, the results of the chi-square test revealed that there is a significant difference in the frequency of politeness strategies use in both newspaper articles. The findings highlight the sociocultural dependency of the politeness concept and imply that cultural differences affect preference for the choice of types of politeness strategies.
Alavidze, M. (2018). Politeness in president Donald Trump’s speeches. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Thought, 7(3), 119-126.
Alcosero, I. R., & Gomez, D. (2022). Analysis of politeness strategies in YouTube reaction vlogs. International Journal of Research, 11(3), 99-156. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2022.118
Almusallam, I. I. (2022). An exploration of the concept of face in Saudi Arabic folk expressions. Linguistics and Literature Studies, 10(1), 1-9.http://www.hrpub.org
Amanda, Y. T., Herlina, R., & Ratnawati, R. (2021). The analysis of politeness strategies on EFL students 'chatting group interactions. Journal of English Education Program, 8(2), 22-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/ (jeep). v8i2.6429.
Asghar, M.J. (2019). Us foreign policy towards Iran under Obama and Trump administration, Journal of Social Sciences,1(2). 35-48.
Bagheri Nevisi, R., & Mousakazemi, R. S. (2020). A Corpus-based investigation of euphemistic expressions in Iranian and American journalistic materials (2014-2019): A political correctness perspective. Applied Research on English Language, 9(4), 429-448. https://doi.org/10.22108/are.2020.121013.1524
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness. Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, J., (2011), Impoliteness: Using language to cause offence. Cambridge University Press.
Dashti, F., Mirzaie,B.,& Jahanmanesh, J. (2020) The United states sanctions against the Islamic republic of Iran; from unilateralism to violations of international human rights .Journal of Contemporary Research on Islamic Revolution, 2(5), 117-142.
Goffman,E. (1967) Interaction ritual: Essays on face- to – face behavior. Pantheon.
Goudarzi, E., Ghonsooly, B., &Taghipour, Z. (2015). Politeness strategies in English letters: A comparative study of native and non-native speakers of English. Psychology of Language and Communication, 19(1), 44-57. https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2015-0004.
Haerul, H., Sastramiharjo, A., Damaianti, V., & Mulyati, Y. (2021). Public speaking and politeness in the perspective of political communication: Reflection on language and politics. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 10(4), 647-659.
Hassen, R. (2016). Culture specific semiotic politeness norms in multi-cultural society of Ethiopia. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 7(1), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/21516200.1000168.
Haugh, M., & Bargiela-Chiappini, F. (2010). Face in interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(8), 2073- 2077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.013
Hu-Chun, M. (2020). Saving face: How to preserve dignity and build trust. Berrett-Koehler
Publishers, Inc.
Isabella, R. A., Simanjuntak, N., Simaremare, R. M., &Sitorus, N. (2022). An analysis of politeness strategy used in bataknese traditional wedding ceremony: A case on pragmatics. American Journal of Art and Culture, 1, 18- 26.
Jakučionytė, V. (2020). Cross-cultural communication: Creativity and politeness strategies across cultures. A comparison of Lithuanian and American cultures. Creativity Studies, 13(1), 164– 178. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.9025.
Kádár, D., & Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding politeness. Cambridge University Press.
Khomejjani Farahani, A., Borazabadi Farahani, D., & High, E. (2021). An investigation of macro and micro politeness strategies in Iranian junior and senior high schools’ English textbooks. Journal of Foreign Language Research, 11(4), 655-681.
Lakoff, R. T. (1973). The logic of politeness: Or, minding your P’s and Q’s. Chicago Linguistics Society, 9, 292-305.
Leech, G., & Larina, T. (2014). Politeness: West and east. Russian Journal of Linguistics,4, 9-34.
Liu, Z. (2022, April). Influence of Chinese Culture on the Politeness Strategies in the Second Language Acquisition of English among Chinese Learners. In 2022 7th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED2022) (pp. 1178- 1182). Atlantis Press. https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220405.195.
Mahmood, A. H, & Murad, I.M.A. (2019). The dimension of politeness in speech acts: three Pioneering models. Journal of University of Garmian, 6(1), 595-604. https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.1035.
Mansour, E., & Alghazo, S. M. (2021). Hedging in political discourse: The case of Trumps speeches. Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literature, 13(3), 375-399. https://doi.org/10.47012/jjmll.13.3.1.
Mohammad Hosseinpur, R., & Mosavy, Z. (2019). Gratitude speech act in Instagram: The emergence of a particular genre of language?Language Horizons, 3(1), 21-41. https://doi.org/10.22051/lghor.2019.26470.1133
Mohammad Hosseinpur, R., & Mousavi, Z. (2021). Politeness on Instagram: The employment of gratitude speech act by male and female English and Persian users. Research in English Language Pedagogy, 9(1), 1-23. https://civilica.com/doc/1148637/.
Nisak, K., &Ariyanti, L. (2020). Management of politeness strategies and rhetorical devices in Donald trump's speeches during the conflict with Iran: Pragmatic view. Journal of Literature, and Language Teaching,4(1), 1-18.https://doi.org/10.33479/klausa.v5i1.395.
Njuki, E., & Ireri, H.K. (2021). Positive and negative politeness strategies used by Kenya's members of national assembly. Open Access Library Journal, 8(8), 1-20.https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1107690
Oda, S. K. (2022). How to be Gentle: Reformulating Advice and Command Illocutions. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 3(9), 328-337.
Pop, A. (2020). Diplomatic negotiations and the Iran nuclear deal –between the realistic and liberal pragmatics. CES Working Papers, 12(2), 100-110.
Sifianou, M. (1992). Politeness phenomena In England and Greece: A cross-cultural perspective. Clarendon Press.
Smith, P. B., Easterbrook, M. J., Koc, Y., Miu-Chi Lun, V., Papastylianou, D., Grigoryan, L., Torres, C., Efremova, M., Hassan, B., Abbas, A., Ahmad, A. H., al-Bayati, A., Selim, H. A., Anderson, J., Cross, S. E., Delfino, G. I., Gamsakhurdia, V., Gavreliuc, A., Gavreliuc, D., . . . Chobthamkit, P. (2020). Is an emphasis on dignity, honor and face more an attribute of individuals or of cultural groups? Cross-Cultural Research, 55(2-3), 95-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397120979571
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Culturally speaking: Culture, communication, and politeness theory (2nd ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group.
Suzila, T.T.L. &Yusri, M.M. (2012). Politeness: Adolescents in disagreements. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(2), 127-132.
Unaina, M., Suparno, S., & Sarosa, T. (2021). An analysis of politeness strategy in teacher -students EFL classroom interaction. English Education Journal, 10(1), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.20961/ee.v10i1.58019
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
