تحلیل ساز و کارهای مسئولیت مدنی در جبران خسارت ناشی از آسیب های زیست محیطی

محورهای موضوعی : آب و محیط زیست

حسین جلالی ¹

1 - استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، واحد کرج ،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، البرز، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/01/22 تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/03/18 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/10/01

کلید واژه: بیمه, تقصیر, صندوق تأمین خسارت, آسیب زیست محیطی, مسئولیت مدنی,

چکیده مقاله :

خسارات جسمی، مادی و معنویِ وارده شده به اشخاص، متعاقبِ بروز آسیب های زیست محیطی، ضرورت پیش بینی و بکارگیریِ نظام متناسب مسئولیت مدنی به منظور جبران خسارات مزبور را بیش از پیش ضروری می سازد. با وجود انجام پژوهش های متعدد در این زمینه، واکاوی هرچه بیشترِ ارتباط میان دو مقوله مسئولیت مدنی و حفاظت از محیط زیست، به منظور تحلیل ساز و کارهای مقوله نخست در جبران خسارات ناشی از آسیبهای وارده به مقوله دوم، امری اجتناب ناپذیر است. این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و نگارنده به روش کتابخانه ای و تهیه فیش و مراجعه به قوانین و مقررات و مقالات متعدد، اقدام به پژوهش نموده است. یافته های پژوهش مؤید آن است که با توجّه به عدم کفایت ساز و کارهای مسئولیت مدنیِ مبتنی بر تقصیر به منظور جبران خسارات ناشی از آسیب های زیست محیطی و لزوم روی آوردن به ساز و کارهایِ مبتنی بر مسئولیت مدنیِ محض، مؤلّفه هایی همچون بیمه مسئولیت محیط زیست و صندوق تأمین خسارت محیط زیست در این راستا، می توانند مفید فایده واقع گردند؛ اگرچه که رویکرد حقوق بین المللِ محیط زیست در این زمینه، حقوق بشری نمودن مقوله محیط زیست است. عدم اجباری نمودن بیمه مسئولیت محیط زیست برای مشاغل آلاینده و همچنین فقدان مقرره قانونی درخصوص صندوق های تأمین خسارت ویژه محیط زیست، مهمترین چالش های پیش رویِ کارآمدیِ نظام مسئولیت مدنیِ حال حاضرِ ایران به منظور جبران خسارات ناشی از آسیب های زیست محیطی است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Physical, material, and moral damages incurred by a person following the occurrence of environmental damages make provisioning and implementing a proper civil liability system a necessity more than ever before. Although, there are lots of literature on the subject matter, it is essential to explore the relationship between the two subjects of “civil liability” and “environmental protection” to analyze the mechanisms of the former in determining the compensation of damages incurred by the latter. This is a descriptive-analytic research using library and note-taking and by referring to laws and regulations and literature. The findings showed that due to the failure of mechanisms of offense-based civil liabilities in compensating environmental damages, it can be beneficial to use strict civil liability based mechanisms, environmental responsibilities, insurance, and environmental damages fund. However, the approach of international environmental law in this field is to humanize the category of environment. Lack of mandatory environmental responsibilities for polluting businesses and lack of regulations on environmental damages fund are the most important challenges for a civil liability system in Iran to be effective in compensating for environmental damages.

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