تحلیل ساز و کارهای مسئولیت مدنی در جبران خسارت ناشی از آسیب های زیست محیطی
الموضوعات :
حسین جلالی
1
(استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، واحد کرج ،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، البرز، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
تاريخ الإرسال : 10 الإثنين , رمضان, 1443
تاريخ التأكيد : 09 الأربعاء , ذو القعدة, 1443
تاريخ الإصدار : 28 الخميس , جمادى الأولى, 1444
الکلمات المفتاحية:
بیمه,
تقصیر,
صندوق تأمین خسارت,
آسیب زیست محیطی,
مسئولیت مدنی,
ملخص المقالة :
خسارات جسمی، مادی و معنویِ وارده شده به اشخاص، متعاقبِ بروز آسیب های زیست محیطی، ضرورت پیش بینی و بکارگیریِ نظام متناسب مسئولیت مدنی به منظور جبران خسارات مزبور را بیش از پیش ضروری می سازد. با وجود انجام پژوهش های متعدد در این زمینه، واکاوی هرچه بیشترِ ارتباط میان دو مقوله مسئولیت مدنی و حفاظت از محیط زیست، به منظور تحلیل ساز و کارهای مقوله نخست در جبران خسارات ناشی از آسیبهای وارده به مقوله دوم، امری اجتناب ناپذیر است.
این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و نگارنده به روش کتابخانه ای و تهیه فیش و مراجعه به قوانین و مقررات و مقالات متعدد، اقدام به پژوهش نموده است.
یافته های پژوهش مؤید آن است که با توجّه به عدم کفایت ساز و کارهای مسئولیت مدنیِ مبتنی بر تقصیر به منظور جبران خسارات ناشی از آسیب های زیست محیطی و لزوم روی آوردن به ساز و کارهایِ مبتنی بر مسئولیت مدنیِ محض، مؤلّفه هایی همچون بیمه مسئولیت محیط زیست و صندوق تأمین خسارت محیط زیست در این راستا، می توانند مفید فایده واقع گردند؛ اگرچه که رویکرد حقوق بین المللِ محیط زیست در این زمینه، حقوق بشری نمودن مقوله محیط زیست است.
عدم اجباری نمودن بیمه مسئولیت محیط زیست برای مشاغل آلاینده و همچنین فقدان مقرره قانونی درخصوص صندوق های تأمین خسارت ویژه محیط زیست، مهمترین چالش های پیش رویِ کارآمدیِ نظام مسئولیت مدنیِ حال حاضرِ ایران به منظور جبران خسارات ناشی از آسیب های زیست محیطی است.
المصادر:
Hakimian, A. M. et al. (2021). Feasibility of using the rule of respect as the basis of guarantee due to damage to the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Excellence in Law, 12(1), 82-109. (In Persian)
Firouzabadi, H. et al. (2020). Civil liability due to environmental damages. The Quarterly of Medical Law, 14(54), 183-213. (In Persian)
Hosseini Hajivar, Y. M. et al. (2021). The effect of fine dust on the health of society and the realization of the government's civil liability in Iranian law. The Journal of Medical Sciences of Islamic Azad University of Iran, 31(1), 49-69. (In Persian)
Panahandeh, B., & Ranjbar, M. R. (2019). Examining the foundations and legal documents caused by environmental damage in Iranian law, The Quarterly Journal of the Legal Research on the International and Iranian Comparative Laws, 12(44), 149-170. (In Persian)
Amid, H. (2020). The Amid Persian Encyclopedia (14th). Tehran: Amirkabir Publisher. (Persian)
Badini, H. (2005). The philosophy of civil liability. Tehran: Publisher Inc. (In Persian)
Jafari Langroudi, M. J. (2015). The law terminology. Tehran: Ganj-e-Danesh Publisher. (In Persian)
Katouzian, N. (2016). Requirements outside the contract, civil liability: The general rules. Tehran: University of Tehran Publisher. (In Persian)
Mousavi Bojnordi, H. (1989). The rules of theology. Qom: Ismaeilian Publisher.
Ismaili, M. (1990). Damage Theory: Examining the necessity of compensation for moral damages and responsibility caused by the loss of benefits and opportunities from the perspective of jurisprudence and comparative law. Tehran: Amirkabir Publisher. (In Persian)
Boyd, J. & Ingberman, D. (1995). Do punitive damages deterrence? Business Law & Eccrmics Center Of Washington University PAR.
Virgo, G. (2006). The principles of the law of restitution (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Taghizadeh Ansari, M. (1997). Environmental criminal law. Tehran: Qomes Publisher. (In Persian)
Hosseini, M. S. & Mohamadi, M. (2017). Analyzing human rights on the environment. Bi-quarterly Journal of Islamic Human Rights Studies, 6(12). 129-159. (In Persian)
Ghasemi, N. (2012). Environmental criminal law. Tehran: Khorsandi Publisher. (In Persian)
Mashadi, A. (2013). The right to a healthy environment: The Iranian-French model. Tehran: Mizan Publisher (In Persian).
Allahdadi, I. et al. (2007). The dictionary of environmental terminology. Tehran: Jihad Daneshgahi Publisher. (In Persian)
Katouzian, N. & Ansari, M. (2008). The responsibility for the environmental damage, 38(2). 285-313. (In Persian)
Mashadi, A. & Shahoseini, A. (2016). Prevention of environmental damage in the light of the 2001 Plan of The International Law Commission on the prevention of transboundary damage caused by dangerous activities. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 46(2), 273-295. (In Persian)
Larsson, M. L. (2009). Laws of the environment and environmental damage. Estokholm Institute Law.
Soltani nejad, H. (2015). The comparative study of emotional damage. Tehran: Mizan Danesh. (In Persian)
Emami, H. (2011). The civil law. Tehran: Ismalieh Publisher. (Persian)
Javandel Jananloou, F. (2007). The theoretical bases of liability due to marine oil pollution. Quarterly Journal of Commercial Research, 20(77). 169-188. (In Persian)
Fahimi, A. & Mashadi, A. (2011). Shia jurisprudence and evolution in the foundations of environmental civil liability. The Law Quarterly Journal, 41(1), 313-326. (In Persian)
KHoeini, G. & Karami, S. (2014). The civil liability caused by environmental pollution in Anfal. Bi-quarterly Journal of Knowledge of Civil Rights, 3(1), 59-70. (In Persian)
Mohaghegh Damad, M. S. & Pourshoushtari, M. (2013). The nature of liability insurance in Iranian law with a comparative approach in English law. Biannual Scientific Journal of Comparative Law, 1(2), 3-20. (In Persian)
Taghizadeh Ansari, M. (2016). The international laws of environment. Tehran: Khorsandi publisher. (In Persian)
Kazmier J. (2008). The health care laws (1st). Charleston: Cengage Learning.
Badini, H. & Jafari Chalshtari, M. (2018). An analytical and critical approach to the international documents of the system of responsibility and compensation in oil pollution caused by sea transportation. International Laws Journal, 35(58), 89-113. (In Persian)
The Sustainable Development Commission of Iran Chamber of Commerce (2021, Feb). Environmental liability insurance should be made mandatory in the 7th development plan (The thematic report). Retrieved from Payam-e-Ma newspaper, 2212
Moshirpour, F. (2010). The performance of the International maritime organization in the field of responsibility and compensation for environmental damage. Legal Research Quarterly, 11, 173-198. (In Persian)
_||_
Hakimian, A. M. et al. (2021). Feasibility of using the rule of respect as the basis of guarantee due to damage to the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Excellence in Law, 12(1), 82-109. (In Persian)
Firouzabadi, H. et al. (2020). Civil liability due to environmental damages. The Quarterly of Medical Law, 14(54), 183-213. (In Persian)
Hosseini Hajivar, Y. M. et al. (2021). The effect of fine dust on the health of society and the realization of the government's civil liability in Iranian law. The Journal of Medical Sciences of Islamic Azad University of Iran, 31(1), 49-69. (In Persian)
Panahandeh, B., & Ranjbar, M. R. (2019). Examining the foundations and legal documents caused by environmental damage in Iranian law, The Quarterly Journal of the Legal Research on the International and Iranian Comparative Laws, 12(44), 149-170. (In Persian)
Amid, H. (2020). The Amid Persian Encyclopedia (14th). Tehran: Amirkabir Publisher. (Persian)
Badini, H. (2005). The philosophy of civil liability. Tehran: Publisher Inc. (In Persian)
Jafari Langroudi, M. J. (2015). The law terminology. Tehran: Ganj-e-Danesh Publisher. (In Persian)
Katouzian, N. (2016). Requirements outside the contract, civil liability: The general rules. Tehran: University of Tehran Publisher. (In Persian)
Mousavi Bojnordi, H. (1989). The rules of theology. Qom: Ismaeilian Publisher.
Ismaili, M. (1990). Damage Theory: Examining the necessity of compensation for moral damages and responsibility caused by the loss of benefits and opportunities from the perspective of jurisprudence and comparative law. Tehran: Amirkabir Publisher. (In Persian)
Boyd, J. & Ingberman, D. (1995). Do punitive damages deterrence? Business Law & Eccrmics Center Of Washington University PAR.
Virgo, G. (2006). The principles of the law of restitution (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Taghizadeh Ansari, M. (1997). Environmental criminal law. Tehran: Qomes Publisher. (In Persian)
Hosseini, M. S. & Mohamadi, M. (2017). Analyzing human rights on the environment. Bi-quarterly Journal of Islamic Human Rights Studies, 6(12). 129-159. (In Persian)
Ghasemi, N. (2012). Environmental criminal law. Tehran: Khorsandi Publisher. (In Persian)
Mashadi, A. (2013). The right to a healthy environment: The Iranian-French model. Tehran: Mizan Publisher (In Persian).
Allahdadi, I. et al. (2007). The dictionary of environmental terminology. Tehran: Jihad Daneshgahi Publisher. (In Persian)
Katouzian, N. & Ansari, M. (2008). The responsibility for the environmental damage, 38(2). 285-313. (In Persian)
Mashadi, A. & Shahoseini, A. (2016). Prevention of environmental damage in the light of the 2001 Plan of The International Law Commission on the prevention of transboundary damage caused by dangerous activities. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 46(2), 273-295. (In Persian)
Larsson, M. L. (2009). Laws of the environment and environmental damage. Estokholm Institute Law.
Soltani nejad, H. (2015). The comparative study of emotional damage. Tehran: Mizan Danesh. (In Persian)
Emami, H. (2011). The civil law. Tehran: Ismalieh Publisher. (Persian)
Javandel Jananloou, F. (2007). The theoretical bases of liability due to marine oil pollution. Quarterly Journal of Commercial Research, 20(77). 169-188. (In Persian)
Fahimi, A. & Mashadi, A. (2011). Shia jurisprudence and evolution in the foundations of environmental civil liability. The Law Quarterly Journal, 41(1), 313-326. (In Persian)
KHoeini, G. & Karami, S. (2014). The civil liability caused by environmental pollution in Anfal. Bi-quarterly Journal of Knowledge of Civil Rights, 3(1), 59-70. (In Persian)
Mohaghegh Damad, M. S. & Pourshoushtari, M. (2013). The nature of liability insurance in Iranian law with a comparative approach in English law. Biannual Scientific Journal of Comparative Law, 1(2), 3-20. (In Persian)
Taghizadeh Ansari, M. (2016). The international laws of environment. Tehran: Khorsandi publisher. (In Persian)
Kazmier J. (2008). The health care laws (1st). Charleston: Cengage Learning.
Badini, H. & Jafari Chalshtari, M. (2018). An analytical and critical approach to the international documents of the system of responsibility and compensation in oil pollution caused by sea transportation. International Laws Journal, 35(58), 89-113. (In Persian)
The Sustainable Development Commission of Iran Chamber of Commerce (2021, Feb). Environmental liability insurance should be made mandatory in the 7th development plan (The thematic report). Retrieved from Payam-e-Ma newspaper, 2212
Moshirpour, F. (2010). The performance of the International maritime organization in the field of responsibility and compensation for environmental damage. Legal Research Quarterly, 11, 173-198. (In Persian)
