ارزیابی تأثیر نوع زیتوده و دمای گرماکافت بر برخی ویژگی‌های شیمیایی و فیزیکی زغال زیستی
الموضوعات :
ندا سیدی
1
,
مهدی احمدیوسفی
2
,
مهدیه امیری نژاد
3
,
محبوبه زاهدی فر
4
,
فاطمه علیزاده
5
,
محبوبه زاهد
6
1 - استادیار گروه شیمی دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران.
2 - پژوهشیار دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران.
4 - استادیار گروه شیمی دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران.
5 - دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد شیمی دارویی از دانشگاه تحصیلات تکمیلی صنعتی و فناوری پیشرفته کرمان، کرمان، ایران.
6 - دانش‌آموخته دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.
تاريخ الإرسال : 29 السبت , ربيع الثاني, 1443
تاريخ التأكيد : 16 الأربعاء , جمادى الثانية, 1443
تاريخ الإصدار : 27 الأحد , ربيع الأول, 1444
الکلمات المفتاحية:
زغال زیستی و بقایای کشاورزی,
گرماکافت,
کربن پایدار,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: فرآوری پسماندهای آلی و بازگشت آن‌ها به خاک، کمک شایانی به کشاورزی پایدار می‌نماید. زغال زیستی حاصل از فرآیند گرماکافت پسماندهای آلی است. ویژگی‌های شیمیایی و فیزیکی زغال زیستی به طور معنی‌داری متأثر از ویژگی‌های زیتوده و نیز دمای فرآیند گرماکافت می‌باشد. اطلاع از ویژگی‌های زغال زیستی تولید شده برای استفاده به عنوان یک ماده اصلاحی در خاک ضروری می‌باشد. هدف از این پژوهش تعیین بهترین دما و زیتوده برای تولید زغال زیستی می‌باشد.
روش بررسی: به منظور بررسی تأثیر نوع زیتوده و درجه حرارت‌های مختلف فرآیند گرماکافت جهت انتخاب زغال زیستی با بالاترین قابلیت جذب و تبادل یونی، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در آزمایشگاه پژوهشی دانشکده کشاورزی و دانشکده علوم دانشگاه جیرفت در بهار سال 1400 انجام شد. تیمارها شامل پنج نوع زغال زیستی تهیه شده از بقایای گندم، بقایای یونجه، بقایای سیب زمینی، خاک اره و لیف درخت خرما در دماهای 300، 400 و 500 درجه سانتی‌گراد بودند. ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی زغال زیستی‌ها شامل اسیدیته (pH)، شوری (EC)، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (CEC)، چگالی ظاهری، چگالی حقیقی، کربن پایدار، نیتروژن کل، تخلخل، سطح ویژه، عملکرد زغال زیستی و مقدار خاکستر با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری SAS (9.1) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که با افزایش درجه حرارت از 300 به 500 درجه سانتی‌گراد مقدار عملکرد زغال زیستی، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (CEC) و چگالی ظاهری آن کاهش یافت و در مقابل اسیدیته (pH)، شوری (EC)، چگالی ظاهری، چگالی حقیقی، کربن پایدار، نیتروژن کل، تخلخل، سطح ویژه، عملکرد و مقدار خاکستر در زغال زیستی‌های تولید شده افزایش نشان داد. همچنین ویژگی‌های مختلف زغال‌های زیستی به شدت تحت تاثیر ماهیت مواد اولیه نیز قرار دارد. با توجه به نتایج زغال زیستی حاصل از بقایای یونجه در دمای 500 درجه سانتی‌گراد به عنوان بهترین زغال زیستی قابل دسترس توصیه می‌شود.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: در فرآبند تولید زغال زیستی ماهیت مواد اولیه و نیز درجه حرارت فرآیند گرماکافت نفس بسزایی بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی زغال زیستی دارند. با در نظر گرفتن ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی برای تولید انبوه و اقتصادی این ماده، می‌توان به ترتیب اولویت زغال‌های زیستی تولید شده حاصل از بقایای یونجه، خاک اره، لیف خرما، بقایای سیب زمینی و بقایای گندم در دمای 500 درجه سانتی‌گراد را جهت بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک و در نهایت افزایش راندمان جذب عناصر غذایی از خاک، پیشنهاد کرد.
المصادر:
Ahmad Yousefi, M., Kamkar, B., Amiri Nezhad, M. and Gharekhloo, J. 2019. Assessment of the effect of different chemical fertilizers, biochar and Trichoderma fungi treatments at mother plant on germination and other hybrid corn KSC 704 seed germination components in maternal growth under accelerated aging test. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Research, 6(1): 133-144. (Journal of Seed Science and Resarch). (In Persian)
Hooker, M., Herron, G., and Pena, P. (1982) Effects of residue burring removal, and incorporation on irrigated cereal crop yields and chemical properties. Soil Sci. 46: 122-126.
Yousefi, M., Shariatmadari, H., and Hajabasi, M.A. 2007. Measurement of some of available organic carbon stocks as an indicator of soil quality. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 42(11): 429-439. (In Persian)
Lehmann, J. 2007. Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5: 381–387.
Schultz, H. and Bruno, G. 2012. Effects of biochar compared to organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth in a greenhouse experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 175: 410–422.
Khanmohammadi, Z., Afyuni, M., and Mosaddeghi, M.R. 2015. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and physical properties of sewage sludge biochar. Waste Management and Research, 33(3):275-283.
Sun, J., Norouzi, O. and Mašek, O., 2021. A state-of-the-art review on algae pyrolysis for bioenergy and biochar production. Bioresource technology, p.126258.
Wang, Y., Ma, X., Saleem, M., Yang, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2021). Effects of corn stalk biochar and pyrolysis temperature on wheat seedlings growth and soil properties stressed by herbicide sulfentrazone. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 102208.
Berslin, D., Reshmi, A., Sivaprakash, B., Rajamohan, N. and Kumar, P.S., 2021. Remediation of emerging metal pollutants using environment friendly biochar-Review on applications and mechanism. Chemosphere, p.133384.
Bremner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S., 1982. Nitrogen—total. In: Black, C.A.(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, The American Society of Agronomy. pp: 595-624.
Chan, K., and Xu, Z. (2009) Biochar: Nutrient Properties and Their Enhancement, in: J. Lehmann, S. Joseph: Biochar for Environmental Management. Science and Technology. Earthscan, London, UK. pp: 67–84.
Guo, Y., and Rockstraw, A. D. (2007). Physicochemical properties of carbons prepared from pecan shell by phosphoric acid activation. Bioresource Tech. 98(8): 1513‐
Claoston, A.W., Samsuri, M.H., Ahmad Husni, M.S. and Mohd, A. (2014). Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of empty fruit bunch and rice husk biochars. Waste Management & Research. Vol. 32(4): 331–339.
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J. and Zech, W. (2002). Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal: A review. Biol Fertil Soils. 35: 219–230.
Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O'Neill, B., Skjemstad, J.O., Thies, J., Luizão F.J., Petersen, J., and Neves, E.G. 2006. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(5): 1719–1730.
Keiluweit M P, Nico S, Johnson MG. 2010. Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar). Environmental Science and Technology, 44(4): 1247-1253.
Inal, A., Gunes, A., Sahin, O., Taskin, M.B., and Kaya, E.C. 2015. Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil, on the growth of bean and maize. Soil Use Management, 31: 106–113.
Gaskin JC, Steiner. 2008. Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. Trans. Asabe, 51(6): 2061-2069.
Sohi, S.P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., and Bol, R. 2010. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy, 105: 47-82.
Singh, B., Mei Dolk, M., Shen, Q., and Camps-Arbestain, M. 2017. Biochar pH, electrical conductivity and liming potential. In: Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods, Chapter 3, Singh, B., Camps-Arbestain, M., and Lehmann J., (Eds.). Publisher CSIRO, PP. 23-38.
Song, W. and Guo, M. 2012. Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 94: 138-145.
Flint, A.L., and Flint, L.E. 2002. Particle density. In: Dane, J.H. and Topp, G.C. (Eds.), Methods of soil Analysis- Part 4. Physical Methods- ASA and SSSA Book Series No. 5. Soil Sci, Madison, PP. 299-240.
Blake, G.R., and Hartge, K.H. 1986. Particle density. In: Klute, A. (ed). Methods of soil Analysis- Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Ed. Agron. Monogr, 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. PP. 377-382.
Herbert, L., Hosek, I., and Kripalani, R. (2012). The characterization and comparison of Biochar produced from a decentralized reactor using forced air and natural draft Pyrolysis. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Materials Engineering Department.24-26.
Wang, T, Camps-Arbestain M, Hedley M, Bishop P. 2012. Predicting phosphorus bioavailability from highash biochars. Plant and Soil, 357, 173-187.
Singh, B., Singh B. P., and Cowie, A. L. (2010). Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their applications a soil amendment, Aust. Soil Res. 39: 1224-1235.
Asif Naeem, M., Khalid, M., Arshad, M., and Ahmad, R. (2014). Yield and nutrient composition of bichar produced from different feedstocks at varying pyrolytic temperatures. Pak. J. Agri. Soil sci.Vol. 51(1): 75-82.
Farhadi, E., Reyhanitabar, A., and Oustan, Sh. 2018. Impact of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock sources on physiochemical characteristics of biochar. Testis Master of Science Degree in Soil Science Soil Chrmistry and Fertility. Department of Soil Science, university of Tabriz.
Uchimiya, T., and Ohno, Z.He. 2013. Pyrolysis temperature dependent release of dissolved organic carbon from plant, manure, and biorefinery wastes. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 104: 1. 84-94.
Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, S., and Xing, G. 2013. Comparisons of biochar properties from wood material and crop residues at different temperatures and residence time. Energy and Fuels, 27: 10. 5890-5899.
Sun, E.W., Bruun, E., Arthur, L.W., Jonge, P., Moldrup, H., Nielsen, H., and Elsgaard, L. 2014. Effect of biochar on aerobic processes, enzyme activity, and crop yields in two sandy loam soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 50: 7. 1087-1097.
Tsai W.T., Liu S.C., Chen H.R., et al. 2012. Textural and chemical properties of swine-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use as a soil amendment. Chemosphere, 89: 198–203.
Torabian, Sh., Farhangi-Abriz, S., and Rathjen, J. 2018. Biochar and lignite affect H+-ATPase and H+-PPase activities in root tonoplast and nutrient contents of mung bean under salt stress Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 129:1.141-149.
Laird, D.A., Fleming, P., Davis, D.D., Horton, R., Wang, B., and Karlen, D.L. 2010. Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma, 158(3): 443–449.
Hwang I, Ouchi Y, Matsuto T. 2007. Characteristics of leachate from pyrolysis residue of sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 68 (10): 1913-1919.
Horne PA, and Williams PT.1996. Influence of temperature on the products from the flash pyrolysis of biomass. Fuel, 75(9): 1051-1059.
Yuan, J. H., Xu, R. K., and Zhang, H. 2010. The forms of alkalis in thebiochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresource Technol. 102: 3488–3497.
Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S S, Adhikari, 2010. Physiochemical properties of bio-oil produced at various temperatures from pine wood using an auger reactor. Bioresource Technology, 101(21): 8389-8395.
Demirbaş A. 2001. Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management, 42(11): 1357-1378.
Joseph S, Downie A, Munroe P, Crosky A. 2007. Biochar for carbon sequestration, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and enhancement of soil fertility; A review of the materials science. Proceeding of the Australian Combustion Symposium pp. 130-133.
Kwon, S. and Pignatello, J.J. 2005. Effect of natural organic substances on the surface and adsorptive properties of environmental black carbon (char): pseudo pore blockage by model lipid components and its implications for N2-probed surface properties of natural sorbents. Environmental Science and Technology. 39(20):7932-7939.
Sun, K., Ro, K., Guo, M.X., Novak, J., Mashayekhi, H. (2011) Sorption of bisphenol A, 17a–ethinylestradiol and phenanthrene on thermally and hydrothermally produced biochars. Bioresour Technol. 102:5757–5763.
_||_
Ahmad Yousefi, M., Kamkar, B., Amiri Nezhad, M. and Gharekhloo, J. 2019. Assessment of the effect of different chemical fertilizers, biochar and Trichoderma fungi treatments at mother plant on germination and other hybrid corn KSC 704 seed germination components in maternal growth under accelerated aging test. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Research, 6(1): 133-144. (Journal of Seed Science and Resarch). (In Persian)
Hooker, M., Herron, G., and Pena, P. (1982) Effects of residue burring removal, and incorporation on irrigated cereal crop yields and chemical properties. Soil Sci. 46: 122-126.
Yousefi, M., Shariatmadari, H., and Hajabasi, M.A. 2007. Measurement of some of available organic carbon stocks as an indicator of soil quality. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 42(11): 429-439. (In Persian)
Lehmann, J. 2007. Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5: 381–387.
Schultz, H. and Bruno, G. 2012. Effects of biochar compared to organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth in a greenhouse experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 175: 410–422.
Khanmohammadi, Z., Afyuni, M., and Mosaddeghi, M.R. 2015. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and physical properties of sewage sludge biochar. Waste Management and Research, 33(3):275-283.
Sun, J., Norouzi, O. and Mašek, O., 2021. A state-of-the-art review on algae pyrolysis for bioenergy and biochar production. Bioresource technology, p.126258.
Wang, Y., Ma, X., Saleem, M., Yang, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2021). Effects of corn stalk biochar and pyrolysis temperature on wheat seedlings growth and soil properties stressed by herbicide sulfentrazone. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 102208.
Berslin, D., Reshmi, A., Sivaprakash, B., Rajamohan, N. and Kumar, P.S., 2021. Remediation of emerging metal pollutants using environment friendly biochar-Review on applications and mechanism. Chemosphere, p.133384.
Bremner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S., 1982. Nitrogen—total. In: Black, C.A.(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, The American Society of Agronomy. pp: 595-624.
Chan, K., and Xu, Z. (2009) Biochar: Nutrient Properties and Their Enhancement, in: J. Lehmann, S. Joseph: Biochar for Environmental Management. Science and Technology. Earthscan, London, UK. pp: 67–84.
Guo, Y., and Rockstraw, A. D. (2007). Physicochemical properties of carbons prepared from pecan shell by phosphoric acid activation. Bioresource Tech. 98(8): 1513‐
Claoston, A.W., Samsuri, M.H., Ahmad Husni, M.S. and Mohd, A. (2014). Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of empty fruit bunch and rice husk biochars. Waste Management & Research. Vol. 32(4): 331–339.
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J. and Zech, W. (2002). Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal: A review. Biol Fertil Soils. 35: 219–230.
Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O'Neill, B., Skjemstad, J.O., Thies, J., Luizão F.J., Petersen, J., and Neves, E.G. 2006. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(5): 1719–1730.
Keiluweit M P, Nico S, Johnson MG. 2010. Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar). Environmental Science and Technology, 44(4): 1247-1253.
Inal, A., Gunes, A., Sahin, O., Taskin, M.B., and Kaya, E.C. 2015. Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil, on the growth of bean and maize. Soil Use Management, 31: 106–113.
Gaskin JC, Steiner. 2008. Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. Trans. Asabe, 51(6): 2061-2069.
Sohi, S.P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., and Bol, R. 2010. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy, 105: 47-82.
Singh, B., Mei Dolk, M., Shen, Q., and Camps-Arbestain, M. 2017. Biochar pH, electrical conductivity and liming potential. In: Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods, Chapter 3, Singh, B., Camps-Arbestain, M., and Lehmann J., (Eds.). Publisher CSIRO, PP. 23-38.
Song, W. and Guo, M. 2012. Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 94: 138-145.
Flint, A.L., and Flint, L.E. 2002. Particle density. In: Dane, J.H. and Topp, G.C. (Eds.), Methods of soil Analysis- Part 4. Physical Methods- ASA and SSSA Book Series No. 5. Soil Sci, Madison, PP. 299-240.
Blake, G.R., and Hartge, K.H. 1986. Particle density. In: Klute, A. (ed). Methods of soil Analysis- Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Ed. Agron. Monogr, 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. PP. 377-382.
Herbert, L., Hosek, I., and Kripalani, R. (2012). The characterization and comparison of Biochar produced from a decentralized reactor using forced air and natural draft Pyrolysis. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Materials Engineering Department.24-26.
Wang, T, Camps-Arbestain M, Hedley M, Bishop P. 2012. Predicting phosphorus bioavailability from highash biochars. Plant and Soil, 357, 173-187.
Singh, B., Singh B. P., and Cowie, A. L. (2010). Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their applications a soil amendment, Aust. Soil Res. 39: 1224-1235.
Asif Naeem, M., Khalid, M., Arshad, M., and Ahmad, R. (2014). Yield and nutrient composition of bichar produced from different feedstocks at varying pyrolytic temperatures. Pak. J. Agri. Soil sci.Vol. 51(1): 75-82.
Farhadi, E., Reyhanitabar, A., and Oustan, Sh. 2018. Impact of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock sources on physiochemical characteristics of biochar. Testis Master of Science Degree in Soil Science Soil Chrmistry and Fertility. Department of Soil Science, university of Tabriz.
Uchimiya, T., and Ohno, Z.He. 2013. Pyrolysis temperature dependent release of dissolved organic carbon from plant, manure, and biorefinery wastes. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 104: 1. 84-94.
Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, S., and Xing, G. 2013. Comparisons of biochar properties from wood material and crop residues at different temperatures and residence time. Energy and Fuels, 27: 10. 5890-5899.
Sun, E.W., Bruun, E., Arthur, L.W., Jonge, P., Moldrup, H., Nielsen, H., and Elsgaard, L. 2014. Effect of biochar on aerobic processes, enzyme activity, and crop yields in two sandy loam soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 50: 7. 1087-1097.
Tsai W.T., Liu S.C., Chen H.R., et al. 2012. Textural and chemical properties of swine-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use as a soil amendment. Chemosphere, 89: 198–203.
Torabian, Sh., Farhangi-Abriz, S., and Rathjen, J. 2018. Biochar and lignite affect H+-ATPase and H+-PPase activities in root tonoplast and nutrient contents of mung bean under salt stress Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 129:1.141-149.
Laird, D.A., Fleming, P., Davis, D.D., Horton, R., Wang, B., and Karlen, D.L. 2010. Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma, 158(3): 443–449.
Hwang I, Ouchi Y, Matsuto T. 2007. Characteristics of leachate from pyrolysis residue of sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 68 (10): 1913-1919.
Horne PA, and Williams PT.1996. Influence of temperature on the products from the flash pyrolysis of biomass. Fuel, 75(9): 1051-1059.
Yuan, J. H., Xu, R. K., and Zhang, H. 2010. The forms of alkalis in thebiochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresource Technol. 102: 3488–3497.
Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S S, Adhikari, 2010. Physiochemical properties of bio-oil produced at various temperatures from pine wood using an auger reactor. Bioresource Technology, 101(21): 8389-8395.
Demirbaş A. 2001. Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management, 42(11): 1357-1378.
Joseph S, Downie A, Munroe P, Crosky A. 2007. Biochar for carbon sequestration, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and enhancement of soil fertility; A review of the materials science. Proceeding of the Australian Combustion Symposium pp. 130-133.
Kwon, S. and Pignatello, J.J. 2005. Effect of natural organic substances on the surface and adsorptive properties of environmental black carbon (char): pseudo pore blockage by model lipid components and its implications for N2-probed surface properties of natural sorbents. Environmental Science and Technology. 39(20):7932-7939.
Sun, K., Ro, K., Guo, M.X., Novak, J., Mashayekhi, H. (2011) Sorption of bisphenol A, 17a–ethinylestradiol and phenanthrene on thermally and hydrothermally produced biochars. Bioresour Technol. 102:5757–5763.
