حفاظت از باغ‌ها حاشیه شهر از منظر اکولوژی سیمای سرزمین مطالعه موردی: سراب قنبر-کرمانشاه
الموضوعات :
1 - دانشگاه سید جمال الدین اسدآبادی
الکلمات المفتاحية: سراب قنبر کرمانشاه, حفاظت, باغ, اکولوژی سیمای سرزمین,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: رشد گسترده افقی شهرها دارای پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی است، این فرآیند منجر به تخریب منظر و باغ‌ها حاشیه شهرها می‌گردد. باغ‌ها سراب‌قنبر در جنوب شهر کرمانشاه نیز به دلیل رشد گسترده شهری در معرض تخریب گسترده‌ای قرار دارد.روش بررسی: با استفاده از سنجه‌های اکولوژی سیمای‌سرزمین تحولات محدوده مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در مرحله بعد براساس برداشت میدانی انواع لکه‌ها و کریدورها مشخص شده است.یافته‌ها: با توجه به کارکرد این فضاها از لحاظ عملکرد اکولوژیک، عناصر ساختاری محدوده در چهار گروه از راهبردهای حمایتی، تدافعی، تهاجمی و فرصت‌طلبانه طبقه‌بندی شده‌اند. این طبقات شامل لکه‌ها و کریدورهای طبیعی، اختلالی، مکان و نحوه‌ی قرارگیری آن‌ها بر روی بستر سرزمین می‌باشد. با درنظر گرفتن اهداف طراحی و این طبقات، طرح راهبردی محدود ارائه شد.بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: گسترش بستر شهر منجر به ایجاد لکه‌های اختلالی در سطح محدوده شده و از سوی دیگر لکه‌های طبیعی گرایش به خردشدن پیدا کرده‌اند. کریدورهای طبیعی با چالش‌های جدی مواجه‌اند. در حالی که گسترش کریدورهای اختلالی منجر به تغییر در ساختار سیمای‌سرزمین شده و گسست اکولوژیک را تشدید کرده است. تداوم این روند منجر به نابودی این اراضی خواهد شد و تبعات بسیاری را به دنبال خواهد داشت. طراحی محیطی متناسب می‌تواند چارچوب مناسبی را با استفاده از مبانی پایه اکولوژی سیمای‌سرزمین فراهم ساخته و با تعریف کارکردهای متناسب نیاز شهری، این عرصه‌های طبیعی را حفاظت نماید.
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1- United-Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision - Comprehensive Tables,Dept. of Economic Social Affairs. Population Division: UN; 2007.
2- Matlock MD, Morgan R. Ecological Engineering Design: Restoring and Conserving Ecosystem Services: John Wiley & Sons; 2010.
3- Economic UNDO, Division SAP. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision: UN; 2004.
4- Forman RT. The urban region: natural systems in our place, our nourishment, our home range, our future. Landscape Ecology. 2008;23(3):251-3.
5- Milan BF, Creutzig F. Municipal policies accelerated urban sprawl and public debts in Spain. Land Use Policy. 2016;54:103-15.
6- Nazarnia N, Schwick C, Jaeger JA. Accelerated urban sprawl in Montreal, Quebec City, and Zurich: Investigating the differences using time series 1951–2011. Ecological Indicators. 2016;60:1229-51.
7- Kumar P, Rosenberger JM, Iqbal GMD. Mixed integer linear programming approaches for land use planning that limit urban sprawl. Computers & Industrial Engineering. 2016;102:33-43.
8- Arribas-Bel D, Nijkamp P, Scholten H. Multidimensional urban sprawl in Europe: A self-organizing map approach. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 2011;35(4):263-75.
9- Zhang D, Zhou C, Su F, Yang X, Du Y. A physical Impulse-based approach to evaluate the exploitative intensity of Bay—A case study of Daya Bay in China. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2012;69(0):151-9.
10- Su W, Gu C, Yang G, Chen S, Zhen F. Measuring the impact of urban sprawl on natural landscape pattern of the Western Taihu Lake watershed, China. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2010;95(1–2):61-7.
11- Hasse JE, Lathrop RG. Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl. Applied Geography. 2003;23(2–3):159-75.
12- Jaeger JAG, Bertiller R, Schwick C, Kienast F. Suitability criteria for measures of urban sprawl. Ecological Indicators. 2010;10(2):397-406.
13- Barbero-Sierra C, Marques MJ, Ruíz-Pérez M. The case of urban sprawl in Spain as an active and irreversible driving force for desertification. Journal of Arid Environments. 2013;90(0):95-102.
14- He J, Liu Y, Yu Y, Tang W, Xiang W, Liu D. A counterfactual scenario simulation approach for assessing the impact of farmland preservation policies on urban sprawl and food security in a major grain-producing area of China. Applied Geography. 2013;37(0):127-38.
15- Kahn ME. Green cities: urban growth and the environment: Brookings Institution Press; 2006.
16- Gulinck H, Wagendorp T. References for fragmentation analysis of the rural matrix in cultural landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2002;58(2–4):137-46.
17- Zhou B, He HS, Nigh TA, Schulz JH. Mapping and analyzing change of impervious surface for two decades using multi-temporal Landsat imagery in Missouri. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2012;18(0):195-206.
18- Zanganeh Shahraki S, Sauri D, Serra P, Modugno S, Seifolddini F, Pourahmad A. Urban sprawl pattern and land-use change detection in Yazd, Iran. Habitat International. 2011;35(4):521-8.
19- Neuman M. Regional design: Recovering a great landscape architecture and urban planning tradition. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2000;47(3–4):115-28.
20- Torres A, Jaeger JA, Alonso JC. Multi-scale mismatches between urban sprawl and landscape fragmentation create windows of opportunity for conservation development. Landscape Ecol. 2016;31(10):2291-305.
21- Breuste J, Niemelä J, Snep RPH. Applying landscape ecological principles in urban environments. Landscape Ecology. 2008;23(10):1139-42.
22- Farina A. Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology: Towards a Science of the Landscape: Springer; 2007.
23- The portal of the General Department of Meteorology of Kermanshah province-(2018 Septtember 3). Statistical data obtained from http://www.kermanshahmet.ir. (In Persian)
24- Shamshiri S. Design and organize a conservation- tourism in fringe gardens, Case study: Sarab Qanbar Kermanshah. University of Tehran Faculty of environment. 2012 (In Persian)
25- Baschak LA, Brown RD. An ecological framework for the planning, design and management of urban river greenways. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1995;33(1–3):211-25.
26- Ying-zi W, Wei H, Cheng-zhen W, Dong-jin H, Shu-wei L, Hai-lan F. Application of landscape ecology to the research on wetlands. Journal of Forestry Research. 2008;19(2):164–70
27- Francis RA, Millington JD, Chadwick MA. Urban Landscape Ecology: Science, Policy and Practice: Routledge; 2016.
28- Jørgensen SE, Xu L, Costanza Handbook of ecological indicators for assessment of ecosystem health: CRC press; 2016.
29- Albert C, Galler C, Hermes J, Neuendorf F, von Haaren C, Lovett A. Applying ecosystem services indicators in landscape planning and management: The ES-in-Planning framework. Ecological Indicators. 2016;61:100-13.
30- Cook EA. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2002;58 269-80.
31- Ahern J. Theories, methods and strategies for sustainable landscape planning2005.
32- Forman R, Gordon M. landscape ecology: Johon Wiley & sons, UK; 1986.
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