تاثیر قرق بر برخی خصوصیات شیمیایی و آلی خاک (مطالعه موردی: حوضه گنبد شهر همدان)
الموضوعات :
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مرتعداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری دانشگاه ملایر
2 - دانشیار گروه مهندسی طبیعت، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری دانشگاه ملایر. *(مسول مکاتبات)
الکلمات المفتاحية: خصوصیات خاک, مرتع, قرق, حوزه گنبد همدان,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: چرای دام بهعنوان یکی از آشفتگیهای اکولوژیک باعث تغییر در خصوصیات خاک و پوشش گیاهی مراتع میشود. هدف از این تحقیق مطالعه اثر قرق بر ذخایر میکروبی زیتوده و برخی خصوصیات خاک مراتع حوضه گنبد شهر همدان است. یکی از این مناطق تحت قرق 20 ساله است و منطقه دیگر در خارج از منطقه حفاظتشده تحت چرای دام است. روش بررسی: نمونهگیری خاک بر اساس روش سیستماتیک- تصادفی انجام شد. پنج ترانسکت 1000 متری با جهت شمالی-جنوبی بهطور تصادفی در هر منطقه (قرق و چرا شده) بهصورت جداگانه در نظر گرفته شد. نمونهبرداری خاک در هر 100 متر ببا روش سیستماتیک- تصادفی و در اردیبهشت ماه سال 95 انجام گرفت. عناصر مس، آهن، پتاسیم، منیزیم، منگنز و روی بهوسیله طیفسنجی جذب اتمی، اسیدیته با دستگاه pH متر، وزن مخصوص ظاهری از روش کلوخهای، نیتروژن کل از روش کجلدال، کربن آلی و ماده آلی خاک از روش اکسیداسیون تر والکی بلک و زیتوده میکروبی کربن به روش تدخین- استخراج محاسبه شد. یافته ها: پس از انجام تجزیه و تحلیلهای آماری مشخص شد که غلظت عناصر پتاسیم و روی در خاک منطقه قرق و غلظت عنصر منیزیم در خاک منطقه چرا شده افزایش معنیداری در سطح 5 درصد داشته است. اسیدیته خاک در منطقه چرا شده از 01/7 در منطقه قرق به مقدار 23/7 افزایش یافت. رطوبت خاک در منطقه چراشده کاهش معنیداری یافته و از 11/27 درصد در منطقه قرق به مقدار 12/18 درصد رسیده بود. جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک نیز در منطقه چراشده 16/1 گرم بر سانتیمتر مکعب بود که در منطقه قرق کاهش معنیداری داشته و به 98/0 گرم بر سانتیمتر مکعب رسید. زیتوده میکروبی کربن در خاک مناطق قرق و چرا شده تفاوت معنیداری داشت. مقایسه میانگین زیتوده میکروبی کربن در خاک مراتع گنبد نشان داد که این پارامتر از 83/0 گرم بر کیلوگرم در منطقه چرا شده به مقدار 95/0 گرم بر کیلوگرم رسیده و افزایش معنیداری داشته است. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج بهدستآمده نشانگر این نکته است که در منطقه قرق با اعمال قرق، خصوصیات خاک در مسیر توالی و رسیدن به شرایط ایده آل قرارگرفته است اما همچنان این منطقه نیاز به توجه و ادامه حفاظت دارد.
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- Osem, Y., Perevolotsky, A., & Kigel, J. (2002). Grazing effect on diversity of annual plant communities in a semi‐arid rangeland: interactions with small‐scale spatial and temporal variation in primary productivity. Journal of Ecology, 90(6), 936-946.
- Wei, L., Hai-Zhou, H., Zhi-Nan, Z., & Gao-Lin, W. (2011). Effects of grazing on the soil properties and C and N storage in relation to biomass allocation in an alpine meadow. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 11(4), 27-39.
- Milchunas, D. G., & Lauenroth, W. K. (1993). Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological monographs, 63(4), 327-366.
- Frank, D. A., Gehring, C. A., Machut, L., & Phillips, M. (2003). Soil community composition and the regulation of grazed temperate grassland. Oecologia, 137(4), 603-609.
- Wu, J.H., S.A. Miller, H.K. Hall, & Mooney P.A. )2009(. Factors affecting the efficiency of micropropagation from lateral buds and shoot tips of Rubus. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 99: 17–25.
- Ratliff, R. D. (1985). Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California: state of knowledge.
- Yates, C. J., Norton, D. A., & Hobbs, R. J. (2000). Grazing effects on plant cover, soil and microclimate in fragmented woodlands in south‐western Australia: implications for restoration. Austral Ecology, 25(1), 36-47.
- Toranjzar, H., Jafari, M., Azarnivand, H., & Ghanadha, M.R. (2005). Investigation of the relationship between soil properties and rangeland vegetation in Vashouneh Rangelands of Qom Province. Desert, 10(2), 349-360.
- Parissi, Z.M., A. Papaioannou, E.M. Abraham, A.P. Kyriazopoulos, P. Sklavou, & Tsiouvaras C.N. (2014). Influence of combined grazing by wild boar and small ruminant on soil and plant nutrient contents in a coppice oak forest. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 177: 783–791.
- Mohammadi Golrang, B., Gezanchian, Gh., Ramezani Moghadam, R., Felahati, H., Rouhani, H., & Mashayekhi, M. (2008). Estimation of forage weight of several species of rangelands by measuring the diameter and plant height. Journal of Rangeland and desert Researches of Iran, 15(2), 158-178.
- Kohandel, A., Arzani, H., & Hosseni Tavasol, M. (2010). Determination of the effect of grazing intensities on soil and vegetation characteristics using multivariable components. Quarterly journal of Iranian rangeland and desert research, 17(4), 518-526.
- Hiernaux, P., Bielders, C.L., Valentin, V., Bationo, A., & Fernández-Rivera, S. (1999). Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands. Journal of Arid Environments 41 (3): 231–245
- Briske, D.D., & Richards, J. H. (1995). Plant responses to defoliation: a physiological, morphological and demographic evaluation. Wildland plants: physiological ecology and developmental morphology. Society for Range Management, Denver, CO, 635-710.
- Lavado, R.S., J.O. Sierra, & Hashimoto, P.N. (1996). Impact of grazing on soil nutrients in a Pampean grassland. Journal of Range Management 49: 452-457.
- Bilotta, G. S., R.E. Brazier, and Haygarth P.M. (2007). The impacts of grazing animals on the quality of soils, vegetation, and surface waters in intensively managed grasslands. Advances in Agronomy 94: 237–280.
- Technical Office of the Provincial Natural Resources Management of the Hamadan Province. (2016).
- Sparling GP and West AW, 1988. A direct extraction method to estimate soil microbial carbon: Calibration in situ using microbial respiration and 14C labeled sells. Soil Biol Biochem 20: 337- 343.
- Kavianpour, A.H., Heshmati, Gh., & Hosseni, H. (2015). Investigation of changes in soil characteristics and rangeland yield due to different grazing grazing intensities (Case study: Nasha Mazandaran bird rangelands). Journal of Water and Soil Science, 25(4), 157-168.
- Smoliak, S., J.F. Dormaar and Johnston, A. (1972). long-term grazing effects on Stipa-Bouteloua prairie soils, J. Range manage. 25:246-250.
- Hiernaux, P., C.L. Bielders, C. Valentin, A. Bationo, and Fernández-Rivera, S. (1999). Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands. Journal of Arid Environments 41 (3): 231–245
- Matano, A.S., C.K. Kanangire, D.N. Anyona, P.O. Abuom, F.B. Gelder, G.O. Dida, P.O. Owuor, and Ofulla, A.V.O. (2015). Effects of land use change on land degradation reflected by soil properties along Mara River, Kenya and Tanzania. Open Journal of Soil Science 5: 20-38.
- Martínez, K., Fernández, J. (1996). Spatial variabilidad of the physiological propensities and hysterics of the media in mediterranean semi-arid. Universidad de Murcia.
- Liu, N., Zhang, Y., Chang, S., Kan, H., & Lin, L. (2012). Impact of grazing on soil carbon and microbial biomass in typical steppe and desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. PloS one, 7(5), e36434.
- Kioko, J., J.W. Kiringe, and Seno, S.O. (2012). Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya. Journal of Arid Land 4(1): 29-35.
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- Moghadam, M. R. (2009). Rangeland and rangeland management. University of Tehran Publication, Third edition, 470 P.
- Osem, Y., Perevolotsky, A., & Kigel, J. (2002). Grazing effect on diversity of annual plant communities in a semi‐arid rangeland: interactions with small‐scale spatial and temporal variation in primary productivity. Journal of Ecology, 90(6), 936-946.
- Wei, L., Hai-Zhou, H., Zhi-Nan, Z., & Gao-Lin, W. (2011). Effects of grazing on the soil properties and C and N storage in relation to biomass allocation in an alpine meadow. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 11(4), 27-39.
- Milchunas, D. G., & Lauenroth, W. K. (1993). Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological monographs, 63(4), 327-366.
- Frank, D. A., Gehring, C. A., Machut, L., & Phillips, M. (2003). Soil community composition and the regulation of grazed temperate grassland. Oecologia, 137(4), 603-609.
- Wu, J.H., S.A. Miller, H.K. Hall, & Mooney P.A. )2009(. Factors affecting the efficiency of micropropagation from lateral buds and shoot tips of Rubus. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 99: 17–25.
- Ratliff, R. D. (1985). Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California: state of knowledge.
- Yates, C. J., Norton, D. A., & Hobbs, R. J. (2000). Grazing effects on plant cover, soil and microclimate in fragmented woodlands in south‐western Australia: implications for restoration. Austral Ecology, 25(1), 36-47.
- Toranjzar, H., Jafari, M., Azarnivand, H., & Ghanadha, M.R. (2005). Investigation of the relationship between soil properties and rangeland vegetation in Vashouneh Rangelands of Qom Province. Desert, 10(2), 349-360.
- Parissi, Z.M., A. Papaioannou, E.M. Abraham, A.P. Kyriazopoulos, P. Sklavou, & Tsiouvaras C.N. (2014). Influence of combined grazing by wild boar and small ruminant on soil and plant nutrient contents in a coppice oak forest. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 177: 783–791.
- Mohammadi Golrang, B., Gezanchian, Gh., Ramezani Moghadam, R., Felahati, H., Rouhani, H., & Mashayekhi, M. (2008). Estimation of forage weight of several species of rangelands by measuring the diameter and plant height. Journal of Rangeland and desert Researches of Iran, 15(2), 158-178.
- Kohandel, A., Arzani, H., & Hosseni Tavasol, M. (2010). Determination of the effect of grazing intensities on soil and vegetation characteristics using multivariable components. Quarterly journal of Iranian rangeland and desert research, 17(4), 518-526.
- Hiernaux, P., Bielders, C.L., Valentin, V., Bationo, A., & Fernández-Rivera, S. (1999). Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands. Journal of Arid Environments 41 (3): 231–245
- Briske, D.D., & Richards, J. H. (1995). Plant responses to defoliation: a physiological, morphological and demographic evaluation. Wildland plants: physiological ecology and developmental morphology. Society for Range Management, Denver, CO, 635-710.
- Lavado, R.S., J.O. Sierra, & Hashimoto, P.N. (1996). Impact of grazing on soil nutrients in a Pampean grassland. Journal of Range Management 49: 452-457.
- Bilotta, G. S., R.E. Brazier, and Haygarth P.M. (2007). The impacts of grazing animals on the quality of soils, vegetation, and surface waters in intensively managed grasslands. Advances in Agronomy 94: 237–280.
- Technical Office of the Provincial Natural Resources Management of the Hamadan Province. (2016).
- Sparling GP and West AW, 1988. A direct extraction method to estimate soil microbial carbon: Calibration in situ using microbial respiration and 14C labeled sells. Soil Biol Biochem 20: 337- 343.
- Kavianpour, A.H., Heshmati, Gh., & Hosseni, H. (2015). Investigation of changes in soil characteristics and rangeland yield due to different grazing grazing intensities (Case study: Nasha Mazandaran bird rangelands). Journal of Water and Soil Science, 25(4), 157-168.
- Smoliak, S., J.F. Dormaar and Johnston, A. (1972). long-term grazing effects on Stipa-Bouteloua prairie soils, J. Range manage. 25:246-250.
- Hiernaux, P., C.L. Bielders, C. Valentin, A. Bationo, and Fernández-Rivera, S. (1999). Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands. Journal of Arid Environments 41 (3): 231–245
- Matano, A.S., C.K. Kanangire, D.N. Anyona, P.O. Abuom, F.B. Gelder, G.O. Dida, P.O. Owuor, and Ofulla, A.V.O. (2015). Effects of land use change on land degradation reflected by soil properties along Mara River, Kenya and Tanzania. Open Journal of Soil Science 5: 20-38.
- Martínez, K., Fernández, J. (1996). Spatial variabilidad of the physiological propensities and hysterics of the media in mediterranean semi-arid. Universidad de Murcia.
- Liu, N., Zhang, Y., Chang, S., Kan, H., & Lin, L. (2012). Impact of grazing on soil carbon and microbial biomass in typical steppe and desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. PloS one, 7(5), e36434.
- Kioko, J., J.W. Kiringe, and Seno, S.O. (2012). Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya. Journal of Arid Land 4(1): 29-35.