تحلیل اثر هندسه‌ی پلان و توانمندی معماران سنتی بر گونه‌شناسی فرمِ معماری کبوترخانه‌های اصفهان

الموضوعات :

افروز رحیمی آریایی ¹ (استادیار گروه معماری، آموزش عالی غیرانتفاعی غیردولتی سپهر دانش معاصر اصفهان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
نیما ولی بیگ ² (استادیار دانشکده مرمت، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، کوچه سنگتراش‌ها دانشکده مرمتِ دانشگاه هنر ساختمان داوید.)

تاريخ الإرسال : 07 الخميس , ذو الحجة, 1437 تاريخ التأكيد : 07 السبت , جمادى الأولى, 1438 تاريخ الإصدار : 21 الأحد , شوال, 1443

الکلمات المفتاحية: توان‌مندی استادکار سنتی, معماری برج‌کفتر, معماری اصفهان, ویژگی‌های هندسی, گونه‌شناسیِ کبوترخانه,

ملخص المقالة :

زمینه و هدف: کبوترخانه ها از لحاظ معماری، سازه و تزئینات دارای ویژگی های برجسته ای هستند؛ تحلیل هندسه شکلی و گونه شناسیِ آن ها، نه تنها نقش به سزایی در شناختِ معماری سنتی ایرانی دارد، بلکه می تواند از فراموشیِ این بناهای همسان و تابع محیط طبیعی نیز جلوگیری کند. به اعتقاد نگارندگان بین خلاقیت معماران سنتی، تناسبات، فرم و اندازه ی پلان، با انواع کبوترخانه های محدوه اصفهان، رابطه مستقیم وجود دارد. لذا هدف، تحلیلِ نقش هندسه در فرم نهایی کبوترخانه های اصفهان است. کبوترخانه ها برای نخستین بار به صورت توصیفی مورد توجه سیاحان قرار گرفتند و برخی علاوه بر بررسی جنبه های شکلی، کالبد و سازه ی آن ها را دسته بندی کرده اند. این پژوهش گونه شناسیِ جامعی از کبوترخانه ها با دیدگاه هندسی ارایه خواهد کرد. روش بررسی: روش تحقیق توصیفی، مقایسه ای و تحلیلی، است. اطلاعات از طریق منابع کتابخانه ای و میدانی، به دست آمده است. یافته ها: مشخص گردید که بین ارتفاع با تعداد طبقات، قطر کبوترخانه، استوانه های میانی و ضخامت دیواره ی آن، ارتباط معناداری وجوددارد. شکل ها، هندسه کالبد و ابعاد گوناگون پلان از یکسو و خلاقیت معماران از سوی دیگر، احجام گوناگونی را در ساختار کبوترخانه های شهر اصفهان پدید آورده اند. بحث و نتیجه گیری: براساس یافته ها به لحاظ هندسه ی پلان، دوازده گونه(رایج ترین مدور ساده)، از نظر حجم چهارگونه ی اصلی، و برپایه ی تعداد طبقات سه گونه شناسایی شد. همچنین به طور معمول نسبت ارتفاع به دهانه حدود دوبرابر است.

المصادر:

1. Chardin, Jean. Travels of Chardin (Vol. 7). Trans. Mohammad Abbasi. Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1970: 104-105.


2. Farhadi, Morteza. Pigeon Houses in Iran: Combination of Beauty and Efficiency. Soffeh 4(2 & 1), 1994: 67-77. (In Persian)


3. Sarafrazi, Mohammad Reza. Pigeon Houses in Golpaygan. Journal of Jahad Agriculture Promotion and Rural Development 10(127), 1987: 43-45. (In Persian)


4. Richards, Frederick Charles. Travels of Fred Charles. Trans. Mahin-dokht Saba. Tehran: Tarjomeh va Nashr-e Ketab Publications, 1964: 73-74.


5. Beazley, Elisabeth and Michael Harverson. Living with the Desert: Working Buildings of the Iranian Plateau. Trans. Mehdi Golchin Arefi and Negar Sabouri. Tehran: Rozaneh, 2013: 447.


6. Mehdi Zadeh Seraj, Fatemeh, Farhad Fakhari Tehrani, and Nima Vali Beig. Applying the ‘Hanjar’ Triangles in the Mathematical Calculation, Implementation and Enforcement of Traditional Iranian Architecture. Journal of Iranian Restoration and Architecture (Restoration of Buildings and Cultural Historical Contexts) 1(1), 2011: 15-26. (In Persian)


7. Maher-al Naqsh, Mahmoud. Designing and Implementing ‘Naqsh’ in Iranian Tilting (Vol. 1). Tehran: Reza Abbasi Museum Publications, 1982. (In Persian)


8. Abolqasemi, Latif and Mohammad Yousof Kiani. Shek-yabi Norm in Islamic Iranian Architecture. Tehran: SAMT publications, 2006: 361-369. (In Persian)


9. Tavassoli, Mahmoud. The Art of Geometry: Dynamism of Forms, Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani’s Spherical Volumes (1st ed.). Tehran: Payam, Peivand-e No, 2004: 78. (In Persian)


10. Read, Herbert Edward. The Meaning of Art. Trans. Najaf Darya Bandari. Tehran: Ketab-haei Jibi Corporation Company, 1975: 11.


11. Pirdavari, Mohammad. Architecture of Form: Application of Volume Patterns in Creating the Form of Architecture. Tehran: Ganj-e Honar, 2011: 140. (In Persian)


12. Shamaei, Ali, and Ahmad Pour Ahmad. Urban rehabilitation and renovation: a geographic perspective. Tehran: University of Tehran, 2005: 73. (In Persian)


13. Tehrani, Farhad. Textbook of Recognizing the Objectives of an Islamic Architect in Expressing Beauty. Tehran: Beheshti Faculty of Architecture and Urbanization, 1993: 15. (In Persian)


14. Shafaei, Javad. The Art of Knot-Making in Architecture and Carpentry. Tehran: Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries, 2001: 2-5. (In Persian)


15. Me’marian, Gholam Hossein. Measuring the Quality and Quantity of Vaulted Structures in Islamic Architecture (1st ed.). Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi of Iran University of Science and Technology, 2007. (In Persian)


16. Farabi, Ab-al Nasr Mohammad. Ahsa al-Oloum. Trans. Hossein Khadiv Jam. Tehran: Elmi-Farhangi Publications, 2002: 71.


17. Pirnia, Mohammad karim. Textbook of Islamic Architecture 1. Tehran: University of Tehran, 1990: 76. (In Persian)


18. Mahmoudi, Mahnaz, and Majid Mofidi. Analyzing Architectural Typology of Wind Catchers of Yazd and Finding the Most Functional Type. Honarha-ye Ziba, (36), 2008: 27-36. (In Persian)


19. Aivazian, Simon. Maintaining Values of Traditional Architecture in the Contemporary Architecture of Iran. Honarha-ye Ziba, (2), 1997: 43-51. (In Persian)


20. Wilber, Donald N. The architecture of Islamic Iran: The IlKhānid Period. Trans. Abdollah Faryar. Tehran: Tarjomeh va Nashr-e Ketab Publications, 1986.


21. Hubka, T. Just Folk Designing: Vernacular Designers and the Generation of Forms, in Upton, Dell and Vlach, John Michael (Eds.), Common Places: Reading in American Vernacular Architecture, USA: University of Georgia Press, 1986.


22. Bozorg Nia, Zohreh. Iranian Architects from Early Islamic Period up to the End of the Qajar Period. Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran, 2004. (In Persian)


23. Ahmadi Disfani, Yadollah. Nurturing the Sage Architect. Journal of the Knowledge Studies in the Islamic University, (38), 2008: 70-86. (In Persian)


24. Alexander, Ch. Notes on the Synthesis of Form, USA: Harvard University Press, 1964.


25. Sajjadi Naeini, Mehdi. Senemar Family in the Traditional Architecture of Isfahan. Journal of Isfahan Culture, (29-10), 2004: 125-132. (In Persian)


26. Wilber, Donald N. Architects and Master Builders of the Islamic Period. Trans. Keramatollah Afsar and Mohammad Yousof Kiani. Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi, 1989.


27. Mousavi, Fartus. Our Father Architects Have Been Successful in Other Lands Too. Second Congress of the History of Iranian Architecture and Urbanism (2nd Vol.). Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran (Pazhouheshgah), 1995. (In Persian)


28. Fallah Far, Saeid, Vanousheh Shokri, Maryam Tabaeiyan, and Ali Asghar Parhizkar. The Knowledge Book of Master Builders in the Cultural Heritage Group. Tehran: Revitalization and Utilization Fund for Historical places, 2009. (In Persian)


29. Jaberi Ansari, Mohammad Hasan. History of Isfahan and Rey and the World Over. Tehran: Hossein Emad Zadeh, 1942. (In Persian)


30. Ibn Batuta, Mohammad Ibn-e Abdollah. The travels of Ibn Batuta (1st Vol.). Trans. Mohammad Ali Movahed. Tehran: Tarjomeh va Nashr-e Ketab Publications, 1982: 211.


31. Narshakhi, Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn-e Jafar, History of Bukhara. Trans. Abu Nasr Ahmad Ibn-e Nasr al-Qobadi. Tehran: Iranian Culture Foundation, 1972: 40-41.


32. Gobineau, Joseph Arthur. Comte de Gobineau’s Travels: Three Years in Asia. Trans. Abdolreza Houshang Mahdavi. Tehran: Ketabsara, 1988: 190.


33. Curzon, George Nathaniel Curzon. Persia and the Persian Question (2nd Vol.). Trans. Gholam Ali Vahid Mazandarani. Tehran: Elmi-Farhangi Publications, 1988: 22.


34. Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams. Persia Past and Present: A Book of Travel and Research (3rd ed.). Trans. Monouchehr Amiri and Fereidun Badrehei. Tehran: Kharazmi Publications, 1990: 305-306.


35. Tavernier, Jean Baptiste. Tavernier’s Travels. Trans. Hamid Arbab Shirani. Tehran: Niloufar Publications, 2003.


36. Herbert, T. Travels in Persia; 1627-1629. New York: George Routledge and Sons, Limited, 1929: 380.


37. Pir Zadeh Naeini, Mohammad Ali. Haji Pir Zadeh’s Travels: From Tehran to London (2nd Vol.). Trans. Hafiz Farmanfarmaeiyan. Tehran: University of Tehran, 1963: 442.


38. Wills, Charles James. Iran in the Past Century (Dr. Wills’ Travels). Trans. Gholam Hossein Garaguzlou. Tehran: Eqbal Publications, 1989: 175.


39. Flandin, Eugene Napoleon. Eugene Flandin’s Travels to Iran (1st ed.). Trans. Hossein Noorsadeqi. Tehran: Eshraqi Publications, 1945.


40. Hadi Zadeh Kakhki, Saeid. Pigeon Houses in Iran. Tehran: Cultural Studies Office, 2006. (In Persian)


41. Sheil, Mary Leonora. Memories of Lady Sheil. Trans. Hossein Aboutorabian. Tehran: Nashr-e No, 1989: 197.


42. Petrushevskii, Ilya pavlovich. Agriculture and Land Relation in Iran during the Mongol Period (1st Vol.). Trans. Karim Keshavarz. Tehran: Nil Publications, 1978: 270-371.


43. Holtzer, Ernest. Iran in the Past 113 Years: Explanations and Illustrations of the First Section, Isfahan. Trans. Mohammad Assemi. Tehran: Vezarat-i Farhang va Honar, Markaz-e Mardom Shenasi-ye Iran, 1976: 82.


44. Javidan, Mohsen. Pigeon Houses of Isfahan. Journal of Hunting and Nature, (134), 1970. (In Persian)


45. Beheshtian, Abbas. Part of National Monuments Treasure (1st ed.). Tehran: Habl al-Matin, 1964. (In Persian)


46. Erfan, Reza and Homayoun Majlesi. Unknown Monumental Works of Pigeon Houses in Isfahan. Isfahan’s Information and Tourism Organization, n.d., (4): 1-40. (In Persian)


47. Ayatollah Zadeh Shirazi, Baqer. Pigeon House. Second Congress of Iran’s History of Architecture and Urbanism (2nd Vol.), Arg-e Bam-Kerman, 1999. (In Persian)


48. Mirzaei, Seyed Ayatollah. Comparison of Some of the Characteristics and Functions of Pigeon Houses in Iran and England. Journal of Social Sciences, (37), 2007: 109-139. (In Persian)


49. Kaempfer, Engelbert. Engelbert Kaempfer’s Travels to Iran and the Far East. Tehran: Corporation, 1992: 217. (In Persian)


50. Dieulafoy, Jane.  Iran, Chaldea, and Shoosh. Trans. Ali Mohammad Farrehvashi. Tehran: University of Tehran, 1990.


51. Tousi, Mohammad Ibn-e Mahmoud Ibn-e Ahmad. Ajayeb al-Makhlouqat. Trans. Manouchehr Sotoudeh. Tehran: Tarjomeh va Nashr-e Ketab Publications, 1966: 522.


52. Mirzaei, Seyed Ayatollah. Investigating the Cultural and Economic Characteristics of Cylindrical Pigeon Houses (The Case of Isfahan and the Suburbs. Journal of Anthropology, (4), 2003: 115-140. (In Persian)


53. Zarghami, Esmaeil, Haniyeh Okhovvat, and Hamid Reza Azemati. Physical and Structural Typology of Rural Buildings of Public Utility in Isfahan and Central Anatolia (The Case of Pigeon Houses). Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 31(37), 2012: 37-52. (In Persian)


54. Letellier, Dominique. The Regional Typology and Architecture of Pigeon Nests in France. Trans. Nasrollah Asgari. Journal of Geographic Studies, 15(1 & 2), 2000: 68-88.


55. Farhadi, Morteza and Hasan Mehrabi. A Look at the Importance and History of Iranian Pigeon Houses. Tehran: Rousta Artistic and Literary Festival, 1993. (In Persian)


56. Mirfatah, Ali Asghar. Pigeon Houses. Kaveh Journal, (67), 1978: 32-38. (In Persian)


57. Mohammadi Nejad, Marjan. Pigeon House. Journal of Art Training Development, (28), 2011: 12-17. (In Persian)


58. Mahmoudian, Mohammad and Ali Chitsaz. Isfahan’s Pigeon Houses. Isfahan: Golha, 2000. (In Persian)


59. Chardin, Jean. Chardin’s Travels (Vols. 3 & 4). Trans. Mohammad Abbasi. Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1971: 386, 120-124, and 264-265.


60. Rezayat N. A. Personal Interview. IRAN; 2014.


61. Oleiki B. Personal Interview. IRAN; 2014.


62. Justinian Morier, J. A Second Journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, Between the Years 1810 Ant 1816: With a Journal of the Voyage by the Brazils and Bombay to the Persian Gulf, London: Rare Books Club, 2012: 140-141.


63. Sajjadi Naeini, Seyed Mehdi. Isfahan’s Traditional Architects and Restoration Master. Isfahan: Cultural, Recreational Organization of Isfahan Municipality, Center of Isfahanology and the Home of Nations, 2008: 194&217.


64. Rashid al-Din Fazlullah, Emad al-Dolleh Abol-Kheir and Karl Jahn. The Blessed History of Ghazan Khan. Tehran: Written Heritage Research Center, 2015: 348. (In Persian)