مروری بر تولید زیست سوخت اتانول با استفاده از فرآوری زیستی زیست توده
الموضوعات :حسین معتمدی 1 , ابوالقاسم هدایت خواه 2 , مصطفی عموپور بهنمیری 3
1 - استادگروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. مرکز تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژی و علوم زیستی ،دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - کارشناسی ارشد میکروبیولوژی، گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.
3 - کارشناسی ارشد میکروبیولوژی، گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: زیست‌توده, زیست‌سوخت, اتانول, پیش‌تیمار, تخمیر,
ملخص المقالة :
جهت حفظ منابع فسیلی به عنوان مهم ترین منبع تامین انرژی، بشر نیازمند یافتن منابع تجدیدپذیری برای این مواد است. از جمله گزینه‌های پیش رو زیست‌توده است که قابلیت تبدیل به زیست‌سوخت‌ها را دارد. از جمله مهم‌ترین زیست‌سوخت‌های تولید شده اتانول است که به عنوان بهترین جایگزین برای بنزین شناخته شده است. تبدیل زیست‌توده به زیست‌سوخت طی یکی از فرآیندهای زیست‌پالایی به نام تبدیل زیستی انجام می‌شود که در آن ابتدا محتوای کربوهیدراتی زیست‌توده به قندهای ساده تبدیل شده، سپس قندها به اتانول تخمیر شوند. با توجه به ساختار سخت تجز‌یه‌شونده مواد لیگنوسلولزی، انجام روش پیش‌تیمار ضروری به نظر می‌رسد که روش‌های متفاوتی از جمله تیمارهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی پیشنهاد شده است. در مرحله قندسازی، زیست‌توده تیمار شده تحت اثر آنزیم‌های تجزیه‌کننده قرار می گیرد که بسته به نوع آنزیم‌های استفاده شده قندهای 5 یا 6 کربنه یا هردونوع تولید می‌شود و بر این اساس نوع میکروارگانیسم تخمیر کننده انتخاب می‌شود. برای بالا بردن بازده نهایی تجزیه و تخمیر، معمولا این دو مرحله را به‌صورت هم زمان انجام می‌دهند. یکی از ابعاد مهم تحقیقات در زمینه تولید زیست‌سوخت‌ها به خصوص اتانول، معطوف به توسعه روش‌های تخمیری است تا بازده نهایی تولید را افزایش دهند که از مهم ترین این تحقیقات می‌توان به روش تخمیر دوفازی اشاره کرد.
المصادر:
Sonnenenergie DGf, ECOFYS., 2005. Planning and Installing Bioenergy Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects, and Engineers, 2 ed, vol. 1. Earthscan, UK
Campbell, CJ., Laherrère, JH., 1998. The end of cheap oil. Scientific American, Vol. 278, pp.5-6
Isci, A., 2008. Cellulosic ethanol production via aqueous ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Ph.D. 3316217. Iowa State University, United States, Iowa
Drapcho, CM., Nhuan, NP., Walker, TH., 2008. Biofuels. Engineering Process Technology. 1 ed. McGraw-Hill, United States. pp. 50-169
Kim, Y., 2007. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for ethanol production without foreign genes. Ph.D. 3299343. University of Florida, United States, Florida.
Binod, P., Sindhu, R., Singhania, RR., Vikram, S., Devi, L., Nagalakshmi, S., Kurien, N., Sukumaran, RK., Pandey, A., 2010. Bioethanol production from rice straw: An overview. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, pp.4767-4774
Demirbas, A., 2009. Biofuels securing the planet's future energy needs, 1 ed. Springer Verlag, London.
Goldemberg, J., 2007. Ethanol for a Sustainable Energy Future. Science, Vol. 315, pp.808-810.
Teymouri, F., 2003. Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) treatment of corn stover and effects of AFEX treatment on plant-produced heterologous cellulase. Ph.D. 3100510. Michigan State University, United States, Michigan.
NREL., 2006. Handbook for Handling Storing and Dispensing E85, p. 31. U.S. Department of Energy
Minteer, S., 2006. Alcoholic Fuels illustrated ed. CRC/Taylor & Francis, BosaRoca.
Nagy, M., 2009. Biofuels from lignin and novel biodiesel analysis. Ph.D. 3394437. Georgia Institute of Technology, United States, Georgia
Prasad, S., Singh, A., Joshi, HC., 2007. Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 50, pp.1-39.
Balat, M., 2009. Political, economic and environmental impacts of biomass-based hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, pp.3589-3603.
Weiland, P., 2010. Biogas production: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, Vol. 85, pp.849-860.
Kaparaju, P., Serrano, M., Thomsen, AB., Kongjan, P., Angelidaki, I., 2009. Bioethanol, biohydrogen and biogas production from wheat straw in a biorefinery concept. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, pp.2562-2568.
Nguyen, T-AD., Kim, K-R., Kim, MS., Sim, SJ., 2010. Thermophilic hydrogen fermentation from Korean rice straw by Thermotoga neapolitana. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, pp. 13392- 13398
Deng, L., Shang, L., Wen, D., Zhai, J., Dong, S., 2010. A membraneless biofuel cell powered by ethanol and alcoholic beverage. Biosens Bioelectron, Vol. 26, pp.70-73.
Balat, M., Balat, H., Öz, C., 2008. Progress in bioethanol processing. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 34, pp.551-573.
Balat, M., 2011. Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 52, pp.858-875.
Alvira, P., Tomás-Pejó, E., Ballesteros, M., Negro, MJ., 2010. Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, pp.4851-4861.
Karimi, K., Emtiazi, G., Taherzadeh, MJ., 2006. Ethanol production from dilute-acid pretreated rice straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with Mucor indicus, Rhizopus oryzae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 40, pp.138-144.
Lynd, LR., Weimer, PJ., van Zyl, WH., Pretorius, IS., 2002. Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Vol. 66, pp.506-577.
Agbogbo, FK., Wenger, KS., 2007. Production of ethanol from corn stover hemicellulose hydrolyzate using Pichia stipitis. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, Vol. 34, pp.723-727.
Gupta, R., 2008. Alkaline pretreatment of biomass for ethanol production and understanding the factors influencing the cellulose hydrolysis. Ph.D. 3317316. Auburn University, United States, Alabama.
Nelson, DL., 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W H Freeman & Co.
Hedayatkhah, A., 2008. Cellulose Degradation, Microorganisms, Usage, B.Sc., Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz-SCU, Ahvaz, Iran
Prescott, LM., Harley, JP., Klein, DA., 2002. Microbiology. McGraw-Hill
Li, X., 2010. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock using aqueous ammonia pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF): process development and optimization. M.S. 1480111. Iowa State University, United States, Iowa
Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., 2005. Determination of ash in biomass. Laboratory Analytical Procedure, NREL/TP-510-42622
Kim, TH., Kim, JS., Sunwoo, C., Lee, YY., 2003. Pretreatment of corn stover by aqueous ammonia. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 90, pp.39-47.
Kim, T., Lee, Y., 2007. Pretreatment of corn stover by soaking in aqueous ammonia at moderate temperatures. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 137-140, pp.81-92.
Kim, TH., Gupta, R., Lee, YY., 2009. Pretreatment of biomass by aqueous ammonia for bioethanol production, pp. 79-91. In Mielenz JR (ed.), Biofuels, Methods and Protocols. Humana Press
Hedayatkhah, A., Motamedi, H., Varzi, HN., Ghezelbash, G., Karimi, K., Amopour Bahnamiry, M., 2012. Applying soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) pretreatment on sugarcane bagasse and rice straw inorder to produce bioethanol, p. 39 The 5 th Croatian Congress of Microbiology, Croatia, Croatia
35. Hedayatkhah, A., Motamedi, H., Najafzadeh, Varzi HN., Ghezelbash, G., Amopour Bahnamiry, M., Karimi, K., 2013. Improvement of hydrolysis and fermentation of sugarcane bagasse by soaking in aqueous ammonia and methanolic ammonia. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, Vol.77,pp.1379-1383.
Kim, TH., 2004. Bioconversion of lignocellulosic material into ethanol: Pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanol fermentation. Ph.D. 3154820. Auburn University, United States, Alabama
Kim, TH., Lee, YY., 2005. Pretreatment and fractionation of corn stover by ammonia recycle percolation process. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 96, pp.2007-2013.
Hedayatkhah, A., 2011. Biofuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic material. Master degree thesis. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran - Ahvaz
Li, X., Kim, TH., Nghiem, NP., 2010. Bioethanol production from corn stover using aqueous ammonia pretreatment and two-phase simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (TPSSF). Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, pp.5910-5916.
Kim, TH., Gupta, R, Lee, YY., 2009. Pretreatment of biomass by aqueous ammonia for bioethanol production. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) , Vol. 581, pp.79-91.
Zhong, C., Lau, M., Balan, V., Dale, B., Yuan, Y-J., 2009. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation from AFEX-treated rice straw. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 84, pp.667-676.
Kim, T., Nghiem, N., Hicks, K., 2009. Pretreatment and fractionation of corn stover by soaking in ethanol and aqueous ammonia. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 153, pp.171-179.
Taherzadeh, M., Karimi, K., 2008. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and biogas production: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 9, pp.1621-1651.
Dowe, N., McMillan, J., 2001. SSF Experimental protocols lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis and fermentation. Laboratory Analytical Procedure, NREL/TP-510-42630
Selig, M., Weiss, N., Ji Y., 2008. Enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Laboratory Analytical Procedure, NREL/TP-510-42629
Tsao, GT., 1999. Recent progress in bioconversion of lignocellulosics. Springer Verlag
Pour Ramezan, Z., Ghezelbash, GR., Romani, B., Ziaei, S., Hedayatkhah, A., 2012. Screening and identificationof newly isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria from the gut of xylophagous termite Microcerotermes diversus (Silvestri). Microbiology, Vol. 81, pp.736-742.
Ko, JK., Bak, JS., Jung, MW., Lee, HJ., Choi, I-G., Kim, TH., Kim, KH., 2009. Ethanol production from rice straw usingoptimized aqueous-ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation processes. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, pp.4374-4380.
Kerstetter, JD., Lyons, JK., Trade, WO., Development E, Program WCEE, Publications WSLES. 2001. Wheat straw for ethanol production in Washington: A resource, technical, and economic assessment. Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Energy Program
Wu, Z., Lee, Y., 1998. Non-isothermal simultaneous saccharification and fermentation for direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 70, pp.479-492.
Axelsson, J., 2011. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation of pretreated Spruce. Linköping
Li, X., Kim, TH., 2012. Bioconversion of corn stover derived pentoseand hexose to ethanol using cascade simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (CSSF). Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Vol. 35, pp.99-104.
Yue, G., Yu, J., Zhang, X., Tan, T., The influence of nitrogen sources on ethanol production by yeast from concentratedsweet sorghum juice. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 39, pp.48-52.
Merida Figueroa, F., 2010. Kinetics and modeling of batch bioethanol production using Suspended Co-Cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis in glucose-xylose media. M.S. 1487551. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), United States, Puerto Rico
55. Yu, Z., Zhang, H., 2003. Ethanol fermentation of acid-hydrolyzed cellulosic pyrolysate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 90, pp.95-100.
Sonnenenergie DGf, ECOFYS., 2005. Planning and Installing Bioenergy Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects, and Engineers, 2 ed, vol. 1. Earthscan, UK
Campbell, CJ., Laherrère, JH., 1998. The end of cheap oil. Scientific American, Vol. 278, pp.5-6
Isci, A., 2008. Cellulosic ethanol production via aqueous ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Ph.D. 3316217. Iowa State University, United States, Iowa
Drapcho, CM., Nhuan, NP., Walker, TH., 2008. Biofuels. Engineering Process Technology. 1 ed. McGraw-Hill, United States. pp. 50-169
Kim, Y., 2007. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for ethanol production without foreign genes. Ph.D. 3299343. University of Florida, United States, Florida.
Binod, P., Sindhu, R., Singhania, RR., Vikram, S., Devi, L., Nagalakshmi, S., Kurien, N., Sukumaran, RK., Pandey, A., 2010. Bioethanol production from rice straw: An overview. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, pp.4767-4774
Demirbas, A., 2009. Biofuels securing the planet's future energy needs, 1 ed. Springer Verlag, London.
Goldemberg, J., 2007. Ethanol for a Sustainable Energy Future. Science, Vol. 315, pp.808-810.
Teymouri, F., 2003. Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) treatment of corn stover and effects of AFEX treatment on plant-produced heterologous cellulase. Ph.D. 3100510. Michigan State University, United States, Michigan.
NREL., 2006. Handbook for Handling Storing and Dispensing E85, p. 31. U.S. Department of Energy
Minteer, S., 2006. Alcoholic Fuels illustrated ed. CRC/Taylor & Francis, BosaRoca.
Nagy, M., 2009. Biofuels from lignin and novel biodiesel analysis. Ph.D. 3394437. Georgia Institute of Technology, United States, Georgia
Prasad, S., Singh, A., Joshi, HC., 2007. Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 50, pp.1-39.
Balat, M., 2009. Political, economic and environmental impacts of biomass-based hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, pp.3589-3603.
Weiland, P., 2010. Biogas production: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, Vol. 85, pp.849-860.
Kaparaju, P., Serrano, M., Thomsen, AB., Kongjan, P., Angelidaki, I., 2009. Bioethanol, biohydrogen and biogas production from wheat straw in a biorefinery concept. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, pp.2562-2568.
Nguyen, T-AD., Kim, K-R., Kim, MS., Sim, SJ., 2010. Thermophilic hydrogen fermentation from Korean rice straw by Thermotoga neapolitana. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, pp. 13392- 13398
Deng, L., Shang, L., Wen, D., Zhai, J., Dong, S., 2010. A membraneless biofuel cell powered by ethanol and alcoholic beverage. Biosens Bioelectron, Vol. 26, pp.70-73.
Balat, M., Balat, H., Öz, C., 2008. Progress in bioethanol processing. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 34, pp.551-573.
Balat, M., 2011. Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 52, pp.858-875.
Alvira, P., Tomás-Pejó, E., Ballesteros, M., Negro, MJ., 2010. Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, pp.4851-4861.
Karimi, K., Emtiazi, G., Taherzadeh, MJ., 2006. Ethanol production from dilute-acid pretreated rice straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with Mucor indicus, Rhizopus oryzae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 40, pp.138-144.
Lynd, LR., Weimer, PJ., van Zyl, WH., Pretorius, IS., 2002. Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Vol. 66, pp.506-577.
Agbogbo, FK., Wenger, KS., 2007. Production of ethanol from corn stover hemicellulose hydrolyzate using Pichia stipitis. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, Vol. 34, pp.723-727.
Gupta, R., 2008. Alkaline pretreatment of biomass for ethanol production and understanding the factors influencing the cellulose hydrolysis. Ph.D. 3317316. Auburn University, United States, Alabama.
Nelson, DL., 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W H Freeman & Co.
Hedayatkhah, A., 2008. Cellulose Degradation, Microorganisms, Usage, B.Sc., Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz-SCU, Ahvaz, Iran
Prescott, LM., Harley, JP., Klein, DA., 2002. Microbiology. McGraw-Hill
Li, X., 2010. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock using aqueous ammonia pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF): process development and optimization. M.S. 1480111. Iowa State University, United States, Iowa
Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., 2005. Determination of ash in biomass. Laboratory Analytical Procedure, NREL/TP-510-42622
Kim, TH., Kim, JS., Sunwoo, C., Lee, YY., 2003. Pretreatment of corn stover by aqueous ammonia. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 90, pp.39-47.
Kim, T., Lee, Y., 2007. Pretreatment of corn stover by soaking in aqueous ammonia at moderate temperatures. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 137-140, pp.81-92.
Kim, TH., Gupta, R., Lee, YY., 2009. Pretreatment of biomass by aqueous ammonia for bioethanol production, pp. 79-91. In Mielenz JR (ed.), Biofuels, Methods and Protocols. Humana Press
Hedayatkhah, A., Motamedi, H., Varzi, HN., Ghezelbash, G., Karimi, K., Amopour Bahnamiry, M., 2012. Applying soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) pretreatment on sugarcane bagasse and rice straw inorder to produce bioethanol, p. 39 The 5 th Croatian Congress of Microbiology, Croatia, Croatia
35. Hedayatkhah, A., Motamedi, H., Najafzadeh, Varzi HN., Ghezelbash, G., Amopour Bahnamiry, M., Karimi, K., 2013. Improvement of hydrolysis and fermentation of sugarcane bagasse by soaking in aqueous ammonia and methanolic ammonia. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, Vol.77,pp.1379-1383.
Kim, TH., 2004. Bioconversion of lignocellulosic material into ethanol: Pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanol fermentation. Ph.D. 3154820. Auburn University, United States, Alabama
Kim, TH., Lee, YY., 2005. Pretreatment and fractionation of corn stover by ammonia recycle percolation process. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 96, pp.2007-2013.
Hedayatkhah, A., 2011. Biofuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic material. Master degree thesis. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran - Ahvaz
Li, X., Kim, TH., Nghiem, NP., 2010. Bioethanol production from corn stover using aqueous ammonia pretreatment and two-phase simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (TPSSF). Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, pp.5910-5916.
Kim, TH., Gupta, R, Lee, YY., 2009. Pretreatment of biomass by aqueous ammonia for bioethanol production. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) , Vol. 581, pp.79-91.
Zhong, C., Lau, M., Balan, V., Dale, B., Yuan, Y-J., 2009. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation from AFEX-treated rice straw. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 84, pp.667-676.
Kim, T., Nghiem, N., Hicks, K., 2009. Pretreatment and fractionation of corn stover by soaking in ethanol and aqueous ammonia. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 153, pp.171-179.
Taherzadeh, M., Karimi, K., 2008. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and biogas production: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 9, pp.1621-1651.
Dowe, N., McMillan, J., 2001. SSF Experimental protocols lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis and fermentation. Laboratory Analytical Procedure, NREL/TP-510-42630
Selig, M., Weiss, N., Ji Y., 2008. Enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Laboratory Analytical Procedure, NREL/TP-510-42629
Tsao, GT., 1999. Recent progress in bioconversion of lignocellulosics. Springer Verlag
Pour Ramezan, Z., Ghezelbash, GR., Romani, B., Ziaei, S., Hedayatkhah, A., 2012. Screening and identificationof newly isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria from the gut of xylophagous termite Microcerotermes diversus (Silvestri). Microbiology, Vol. 81, pp.736-742.
Ko, JK., Bak, JS., Jung, MW., Lee, HJ., Choi, I-G., Kim, TH., Kim, KH., 2009. Ethanol production from rice straw usingoptimized aqueous-ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation processes. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, pp.4374-4380.
Kerstetter, JD., Lyons, JK., Trade, WO., Development E, Program WCEE, Publications WSLES. 2001. Wheat straw for ethanol production in Washington: A resource, technical, and economic assessment. Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Energy Program
Wu, Z., Lee, Y., 1998. Non-isothermal simultaneous saccharification and fermentation for direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 70, pp.479-492.
Axelsson, J., 2011. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation of pretreated Spruce. Linköping
Li, X., Kim, TH., 2012. Bioconversion of corn stover derived pentoseand hexose to ethanol using cascade simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (CSSF). Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Vol. 35, pp.99-104.
Yue, G., Yu, J., Zhang, X., Tan, T., The influence of nitrogen sources on ethanol production by yeast from concentratedsweet sorghum juice. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 39, pp.48-52.
Merida Figueroa, F., 2010. Kinetics and modeling of batch bioethanol production using Suspended Co-Cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis in glucose-xylose media. M.S. 1487551. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), United States, Puerto Rico
55. Yu, Z., Zhang, H., 2003. Ethanol fermentation of acid-hydrolyzed cellulosic pyrolysate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 90, pp.95-100.
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