بررسی تحریم های بین المللی از منظرحقوق بین‌الملل(مطالعه موردی تحریم های ایران)

الموضوعات :

علیرضا معینیان ¹ (دانشجوی کارشناسی حقوق، واحد گرمسار دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار ایران.)
محمد مهدی رحیمی ² (استادیار حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران.)
اکبر عباسیان ³ (دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران.)
رضا پیوندی ⁴ (دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران.)
احمد عرب عامری ⁵ (عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه پیام نور استان سمنان، مرکز گرمسار ، ایران.)

تاريخ الإرسال : 11 الجمعة , ربيع الأول, 1441 تاريخ التأكيد : 18 الإثنين , جمادى الأولى, 1441 تاريخ الإصدار : 29 الأحد , شوال, 1441

الکلمات المفتاحية: مشارکت, ایران, بلایای طبیعی, حقوق بین‌الملل, حمایت,

ملخص المقالة :

تاکنون ابعاد و زوایای مختلف این بحران ها مورد پژوهش قرار گرفته است اما می‌توان گفت در مواردی که مدیریت آن ها از توان یک کشور به تنهایی خارج است بایستی همه‌ی کشورها در حد توان کشور گرفتار بحران را کمک کنند. باسؤال اصلی مقاله این است که حقوق بین‌الملل دارای چه قواعد و چارچوب‌هایی برای مدیریت کارآمد بحران در جهان است؟ روش این مقاله توصیفی تحلیلی است. نتایج این مقاله نشان می‌دهد که کاهش و کنترل خطرات و آسیب‌پذیری ناشی از بلایای طبیعی و آمادگی پیش از وقوع بلا، اقدامات اضطراری حین بلا و اقدامات ترمیمی پس از آن، از جمله اموری هستند که در حقوق بین‌الملل به آن‌ها پرداخته شده است. از طرف دیگر، احترام به حقوق بنیادین و رفع نیازهای اولیه‌ی افراد متأثر از بلایای طبیعی یکی از مهم‌ترین مسائل موجود در این زمینه بوده که مورد توجه حقوق بین‌الملل قرار گرفته است. در خصوص کلیه‌ی این مسائل اسناد مختلفی، در عرصه‌ی حقوق بین‌الملل موجود است، اما فقدان یک سند جامع بین‌المللی که ضمن پرداخت به ابعاد مختلف بلایای طبیعی و حقوق افراد متأثر از آن، عام‌الشمول و الزام‌آور نیز باشد، کاملاً احساس می‌شود. کمیسیون حقوق بین‌الملل، در سال 2007، کار بر روی پیش‌نویسی در این زمینه، با عنوان حمایت از افراد در بلایا را آغاز کرد که تاکنون 21 ماده از آن تدوین شده است.

المصادر:

-        Persian resources

1. Adibi, Akbar and Homayoun Habibi (2017), The Principle of Proportionality in Adopting Economic Sanctions, International Legal Quarterly, No. 56


2. Islami, Mohsen and Farzaneh Naqdi (2016), US Sanctions and Foreign Policy Towards Iran, Foreign Relations Quarterly, No. 32


3. Eghbali, Meysam and Bita Ghanbari (2015), The Effects of Economic Sanctions on International Banking Affairs, Quarterly Journal of New Research in the Humanities, Second Year - Issue 1


4. Izanloo, Mohsen and Ali Hatefi (2014), Legal Analysis of Approaches and Strategies for Ineffectiveness of Economic Sanctions in International Commercial Contracts, Quarterly Journal of Public Law Thoughts, No. 6


5. Berkshire, Fereydoun (1996), International Sanctions on the United States and Third World Countries, Strategy Quarterly, No. 12


6. Behrozi ‌Far, Morteza and Samieh Kokabi (2006), Sanctions of the United States - Union: Tested Test, Quarterly Journal of Political-Economic Information, No. 231 and 232


7. Bayat, Mohsen (2012), History of Sanctions in Iran; Transformation in Vulnerability and the Nature of Sanctions, Foreign Policy Quarterly, Year 26, No. 4


8. Jalali, Reza and Amir Akbari (2014), History of the Origin of Sanctions The Historical Developments of Interactive and Mutual Relations between Iran and the United States, Quarterly Journal of History Research, No. 35


9. Haddadi, Mehdi (2003), International Sanctions, National Policy Tools or International Executive Guarantee, Private Law Quarterly, No. 3


10. Heydari, Fariba (2017), The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Women's Rights, Quarterly Journal of Human Rights Research, No. 8


11. Rouhani, Seyed Ali and Ehsan Namazi (2017), Western Sanctions Against Russia, Foreign Relations Quarterly, No. 33


12. Zamani, Seyed Ghasem and Kazem Gharibabadi (2015), Analysis of the Legality and Legitimacy of Unilateral Economic Sanctions under International Law, Quarterly Journal of Judicial Rights Perspectives, No. 72


13. Zahrani, Mostafa (2008), Theoretical Foundations of Economic Sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran: Obstacles and Challenges of Iran's Oil, Quarterly Journal of Energy Economics Studies, No. 2


14. Sajjadpour, Seyed Kazem and Farhad Vakili (2015), International Sanctions Regime: Foundations, Decision-Making Processes, Executive Institutions and Performance Measurement, Foreign Relations Quarterly, No. 25


15. Seif, Allah Morad and Asghar Eftekhari, Morteza Ezzati and Mohammad Taghi Ramezani (2013), The Conceptualism of Soft Economic Power Economic Development of Conventional Soft Power Theory in Economics, Basij Strategic Studies Quarterly, No. 582686/5000


16. Shafiee, Mahmoud and Bahar Akhavan (2019), US Sanctions Against the Islamic Republic of Iran from the Perspective of International Law, Quarterly Journal of Human Rights Research, No. 15


17. Shokouhyar, Sajjad and Ali Ahmadi (2016), Strategy for Combating Sanctions in the Implementation of South Pars Projects; (Case study: Unit 106, Phase 19 of South Pars), Strategy Quarterly, No. 78


18. Sadrpour, Seyed Amir Hossein and Mohammad Hossein Jamshidi and Mohsen Eslami (2016), A Study of the New Mechanism of Public Diplomacy Based on Joseph Nye's Soft Power Theory, Soft Power Studies Quarterly, Year 6 - Issue 14


19. Sedghi, Vahid and Cheraghi, Mostafa (2012), Sanctions of the United States and the United States against Iran and Anti-Sanctions Elements, Quarterly Journal of Regional Studies, No. 47


20. Samadzadeh, Ali (2012), Economic Sanctions; Smart Threat, No. 114


21. Ziaei, Seyed Yaser and Alireza Mohammadi Motlagh (2014), Sanctions on Natural Persons from the Perspective of International Law, with Emphasis on the Sanctions of Some Iranian Citizens, Legal Quarterly Journal of Justice, No. 88


22. Ziaee, Seyed Yaser (2015), Writing on Sanctions; Sanctions against Iran from theory to practice, Quarterly Journal of Critique of Jurisprudence and Law, No. 2


23. Abdollahi, Ishrat (2006), Consequences of Iran's Economic Sanctions, Bank and Economy Quarterly, No. 73


24. Aziznejad, Samad and Mohammad Reza Seyed Norani (2009), A Study of the Effects of Sanctions on the Iranian Economy with Emphasis on Foreign Trade, Quarterly Journal of Parliament and Strategy, No. 61


25. Aziznejad, Samad and Mohammad Reza Seyed Norani (2009), A Study of the Effects of Sanctions on Iran's Economy with Emphasis on Foreign Trade, Quarterly Journal of Parliament and Strategy, No. 61


26. Asgarian, Abbas and Farhad Vakili (2014), Multilateral Sanctions on Sanctions: An Analysis of the Mechanism of Sanctions Against Russia, Quarterly Journal of Central Asian and Caucasus Studies, No. 86


27. Olumi, Ebrahim (2005), The place of sanctions in US foreign policy, Quarterly Journal of Regional Studies, No. 25 and 26


28. Oloumi, Ebrahim (2008), Iranian Hostage Crisis and Sanctions, Strategy Quarterly, No. 47


29. Alavi, Seyed Yahya (2014), An Analysis of the Structure of US Banking Sanctions and the Requirements for Resolving It in Comprehensive Nuclear Negotiations, Afaq Security Quarterly, No. 25


30. Alavi, Seyed Yahya (2016), Typology of US unilateral sanctions against Iran during the Obama presidency, Quarterly Journal of Islamic Revolution Studies, No. 45


31. Alizadeh, Hamidreza (2017), Economic Sanctions from the Perspective of International Law, Quarterly Journal of Nations Research, Volume 3 - Number 26


32. Faizi, Fazel (2014), A Study of the Nature and Objectives of UN Sanctions, Quarterly Journal of Political Studies, No. 25


33. Garshasbi, Alireza and Mojtaba Yousefi Dindarloo (2016), A Study of the Effects of International Sanctions on Iran's Macroeconomic Variables, Quarterly Journal of Economic Modeling Research, No. 25.


34. Mafi, Homayoun (2006), A Reflection on US Economic Sanctions against Iran from the Perspective of International Law, Quarterly Journal of Journal of Law and Political Science, No. 1.


35. Mokhtari Hashi, Hossein (2015), The Impact of International Sanctions on National Power Factors; Emphasizing UN Security Council Sanctions Against the Islamic Republic of Iran, Geopolitical Quarterly, No. 38


36. Mosalla Nejad, Abbas (2015), The Impact of Sanctions Policy on Iran's Nuclear Negotiations, Geopolitical Quarterly, No. 39


37. Manzoor, Davood and Manouchehr Mostafa Pour (2013), Re-reading Unfair Sanctions: Characteristics, Objectives and Actions, Quarterly Journal of Financial and Economic Policies, First Year - Issue 2


38. Mahdiloo, Ali and Asghar Abolhassani and Mohsen Rezaei (2019), Ranking of Economic Sanctions and Estimation of Sanctions Risk Index Using Fuzzy Hierarchical Analysis Method, Quarterly Journal of Applied Economic Theories, Year 6 - No. 2


39. Mousavi Shafaei, Massoud and Farzaneh Naqdi (2015), Iran's International Political Economy in the Post-Sanction Period, Quarterly Journal of Foreign Relations, No. 28


40. Mohabati, Yasser (2018), A Study of Economic Sanctions and Its Impact on Abran Economics, Quarterly Journal of Management and Accounting Studies, Special Issue, 4th International Conference on Management.


41. Yavari, Kazem and Reza Mohseni (2009), The Effects of Trade and Financial Sanctions on the Iranian Economy: Historical Analysis, Quarterly Journal of Parliament and Strategy, No. 61


42. Yazdanfam, Mahmoud (2018), US Sanctions: Influence and Outlook, National Security Watch Quarterly, No. 80.


43. Sedaghat, Seyed Makan, Sharifi Tarazkoohi, Hossein, Shams, Ahmad, Mansouri, Saeed (1399), Requirements for Development Right to Foreign Investment: A Case Study of Oil Contracts of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Scientific and Research Quarterly New Attitudes in Human Geography, 12 (2), 35-48.


44. Mir Abbasi, Seyed Baqer, Sighlani, Zeinab (2019), Decomposability and New Forms of the newly established country from the perspective of geographical-political units in the field of international legal system. Scientific and Research Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 12 (1), 477-493.


45. Ashuri, Gholamreza, Mortezaei, Sheida (2018), Investigation and analysis of the security structure of the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz in line with the security model of deterrence with emphasis on the regional and international strategic role. Scientific and Research Quarterly New Attitudes in Human Geography, 10 (2), 191-214.


46. Eghbali, Nasser, Ashouri, Gholamreza, Najafi, Abbas, Ali Farja, Sajjad (2016), The role of Iran and the United States in the security of the Persian Gulf with emphasis on the post-Islamic era and Iran's trans-regional strategy. Scientific and Research Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 9 (1), 243-268.


47. Bruno, S (2016), the Charter of the United Nations, a Commentary, Oxford University‌ Press‌.


48. Buchheit, L.C (1976), The Use of Non-Violent Coercion: A Study in Legality under Article 2(4) of the Charter‌ of‌ the United Nations", In Lillich, R.B., (ed)., "Economic Coercion and the New International‌ Economic‌ Order", Charlottesville, the Michie Company.


49. Bussuyt, Marc‌ (2012‌), "The‌ Adverse Consequences of Economic Sanctions on Enjoyment‌ of‌ Human Rights". (Working Paper).Commission of Human Rights. Sub-Commission on the Promotion‌ and‌ Protection of Human Rights.52‌ session‌. Item 12‌ of‌ the‌ Provisional agenda.


50. Commission of Human Rights‌ Res‌ 51/55, 16 January (1995), "Questions of the Violation of Human Rights‌ and‌ Fundamental Freedoms in any Part of‌ the World", Fifty-first‌ session‌, E/CN.4/1995/55.


51. Cot, J. P. and‌ A. Pierre‌ (2005), "La Charte des Nations Unies: Commentaire Article Par Article", 3ème éd. Paris, Economica‌.

-        Internet resources

1. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/701891.pdf


2. https://www.debevoise.com