Optimal Process Parameters in ECMAP of Al−3% Mg Alloy Strips
الموضوعات :
1 - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Optimization, ANOVA, Taguchi-Grey, Equal channel multi angular pressing,
ملخص المقالة :
Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most appealing severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods. The proposed equal channel multi angular pressing (ECMAP) process enhances the efficiency of traditional ECAP technique with decreasing the process time. In this study, a complete investigation was done by the design of experiment (DOE) by compound Taguchi-Grey technique. FEM was applied by ABAQUS software in order to achieve responses of proposed Taguchi tests. Die geometrical parameters together with an important process parameter were selected as input factors and strain characteristics and also, required process load were selected as responses. The relationships between responses and input factors were obtained by regression analysis. Then, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the influence of each input factor on responses. ANOVA analysis revealed that FC with contribution percentage of 87.21% has the most influential factor on RPL. Furthermore, it was inferred that among input factors, with contribution percentage of 94.57% has the most effect on the PEEQ. Finally, a multi objective optimization study was done by grey relational analysis. It was concluded that among all input factors, die channel angle, friction coefficient (FC), and die corner angle with contribution percentages of 42.30%, 26.08% and 14.84% are the first, second and third most influential factors on objectives, respectively.
[1] Valiev, R. Z., Langdon, T. G., Principles of Equal-Channel Angular Pressing as a Processing Tool for GGrain Refinement, Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 51, No. 7, 2006, pp. 881-981, 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.02.003.
[2] Aour, B., Zaïri, F., Naït-Abdelaziz, M., Gloaguen, J. M., Rahmani, O., and Lefebvre, J. M., A Computational Study of Die Geometry and Processing Conditions Effects on Equal Channel Angular Extrusion of a Polymer, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 50, No. 3, 2008, pp. 589-602, 0.1016/j.ijmecsci.2007.07.012.
[3] Hu, H., Zhang, D., and Pan, F., Die Structure Optimization of Equal Channel Angular Extrusion for az31 Magnesium Alloy Based on Finite Element Method, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2010, pp. 259-266, 10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60132-1.
[4] Xu, S., Zhao, G., Ma, X., and Ren, G., Finite Element Analysis and Optimization of Equal Channel Angular Pressing for Producing Ultra-Fine Grained Materials, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 184, No. 1, 2007, pp. 209-216, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.025.
[5] SI, J., Fan, G., and Zhang, J., Finite Element Analysis of Die Geometry and Process Conditions Effects on Equal Channel Angular Extrusion for β-Titanium Alloy, Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, Vol. 19, No. 10, 2012, pp. 54-58, 10.1016/S1006-706X(12)60152-6 .
[6] Purcek, G., Yanar, H., Demirtas, M., Alemdag, Y., Shangina, D., and Dobatkin, S., Optimization of Strength, Ductility and Electrical Conductivity of cu–cr–zr Alloy by Combining Multi-Route Ecap and Aging, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 649, No. 2016, pp. 114-122, 10.1016/j.msea.2015.09.111.
[7] Chen, Y., Hjelen, J. and Roven, H. J., Application of Ebsd Technique to Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation: Sample Preparation, Parameters Optimization and Analysis, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 22, No. 8, 2012, pp. 1801-1809, 10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61390-3 .
[8] Wang, H., Zhou, K., Xie, G., Liang, X., Liang, W., and Zhao, Y., Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an mg–10al Alloy Fabricated by sb-Alloying and Ecap Processing, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 560, No. 2013, pp. 787-791, 10.1016/j.msea.2012.10.036 .
[9] León, K. V., Munoz-Morris, M., and Morris, D. G., Optimisation of Strength and Ductility of cu–cr–zr by Combining Severe Plastic Deformation and Precipitation, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 536, 2012, pp. 181-189, 10.1016/j.msea.2011.12.098.
[10] Sordi, V. L., Mendes Filho, A. A., Valio, G. T., Springer, P., Rubert, J. B., and Ferrante, M., Equal-Channel Angular Pressing: Influence of Die Design on Pressure Forces, Strain Homogeneity, and Corner Gap Formation, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 51, No. 5, 2016, pp. 2380-2393, 10.1007/s10853-015-9547-2.
[11] Mishnaevsky, L., Levashov, E., Valiev, R. Z., Segurado, J., Sabirov, I., Enikeev, N., Prokoshkin, S., Solov’yov, A. V., Korotitskiy, A., and Gutmanas, E., Nanostructured Titanium-Based Materials for Medical Implants: Modeling and Development, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Vol. 81, No. 2014, pp. 1-19, 10.1016/j.mser.2014.04.002 .
[12] Xu, S., Zhao, G., Ren, G., and Ma, X., Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Pure Copper Deformation Behavior for Equal Channel Angular Pressing/Extrusion Process, Computational Materials Science, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2008, pp. 247-252, 10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.03.032.
[13] Fereshteh-Saniee, F., Sepahi-Boroujeni, A., and Sepahi-Boroujeni, S., Optimized Tool Design for Expansion Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (Exp-Ecae) Process Using fe-Based Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 86, No. 9-12, 2016, pp. 3471-3482, 10.1007/s00170-016-8487-6.
[14] Wang, C., Li, F., Lu, H., Yuan, Z., and Chen, B., Optimization of Structural Parameters for Elliptical Cross-Section Spiral Equal-Channel Extrusion Dies Based on Grey Theory, Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2013, pp. 209-216, 10.1016/j.cja.2012.12.012.
[15] Keshtiban, P. M., Zadshakouyan, M., and Faraji, G., Optimization of Ecmap Parameters in the Production of Ultra-Fine Grained al1050 Strips Using Grey Relational Analysis, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2015, pp. 34-50.
[16] Keshtiban, P., Behnagh, R., and Alimirzaloo, V., Routes Investigation in Equal Channel Multi-Angular Pressing Process of ufg al− 3% mg Alloy Strips, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, Vol. 71, No. 3, 2018, pp. 659-664, 10.1007/s12666-017-1198-3.
[17] Kim, H. S., Finite Element Analysis of Deformation Behaviour of Metals During Equal Channel Multi-Angular Pressing, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 328, No. 1, 2002, pp. 317-323, 10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01793-2.
[18] Faraji, G., Mashhadi, M., Dizadji, A., and Hamdi, M., A Numerical and Experimental Study on Tubular Channel Angular Pressing (tcap) Process, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol. 26, No. 11, 2012, pp. 3463-3468, 10.1007/s12206-012-0874-9.
[19] Keshtiban, P., Zadshakouyan, M., and Faraji, G., Friction Study in Equal Channel Multi Angular Pressing: Load Curve and Ring Compression Tests, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, Vol. 69, No. 9, 2016, pp. 1793-1800, 10.1007/s12666-016-0840-9.
[20] Keshtiban, P., Zadshakouyan, M., and Faraji, G., Modeling and Production of High Strength al Strips by Equal Channel Multi Angular Pressing Method, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2015, pp. 3-10.
[21] Faraji, G., Mashhadi, M. M., Joo, S. H., and Kim, H. S., The Role of Friction in Tubular Channel Angular Pressing, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci, Vol. 31, 2012, pp. 12-18.
[22] Faraji, G., Mousavi Mashhadia, M., Plastic Deformation Analysis in Parallel Tubular Channel Angular Pressing (ptcap), Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2013, pp. 23-32.
[23] Keshtiban, P., Bashirzadeh, F., Die and Process Parameters Effects on Ecap Process of Sheet-Type Samples, Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, Vol. 6, No. 6, 2017, pp. 463-469, 10.1007/s13632-017-0389-y.
[24] Çaydaş, U., Hasçalık, A., Use of the Grey Relational Analysis to Determine Optimum Laser Cutting Parameters with Multi-Performance Characteristics, Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 40, No. 7, 2008, pp. 987-994, 10.1016/j.optlastec.2008.01.004.
[25] Panda, D. K., Modelling and Optimization of Multiple Process Attributes of Electrodischarge Machining Process by Using a New Hybrid Approach of Neuro–Grey Modeling, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2010, pp. 450-461, 10.1080/15394450902996551.
[26] Khalilpourazary, S., Kashtiban, P., and Payam, N., Optimization of Turning Operation of st37 Steel Using Grey Relational Analysis, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2014, pp. 135-144.
[27] Tzeng, C. J., Lin, Y. H., Yang, Y. K., and Jeng, M. C., Optimization of Turning Operations with Multiple Performance Characteristics Using the Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, No. 6, 2009, pp. 2753-2759, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.06.046.
[28] Palanikumar, K., Latha, B., Senthilkumar, V., and Davim, J. P., Analysis on Drilling of Glass Fiber–Reinforced Polymer (gfrp) Composites Using Grey Relational Analysis, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2012, pp. 297-305, 10.1080/10426914.2011.577865.
[29] Barrios, J. A., Cavazos, A., Leduc, L., and Ramirez, J., Fuzzy and Fuzzy Grey-Box Modelling for Entry Temperature Prediction in a Hot Strip Mill, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2011, pp. 66-77, 10.1080/10426910903124803.
