اصول و راهکارهای طراحی فضای باز مدارس ویژه مبتنی بر بهبود رفتار سازشی
الموضوعات :
مریم سادات رضوی پور
1
(دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشکده هنر،معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد نجف آباد، اصفهان، ایران)
فرهنگ مظفر
2
(دانشیار، گروه معماری، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران.* (نویسنده مسئول))
زینب طالبی
3
(استادیار، دانشکده هنر، معماری و شهرسازی ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد نجف آباد، اصفهان، ایران)
تاريخ الإرسال : 25 الثلاثاء , رجب, 1442
تاريخ التأكيد : 09 الثلاثاء , شوال, 1443
تاريخ الإصدار : 01 الجمعة , شوال, 1444
الکلمات المفتاحية:
رفتار سازشی,
طراحی فضای باز,
مدارس ویژه,
کودکان با ناتوانی هوشی,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: مدارس ویژه که پذیرای کودکان دارای نیازهای ویژه از جمله کودکان دارای ناتوانی هوشی هستند، باید در راستای نیل به اهداف آموزشی و رفع نیازهای جسمی و روانی خاص ایشان طراحی گردند. یکی از مهم ترین این اهداف ارتقاء رفتار سازشی می باشد.این پژوهش در پی یافتن معیارهایی برای طراحی فضای باز مدارس ویژه است تا از طریق بهبود رفتار سازشی کودکان دارای ناتوانی هوشی، آنان را برای زندگی مستقل در آینده آماده سازد.
روش بررسی: روش تحقیق به کارگرفته شده در این پژوهش آمیخته می باشد و بر پیمایش اکتشافی از نوع دلفی استوار است. با استفاده از مصاحبه و پرسشنامه محقق ساخت که در اختیار جامعه تحقیق شامل متخصصان روانشناسی کودکان استثنایی و معمار قرارداده شد، با روش تحلیل محتوا مولفه ها و صفات فضایی موثر بر بهبود رفتارسازشی در چندین مرحله مورد پرسش قرار گرفته است. سپس جهت کشف ارتباط بین متغیرهای تحقیق از آزمون همبستگی و رگرسیون خطی چند متغیره استفاده گردید. در گام بعدی بر اساس اهداف تحقیق راهکارهای معماری از متخصصان معمار مورد پرسش قرار گرفتند و پس از استخراج مهم ترین راهکارها، به منظور اطمینان از صحت داده ها نظرسنجی از مربیان این کودکان انجام شد.
یافته ها: بر طبق نتایج به دست آمده طراحی فضای باز مدارس ویژه باید بر شش اصل کلی شبیه سازی فضای مدرسه به اجتماع، بازی سازی، شبیه سازی فضای مدرسه به خانه، مشارکت زایی، توجه به رنگ، بافت، فرم و سهولت متکی باشد.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: افزایش فضاهای جمعی و مشارکت زا ،ارتباط مستقیم با عناصر طبیعی محیط، تحریک حواس با استفاده از رنگ، بافت و موسیقی و نیز فراهم آوردن امکان بازی های گروهی و نمایشی در فضای باز مدارس زمینه را برای رشد فاکتورهای موثر بر رفتار سازشی فراهم می آورد.
المصادر:
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Tehran Renovation Organization, Development and Equipping of Educational Centers: codification and criteria for designing educational spaces for children with special needs; Publication 734,)2017), taken from the electronic network of the Renovation Organization , Developing and equipping training centers, http://dres.ir/tech/fa/regulation/123. (In Persian)
Benfield, Jacob A. Rainbolt, Gretchen Nurse. Bell, Paul A. and Donovan, Geoffrey H. 2015. Classrooms with Nature Views: Evidence of Differing Student Perceptions and Behaviors; Environment and Behavior.Vol 47(2). pp 140 –157
Wright, Courtney J. Zeeman, Heidi. Whitty, Jennifer A. .2014. Design principles in housing for people with complex physical and cognitive disability, towards an integrated framework for practice; Housing and the Built Environment
Babaei, Nasrin, Afrooz. Gholam Ali, Arjmandnia. Ali Akbar. 2017. Developing a life quality promoting program and investigation of its effectiveness on mental health and marital satisfaction of mothers with down syndrome daughters; Family Psychology. Volume 4, Number 1, pp 75-86. (In Persian)
Navas .Patricia, Miguel A. Verdugo, Benito Arias, Laura E. Gómez .2012.Development of an instrument for diagnosing significant limitations in adaptive behavior in early childhood; Research in Developmental Disabilities.Volume 33, Issue 5, pp 1551-1559.
Brawn, Gabrielle, Melanie Porter. 2014. Adaptive functioning in Williams syndrome and its relation to demographic variables and family environment; Research in Developmental Disabilities. Volume 35. Issue 12. pp 3606-3623.
Tomporowski. philip D. R. Ellis. norman. .1985. the effect of exercise on the health intelligence, and adaptive behavior of institutionalized severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults; applied research in mental retardation.vol 6, pp 465-473.
Harandi, Mohammad Mehdi and Akrami, Gholamreza. 2008.open space in primary schools, applied findings of scientific and technical research in the field Educational Spaces, University of Tehran Branch and School Renovation Organization, Page 1-6. (In Persian)
Feizi Mohsen et al. 2010.development of standards and criteria for landscaping design of primary schools. taken from the electronic network of the Renovation Organization, Developing and equipping training centers. (In Persian)
Farahbod Mojgan, Gharib Massoud. Assessing the educational environment.2014. the need of children with disabilities to enter normal schools. Rehabilitation Archive. (In Persian)
Majidi, Fatemeh Sadat. 2015. Improving the design of educational spaces based on the needs of students with physical disabilities (Study sample: Taha School, Isfahan. Journal of Disability Studies, Tehran Publishing 11. (In Persian)
Wilson, Roth A. 2005. The Needs of Preschool Children in Exceptional Education; Translated by Tahereh Soleimania Naeini, Tehran, Danjeh
Mozaffar Farhang, Hosseini Seyed Baqer, Bagheri Mohammad, Azmati Hamidreza. The role of neighborhood open spaces in the growth and creativity of children. Garden Comment; 4 (8). pp 59-72. (In Persian)
Siavashpour Bahram, Shadlojahromi Mojtaba, Nodehi Hassan. 20 The role of green space in children's educational environments in strengthening the sense of belonging to the place (Case study: Primary schools in District Two, Shiraz). Environmental Science.no14(4). pp105-119. (In Persian)
Shahmive Isfahani, Bahramipour , Mansoure .Heidari, Tahere .Faramarzi ,Salar. 2017. The Effect of Group Play Training on Adaptive Behavior of Girls and Boys with Educable Mental Disabilities; Knowledge and research in applied psychology.
Islami, fereshte. Taheri, Jafar, 2016. The Role of Natural Factors in Residential Environments on Child Development, International Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Development, Shahid Beheshti University, January
Fjørtoft Ingunn. 2004.Landscape as Playscape: The Effects of Natural Environments on Children'sPlay and Motor Development, Children. Youth and Environments 14(2): 21-44.
Mozaffar, Farhang. Mahdizadeh Seraj, Fatemeh, Mir Moradi, Somayeh. 2007.Recognize the role of nature in educational spaces; Scientific Research Journal of Educational Technology. Fourth Year, No. 1
Grout, Linda. Wang, David. 2005. Architectural Research method; Eynifar, Alireza University of Tehran Press, First Edition.
Caillios,R. Man,play and games. Urbana and Chicago, university of Illinois press(originally published in 1985: translated from French by Meyer barash) . (2001).
Aflaki Fard ,Hossein. Naeini Davrini, 2018 .Sports dramatic effect on social development of fifth grade female students in Isfahan; Journal of Social Sciences, Volume:11 Issue: 39, pp 159 – 186.
Beh pajooh ahmad, Soleymani mansoor, Afrooz gholam ali, Aholam ali lavasani masood . 2010 A study on the impact of social skill training on social adjustment and academic performance in slow learners ; Journal of educational innovations .volume 9, number 33; pp 163 – 186.
Roger S. Craig Zimring; Xuemei Zhu, BArch; Jennifer, DuBose, MS; Hyun-Bo Seo, MArch; Young-Seon Choi, MArch; Xiaobo Quan; and Anjali Joseph. 2008. A Review of the Research Literature on Evidence-Based Healthcare Design; Health environments research & design journal.; herd Vol. 1, No. 3
Kellert, S.R..2005. Building for Life (Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection; washington: Island Press.
Francis Ackah-Jnr & Joyce B. Danso. 2018. Examining the physical environment of Ghanaian inclusive schools; how accessible, suitable and appropriate is such environment for inclusive education?", International Journal of Inclusive Education.
Vlot-van Anrooij, Kristel. Naaldenberg, J. Hilgenkamp, T. I. M. Vaandrager, L. van der Velden, K. Leusink, G. L. Towards healthy settings for people with intellectual disabilities; Health Promotion International.pp 1–10.
Tasse, Marc J ´, Luckasson, Ruth, L. Schalock Robert. 2016. The Relation Between Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior in the Diagnosis of Intellectual Disability; Intellectual and developmental disabilities. 54, No. 6, 381–390.
Kirk, Samuel Alexander. Jan Gallagher, James. 2009. Education of Exceptional Children: translated by: Mojtaba Javadian, Astan Quds Razavi Publications.
_||_
Zarei Zavaraki Ismail, Soleimani Azandariani Hossein, Dortaj 2010, Evaluation of learning centers of Tehran Exceptional Education Organization from the point of view of experts. Research in educational systems. Volume 4. number 9. pp 69-83. (In Persian)
Tehran Renovation Organization, Development and Equipping of Educational Centers: codification and criteria for designing educational spaces for children with special needs; Publication 734,)2017), taken from the electronic network of the Renovation Organization , Developing and equipping training centers, http://dres.ir/tech/fa/regulation/123. (In Persian)
Benfield, Jacob A. Rainbolt, Gretchen Nurse. Bell, Paul A. and Donovan, Geoffrey H. 2015. Classrooms with Nature Views: Evidence of Differing Student Perceptions and Behaviors; Environment and Behavior.Vol 47(2). pp 140 –157
Wright, Courtney J. Zeeman, Heidi. Whitty, Jennifer A. .2014. Design principles in housing for people with complex physical and cognitive disability, towards an integrated framework for practice; Housing and the Built Environment
Babaei, Nasrin, Afrooz. Gholam Ali, Arjmandnia. Ali Akbar. 2017. Developing a life quality promoting program and investigation of its effectiveness on mental health and marital satisfaction of mothers with down syndrome daughters; Family Psychology. Volume 4, Number 1, pp 75-86. (In Persian)
Navas .Patricia, Miguel A. Verdugo, Benito Arias, Laura E. Gómez .2012.Development of an instrument for diagnosing significant limitations in adaptive behavior in early childhood; Research in Developmental Disabilities.Volume 33, Issue 5, pp 1551-1559.
Brawn, Gabrielle, Melanie Porter. 2014. Adaptive functioning in Williams syndrome and its relation to demographic variables and family environment; Research in Developmental Disabilities. Volume 35. Issue 12. pp 3606-3623.
Tomporowski. philip D. R. Ellis. norman. .1985. the effect of exercise on the health intelligence, and adaptive behavior of institutionalized severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults; applied research in mental retardation.vol 6, pp 465-473.
Harandi, Mohammad Mehdi and Akrami, Gholamreza. 2008.open space in primary schools, applied findings of scientific and technical research in the field Educational Spaces, University of Tehran Branch and School Renovation Organization, Page 1-6. (In Persian)
Feizi Mohsen et al. 2010.development of standards and criteria for landscaping design of primary schools. taken from the electronic network of the Renovation Organization, Developing and equipping training centers. (In Persian)
Farahbod Mojgan, Gharib Massoud. Assessing the educational environment.2014. the need of children with disabilities to enter normal schools. Rehabilitation Archive. (In Persian)
Majidi, Fatemeh Sadat. 2015. Improving the design of educational spaces based on the needs of students with physical disabilities (Study sample: Taha School, Isfahan. Journal of Disability Studies, Tehran Publishing 11. (In Persian)
Wilson, Roth A. 2005. The Needs of Preschool Children in Exceptional Education; Translated by Tahereh Soleimania Naeini, Tehran, Danjeh
Mozaffar Farhang, Hosseini Seyed Baqer, Bagheri Mohammad, Azmati Hamidreza. The role of neighborhood open spaces in the growth and creativity of children. Garden Comment; 4 (8). pp 59-72. (In Persian)
Siavashpour Bahram, Shadlojahromi Mojtaba, Nodehi Hassan. 20 The role of green space in children's educational environments in strengthening the sense of belonging to the place (Case study: Primary schools in District Two, Shiraz). Environmental Science.no14(4). pp105-119. (In Persian)
Shahmive Isfahani, Bahramipour , Mansoure .Heidari, Tahere .Faramarzi ,Salar. 2017. The Effect of Group Play Training on Adaptive Behavior of Girls and Boys with Educable Mental Disabilities; Knowledge and research in applied psychology.
Islami, fereshte. Taheri, Jafar, 2016. The Role of Natural Factors in Residential Environments on Child Development, International Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Development, Shahid Beheshti University, January
Fjørtoft Ingunn. 2004.Landscape as Playscape: The Effects of Natural Environments on Children'sPlay and Motor Development, Children. Youth and Environments 14(2): 21-44.
Mozaffar, Farhang. Mahdizadeh Seraj, Fatemeh, Mir Moradi, Somayeh. 2007.Recognize the role of nature in educational spaces; Scientific Research Journal of Educational Technology. Fourth Year, No. 1
Grout, Linda. Wang, David. 2005. Architectural Research method; Eynifar, Alireza University of Tehran Press, First Edition.
Caillios,R. Man,play and games. Urbana and Chicago, university of Illinois press(originally published in 1985: translated from French by Meyer barash) . (2001).
Aflaki Fard ,Hossein. Naeini Davrini, 2018 .Sports dramatic effect on social development of fifth grade female students in Isfahan; Journal of Social Sciences, Volume:11 Issue: 39, pp 159 – 186.
Beh pajooh ahmad, Soleymani mansoor, Afrooz gholam ali, Aholam ali lavasani masood . 2010 A study on the impact of social skill training on social adjustment and academic performance in slow learners ; Journal of educational innovations .volume 9, number 33; pp 163 – 186.
Roger S. Craig Zimring; Xuemei Zhu, BArch; Jennifer, DuBose, MS; Hyun-Bo Seo, MArch; Young-Seon Choi, MArch; Xiaobo Quan; and Anjali Joseph. 2008. A Review of the Research Literature on Evidence-Based Healthcare Design; Health environments research & design journal.; herd Vol. 1, No. 3
Kellert, S.R..2005. Building for Life (Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection; washington: Island Press.
Francis Ackah-Jnr & Joyce B. Danso. 2018. Examining the physical environment of Ghanaian inclusive schools; how accessible, suitable and appropriate is such environment for inclusive education?", International Journal of Inclusive Education.
Vlot-van Anrooij, Kristel. Naaldenberg, J. Hilgenkamp, T. I. M. Vaandrager, L. van der Velden, K. Leusink, G. L. Towards healthy settings for people with intellectual disabilities; Health Promotion International.pp 1–10.
Tasse, Marc J ´, Luckasson, Ruth, L. Schalock Robert. 2016. The Relation Between Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior in the Diagnosis of Intellectual Disability; Intellectual and developmental disabilities. 54, No. 6, 381–390.
Kirk, Samuel Alexander. Jan Gallagher, James. 2009. Education of Exceptional Children: translated by: Mojtaba Javadian, Astan Quds Razavi Publications.
