بررسی اثر آبیاری با فاضلاب بر انباشت فلزات کادمیوم و سرب در خاک و سبزیجات کشت شده (مطالعه موردی: شهر همدان)
الموضوعات :
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد آلودگی‌ها محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر ، ملایر، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
الکلمات المفتاحية: فلزات سرب و کادمیوم, سبزیجات, خاک, فاضلاب, شهر همدان,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: به دلیل برخورداری شهر همدان از پتانسیل بالا برای تولیدات کشاورزی و متعاقباً تاثیر فاضلاب های شهری و فعالیت های کشاورزی، نظیر استفاده از کودها و سموم شیمیایی مختلف روی کیفیت خاک، گیاه و نهایتاً سلامت انسان، لزوم انجام پژوهش را آشکار می سازد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر فاضلاب بر تجمع فلزات سرب و کادمیوم در خاک و سبزیجات صورت گرفت. روش بررسی: برای این منظور نمونه برداری به صورت تصادفی از خاک و سبزیجات در محدوده شهر همدان صورت گرفت. نمونه برداری از یک منطقه آبیاری شده با آب چاه و یک منطقه آبیاری شده با آب فاضلاب صورت گرفت. نمونه های گیاه پس از شسته شدن و خشک شدن، آسیاب شده و آماده انجام آزمایش گردیدند. نمونه های خاک نیز پس از هوا خشک شدن، الک شده و آماده انجام آزمایش گردیدند. سپس نمونه ها با ترکیبی از اسیدها هضم شدند و فلزات سنگین با استفاده از دستگاه جذب اتمی مورد سنجش قرار گرفتند. در نهایت داده های به دست آمده با نرم افزار20 SPSS تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: نتایج حاصل نشان داد که فاضلاب اثر قابل توجهی بر میزان تجمع فلزات سرب و کادمیوم در خاک و سبزیجات دارد بطوری که میانگین غلظت این فلزات در خاک و سبزیجات مناطق آبیاری شده با فاضلاب بیش تر از مناطق آبیاری شده با آب چاه بود. همچنین مشخص شد که مقادیر فلزات سرب و کادمیوم در سبزیجات مطالعه شده برابر یا بیشتر از حد استاندارد بوده است و فلز کادمیوم در خاک هر دو منطقه شاهد و تیمار برابر با حد استاندارد و فلز سرب در خاک هر دو منطقه شاهد و تیمار کم تر از حد استاندارد قرار دارد. نتیجه گیری: از آنجایی که در منطقه تیمار متوسط غلظت فلز کادمیوم در سبزی پیازچه و متوسط غلظت فلز سرب در سبزی تره بالاتر از حد استاندارد قرار دارد. بنابراین به منظور جلوگیری از بروز مشکلاتی توسط آنها برای سلامتی شهروندان از آبیاری مزارع کشاورزی می بایست خودداری شود.
المصادر:
Chaw,R., Reves,A.S., 2001. Effect of waste water on menthe piperita and spinaceae oleraceae. Environment Biology. 51: 131-145.
Massa, N., Andreucci, F., Poli, M., Aceto, M., Barbato, R., Berta,G. 2010. Screening for heavy metal accumulators among stautochtonous plants in apolluted sitein Italy. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 73:1988–1997.
Doumett, S., Lamperi, L., Checchini, L., Azzarello, E., Mugnai, S., Mancuso, S., et al., 2008. Heavy metal distribution between contaminated soil and Paulownia tomentosa, in a pilot-scale assisted phytoremediation study, Influence of different complexing agents. Chemosphere.72: 1481–1490.
Cui, Y.J., Zhu, Y.G., Zhai, R.H., Chen, D.Y., Huang, Y.Z., Qiu, Y., et al., 2004. Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environment International. 30: 785– 791.
Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J.W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N. 2006. Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: Implications for human health. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment.112: 41–48.
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 1999. Summary and conclusions. In: 53rd Meeting, Rome. 123-130.
Yang, J., Guo, H., Ma, Y., Wang, Li., Wei, D. and Hua, L. 2010. Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by different vegetables. Journal of Environmental Sciences.22(8):1246–1252.
Cheraghi, M., Lorestani,B., Ypusefi, N. 2009. Effect of waste water on heavy metal accumulation in hamedan province vegetables. International Journal of Botany. 5(2): 109-193.
Yargholi, B., Azimi, A.A., Baghvand, A., Abasi, F., Lyaghat, A., Asadollah Fardi G. 2010. Investigation of Cd adsorption and accumulation from contaminated soil in different parts of root crops. Journal of Water and Wastewater. 20(4):60-70 (In Persian).
Black, C.A., 1965. Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. 2ed, Agronomy Monog. 9, ASA, Madison, WI.
Klute, A.1986. Methods of soil analysis, Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd ed., SSSA book series: 5. American Society of Agronomy Inc., Soil Society of Agronomy Inc. 1188 p.
National Iranian Standard No. 9266. 1994. A method for measurment of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, and iron in foods by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Institute of Standards & Industrial Research of Iran. First Edition (In Persian).
Jackson, M.L., 1973. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd, New Delhi.
Khodabandeh, S., Talaei, R., Ghayomi, R. 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals in Caspian Sea and aquatic sediments. Journal of Water and Wastewater.39:38-42 (In Persian).
FAO/WHO., 2001. Food additives and contaminants, Joint Codex Alimentarius Commission, FAO/WHO. Food standards Programme, ALINORM 01/12A.
Lone, M.I., Saleem, S., Mahmood, T., Saifullah, K., Hussain, G. 2003.Heavy metal contents of vegetables irrigated by sewage/Tubewell water. Int.J.Agri.Biol. 5(4): 533-535.
Doyle,P.J., 1998. Survey of literature and experience on the disposal of sewage on land, Available <http://www.ecobody.com/ reports/ sludge/dole_ report_ VpToc.htm/> (Apr. 17, 2007).
Channey, R., Baker, A., Malik, Y., Brown, J. 2001. Phytoremediation of soil metals. J. Current Opinion in Biotech. 36: 115-121.
Okoronkwo, N.E., Igwe, J.C., Onwuchekwa, E.C., 2005. Risk and health implications of polluted soils for crop production. African Journal of Biotech. 4(13): 1521-1524.
Simmons, R.W., Pongsakul,P., 2002. Toward the development of an effective sampling protocol to "rapidly" evaluate the distribution of Cd in contaminated, irrigated rice-based agricultural systems. In: Kheoruenromne I, ed. Transactions of the 17th word congress of soil science, International Union of Soil Science, Bangkok, Vienna.
Tsafe,A.I., Hassan,L,G., Sahabi,D.M., Alhassan,Y., Bala,B,M., 2012. Evaluation of Heavy Metals Uptake and Risk Assessment of Vegetables Grown in Yargalma of Northern Nigeria. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res. 2(7):6708-6714.
Wu,Y.G., You-ning, X., Jiang-hua ,Z., Si-hai, HU., 2010. Evaluation of ecological risk and primary empirical research on heavy metals in polluted soil over Xiaoqinling gold mining region, Shaanxi, China, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 20, P.P 688-694.
Anthony, G., Kachenko, B.S., 2006. Heavy metals contamination vegetables grown in urban and metal smelter sites in Australia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution.169: 101-123.
Tiller, K.G., 1989. Heavy metals in soils and their environmental significance advances in soil science. European Journal of Soil Science. 9 (8):113-142.
Gardiner, D.T., Miller, R.W., Badamchian, B., Azzari, A.S., Sisson, D.R. 1995. Effects of repeated sewage sludge applications on plant accumulation of heavy metals. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 55(1):1-6.
Ramos, I., Esteban, E., Lucena, J.J., Garate, A.. 2002. Cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in plants of lactuca sp. Ca-Mn intraction. J. Plant Science.162(7): 761-767.
Demirezen, D., Aksoy,A., 2006. Heavy metal levels in vegetables in Turkey are within safe limits for Cu, Zn, Ni and exceeded for Cd and Pb. Jourrnal of Food Quality. (29): 252-265.
Golovatiy, S., Savchenk, S. 2002. Metals as contaminants of agricultural land of Belarus. 17th world congress soil sci Bangkok Thailand. 14-21.
Gupta, N., Khan, DK., Santra, SC. 2012. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in a long term waste water irrigated agricultural land of tropical India. Environ Monit Assess.184: : 6673-82.
Ramesh, H.L., Yoganda Murthy, V.N. 2012. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafy vegetables grown in Bangalore urban district of karnatak. Life science and Technology. 6:40-51.
Zhan, J.X., Shu, Q.L., Yan, L.L., Yong, L.Y. 2012. Health risk assessment of heavy metals for edible part of vegetables grown in sewage irrigated soils in suburans of Baoding City, China. Environ Monit Assess. 184: 3503-3513.
Bigdeli, M., Seilsepour,M., 2008. Investiggation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with weast water in shahre Rey- Iran and toxicological implications. American- Eurasian J. Agric and Environ. Sic. 4(1):86-92.
Mahmood, A., Naseem Malik, R. 2014. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 7: 91–99.
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Chaw,R., Reves,A.S., 2001. Effect of waste water on menthe piperita and spinaceae oleraceae. Environment Biology. 51: 131-145.
Massa, N., Andreucci, F., Poli, M., Aceto, M., Barbato, R., Berta,G. 2010. Screening for heavy metal accumulators among stautochtonous plants in apolluted sitein Italy. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 73:1988–1997.
Doumett, S., Lamperi, L., Checchini, L., Azzarello, E., Mugnai, S., Mancuso, S., et al., 2008. Heavy metal distribution between contaminated soil and Paulownia tomentosa, in a pilot-scale assisted phytoremediation study, Influence of different complexing agents. Chemosphere.72: 1481–1490.
Cui, Y.J., Zhu, Y.G., Zhai, R.H., Chen, D.Y., Huang, Y.Z., Qiu, Y., et al., 2004. Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environment International. 30: 785– 791.
Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J.W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N. 2006. Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: Implications for human health. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment.112: 41–48.
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 1999. Summary and conclusions. In: 53rd Meeting, Rome. 123-130.
Yang, J., Guo, H., Ma, Y., Wang, Li., Wei, D. and Hua, L. 2010. Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by different vegetables. Journal of Environmental Sciences.22(8):1246–1252.
Cheraghi, M., Lorestani,B., Ypusefi, N. 2009. Effect of waste water on heavy metal accumulation in hamedan province vegetables. International Journal of Botany. 5(2): 109-193.
Yargholi, B., Azimi, A.A., Baghvand, A., Abasi, F., Lyaghat, A., Asadollah Fardi G. 2010. Investigation of Cd adsorption and accumulation from contaminated soil in different parts of root crops. Journal of Water and Wastewater. 20(4):60-70 (In Persian).
Black, C.A., 1965. Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. 2ed, Agronomy Monog. 9, ASA, Madison, WI.
Klute, A.1986. Methods of soil analysis, Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd ed., SSSA book series: 5. American Society of Agronomy Inc., Soil Society of Agronomy Inc. 1188 p.
National Iranian Standard No. 9266. 1994. A method for measurment of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, and iron in foods by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Institute of Standards & Industrial Research of Iran. First Edition (In Persian).
Jackson, M.L., 1973. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd, New Delhi.
Khodabandeh, S., Talaei, R., Ghayomi, R. 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals in Caspian Sea and aquatic sediments. Journal of Water and Wastewater.39:38-42 (In Persian).
FAO/WHO., 2001. Food additives and contaminants, Joint Codex Alimentarius Commission, FAO/WHO. Food standards Programme, ALINORM 01/12A.
Lone, M.I., Saleem, S., Mahmood, T., Saifullah, K., Hussain, G. 2003.Heavy metal contents of vegetables irrigated by sewage/Tubewell water. Int.J.Agri.Biol. 5(4): 533-535.
Doyle,P.J., 1998. Survey of literature and experience on the disposal of sewage on land, Available <http://www.ecobody.com/ reports/ sludge/dole_ report_ VpToc.htm/> (Apr. 17, 2007).
Channey, R., Baker, A., Malik, Y., Brown, J. 2001. Phytoremediation of soil metals. J. Current Opinion in Biotech. 36: 115-121.
Okoronkwo, N.E., Igwe, J.C., Onwuchekwa, E.C., 2005. Risk and health implications of polluted soils for crop production. African Journal of Biotech. 4(13): 1521-1524.
Simmons, R.W., Pongsakul,P., 2002. Toward the development of an effective sampling protocol to "rapidly" evaluate the distribution of Cd in contaminated, irrigated rice-based agricultural systems. In: Kheoruenromne I, ed. Transactions of the 17th word congress of soil science, International Union of Soil Science, Bangkok, Vienna.
Tsafe,A.I., Hassan,L,G., Sahabi,D.M., Alhassan,Y., Bala,B,M., 2012. Evaluation of Heavy Metals Uptake and Risk Assessment of Vegetables Grown in Yargalma of Northern Nigeria. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res. 2(7):6708-6714.
Wu,Y.G., You-ning, X., Jiang-hua ,Z., Si-hai, HU., 2010. Evaluation of ecological risk and primary empirical research on heavy metals in polluted soil over Xiaoqinling gold mining region, Shaanxi, China, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 20, P.P 688-694.
Anthony, G., Kachenko, B.S., 2006. Heavy metals contamination vegetables grown in urban and metal smelter sites in Australia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution.169: 101-123.
Tiller, K.G., 1989. Heavy metals in soils and their environmental significance advances in soil science. European Journal of Soil Science. 9 (8):113-142.
Gardiner, D.T., Miller, R.W., Badamchian, B., Azzari, A.S., Sisson, D.R. 1995. Effects of repeated sewage sludge applications on plant accumulation of heavy metals. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 55(1):1-6.
Ramos, I., Esteban, E., Lucena, J.J., Garate, A.. 2002. Cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in plants of lactuca sp. Ca-Mn intraction. J. Plant Science.162(7): 761-767.
Demirezen, D., Aksoy,A., 2006. Heavy metal levels in vegetables in Turkey are within safe limits for Cu, Zn, Ni and exceeded for Cd and Pb. Jourrnal of Food Quality. (29): 252-265.
Golovatiy, S., Savchenk, S. 2002. Metals as contaminants of agricultural land of Belarus. 17th world congress soil sci Bangkok Thailand. 14-21.
Gupta, N., Khan, DK., Santra, SC. 2012. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in a long term waste water irrigated agricultural land of tropical India. Environ Monit Assess.184: : 6673-82.
Ramesh, H.L., Yoganda Murthy, V.N. 2012. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafy vegetables grown in Bangalore urban district of karnatak. Life science and Technology. 6:40-51.
Zhan, J.X., Shu, Q.L., Yan, L.L., Yong, L.Y. 2012. Health risk assessment of heavy metals for edible part of vegetables grown in sewage irrigated soils in suburans of Baoding City, China. Environ Monit Assess. 184: 3503-3513.
Bigdeli, M., Seilsepour,M., 2008. Investiggation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with weast water in shahre Rey- Iran and toxicological implications. American- Eurasian J. Agric and Environ. Sic. 4(1):86-92.
Mahmood, A., Naseem Malik, R. 2014. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 7: 91–99.
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