راه¬كارهاي مقابله با تنش¬ شوری و اکسیداتیو در گیاهان زراعي
الموضوعات :
اسماعیل قلی نژاد
1
(دانشیار، گروه علمي علوم کشاورزي، دانشگاه پيام نور، تهران، ايران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
رضا درویش زاده
2
(استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه اروميه، ارومیه، ايران.)
عباس ابهری
3
(استادیار، گروه علمي علوم کشاورزي، دانشگاه پيام نور، تهران، ايران. )
الکلمات المفتاحية: آنتی اکسیدان, اکسیداتیو, شورزی, شوری, گلیکولیت, نمک.,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: یک چالش بزرگ در کشاورزی جهان تولید محصولات غذایی بیشتر برای 3/2 میلیارد نفر دیگر تا سال 2050 در سراسر جهان است. شوری تنش عمده¬ای است که عرضه محصولات غذایی را محدود می¬کند. مساحت كل زمین¬ها حدود 2/13 ميليارد هكتار است كه 7 ميليارد هكتار از آن قابـل كشت و 5/1 ميليارد هكتار زیر كشت است و حدود 23 درصد از زمین¬های زیر کشت در سراسر جهان (حدود 345 میلیون هکتار) تحت تأثیر تنش شوری قرار دارد و روز به روز بر میزان آن افزوده می¬شود. گیاهان را می‌توان به دو نوع شورزی‌ها و گلیکوفیت‌ها طبقه‌بندی کرد و اکثر گونه¬های زراعی عمده به این دسته دوم تعلق دارند. مقاله حاضر با هدف بررسی پژوهش¬های علمی مرتبط با اثرات، سازوکار¬های تحمل، روش¬های پژوهش، صفات مهم قابل اندازه¬گیری، مدیریت و کنترل تنش شوری و اکسیداتیو در گیاهان زراعي ارائه می¬شود. روش بررسی: مقاله حاضر یک مقاله مروری می¬باشد که با جستجو در مقاله¬های مرتبط در پایگاه¬های معتبر (Google scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID) بدست آمده است. یافته¬ها: شوری روی خصوصیات مختلف گیاهان مانند صفات فیزیولوژیک، متابولیک، رشد و نمو، جوانه¬زنی، کمیت و کیفیت گیاه تاثیرات نامطلوبی دارد. مهمترین صدمات ناشی از تنش شوري شامل برهم خوردن توازن یونی ناشی از کاهش جذب یون¬هاي ضـروري، انباشتگی یون¬هاي مضر و کم آبی ناشی از کاهش جذب آب می¬باشد که باعث کاهش سنتز پروتئین، تعرق، انتقال یـون و در نهایـت کـاهش عملکرد نهایی می¬شود. از سازوکار¬های تحمل به تنش شوری می¬توان به هوموستازی یونی، انباشت املاح سازگار و حفاظت اسمزی، تنظیم آنتی اکسیدانی، پلی آمین¬ها، اکسید نیتریک و تنظیم هورمونی تحمل به شوری اشاره کرد. در شرایط تنش گونه¬های فعال اکسیژن مانند رادیکال¬های سوپراکسید، اکسیژن منفرد و رادیکال هیدروکسیل تولید می¬شود که باعث صدمه به ساختار سلولی، پروتئین¬ها، غشاء سلولی، کربوهیدرات¬ها، اسیدهای نوکلوئیک و در نهایت مرگ سلول می¬شود. بحث و نتیجه¬گیری: آنتی اکسیدان¬های آنزیمی یا غیر آنزیمی نقش بسیار مهمی در حفاظت گیاهان در مقابله با آسیب¬های اکسیداتیو دارند. سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز، کاتالاز، پروکسیداز، آسکوربات پراکسیداز، گلوتاتیون ردوکتاز از آنتی¬اکسیدان¬های آنزیمی و اسید اسکوریک، گلوتاتیون، کاروتنوئیدها و توکوفرول¬ها از آنتی اکسیدان¬های غیرآنزیمی محسوب می¬شوند که می¬توانند صدمات ناشی از گونه¬های فعال اکسیژن را کاهش دهند.
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