بررسی غلظت عناصر آهن، سرب و کادمیوم نزولات جوی مناطق پرترافیک شهر همدان
الموضوعات :بهاره بهارمستیان 1 , سهیل سبحان اردکانی 2 , سعید جامه بزرگی 3
1 - دانشآموخته کارشناسی ارشد محیطزیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران.
2 - استاد گروه محیطزیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران. (مسئول مکاتبات)
3 - دانشیار گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: نزولات جوی, همدان, فلز سنگین, رواناب, ترافیک,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: بدون شک یکی از مهم ترین مسایل محیط زیستی تهدیدکننده سلامت افراد در کلان شهرهای ایران ، مشکل آلودگی هوا است. نزولات جوی مؤثرترین راه زدایش آلاینده ها از اتمسفر است و فلزات سنگین موجود در آن می تواند به خوبی نمایانگر وضعیت آلودگی محیطی در نواحی مختلف شهری باشد . لذا، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی غلظت عناصر آهن، سرب و کادمیوم در نزولات جوی مناطق پر ترافیک شهر همدان در فصل زمستان سال 1392 انجام یافت. روش بررسی: 24 نمونه نزولات جوی از 8 ایستگاه پرتردد مستقر در سطح شهر همدان برداشت و به بطری های پلی اتیلنی منتقل شد. به هر بطری چند قطره اسید نیتریک به منظور رساندن pH نمونه ها به 2 افزوده شد. بعد از طی مراحل آماده سازی آزمایشگاهی، غلظت عناصر در نمونه ها بهروش طیفسنجی نوری پلاسمای جفتشده القایی (ICP-OES) خوانده شد. پردازش آماری داده ها توسط نرم افزار SPSS انجام یافت. یافته ها: میانگین غلظت عناصر آهن، سرب و کادمیوم در نمونه ها (میکرو گرم در لیتر) به ترتیب برابر با 62/142±50/69، 94/8±25/10 و 29/ 0 ±61/17 و در مورد عنصر کادمیوم بیش تر از رهنمود سازمان بهداشت جهانی برای تخلیه به منابع آب سطحی بود. نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که میانگین غلظت عناصر سرب و بهویژه کادمیوم در نزولات جوی و بهتبع آن در رواناب حاصل بهواسطه حجم بالای ترافیک شهری و آلاینده های منتشرشده ناشی از آن بالا بوده است. از اینرو، برای جلوگیری از تهدید منابع پذیرنده آب سطحی و زیرزمینی و حفظ سلامت مصرف کنندگان، اندیشیدن تمهیداتی برای جمع آوری و تصفیه رواناب ناشی از نزولات جوی توصیه میشود.
- Sobhanardakani, S. 2018. Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic heavy metals in the atmospheric dust of city of Hamedan, west of Iran, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(28): 28086-28093.
- Sobhanardakani, S. 2019. Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metals content of atmospheric dry deposition, a case study: Kermanshah, Iran, Biological Trace Element Research, 187(2): 602-610.
- Mohammad Moradi, B., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M. 2018. Ecological risk of heavy metals in surface soils of urban parks, Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 10(4), 429-442 (In Persian).
- Shokri Ragheb, P., Sobhanardakani, S. 2016. Analysis of Co, Cr and Mn concentrations in atmospheric dry deposition in Hamadan City, Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 23(2): 149-156 (In Persian).
- Sabzevari, E., Sobhanardakani, S. 2018. Analysis of selected heavy metals in indoor dust collected from city of Khorramabad, Iran: A case study, Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences, 10 (3): e67382.
- Sobhanardakani, S., Hosseini, S.V., Tayebi, L. 2018. Heavy metals contamination of canned fish and related health implications in Iran, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 18(8): 951-957.
- Sobhan Ardakani, S., Razban, S.S., Maànijou M. 2014. Evaluation of concentration of some heavy metals in ground water resources of Qahavand Plain-Hamedan, Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 18(6): 339-348 (In Persian).
- Sobhanardakani, S., Tayebi, L., Hosseini, S.V. 2018. Health risk assessment of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, and Sn) through consumption of Caviar of Acipenser persicus from Southern Caspian Sea, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(3): 2664-2671.
- Sobhanardakani, S., Maànijou, M., Asadi, H. 2015. Investigation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Mg concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan Plain, Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 21(4): 319-329 (In Persian).
- Kamani, H., Mahvi, A.H., Hosseini, M., Ansari, H. 2013. Determination of heavy metals content in atmospheric precipitation of city of Tehran and their source identification using Factor Analysis,
16th the National Conference on Environmental Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 12 p (In Persian). - Kashulina, G., de Caritat, P., Reimann, C. 2014. Snow and rain chemistry around the “Severonikel” industrial complex, NW Russia: Current status and retrospective analysis, Atmospheric Environment, 89: 672-682.
- Siudek, P., Falkowska, L., Frankowski, M., Siepak, J. 2014. An investigation of atmospheric mercury accumulated in the snow cover from the urbanized coastal zone of the Baltic Sea, Poland, Atmospheric Environment, 95: 10-19.
- Gichuki, S.W., Mason, R.P. 2013. Mercury and metals in South African precipitation, Atmospheric Environment, 79: 286-298.
- Cereceda-Balic, F., Palomo-Marín, M.R., Bernalte, E., Vidal, V., Christie, J., Fadic, X., Guevara, J.L., Miro, C., Pinilla Gil, E. 2012. Impact of Santiago de Chile urban atmospheric pollution on anthropogenic trace elements enrichment in snow precipitation at Cerro Colorado, Central Andes, Atmospheric Environment, 47: 51-57.
- Zuo, X.J., Fu, D.F., Li, H. 2012. Speciation distribution and mass balance of copper and zinc in urban rain, sediments, and road runoff, Environmental Science and Pollution Research,19(9): 4042-4048.
- Golubeva, N.I., Burtseva, L.V., Ginzburg, V.A.. 2010. Heavy metals in the atmospheric precipitation on the Barents Sea coast, Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, 35(5): 333-340.
- Koulousaris, M., Aloupi, M., Angelidis, M.O. 2009. Total metal concentrations in atmospheric precipitation from the Northern Aegean Sea, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 201: 389-403.
- Nakano, T., Morohashi, S., Yasuda, H., Sakai, M., Aizawa, Sh., Shichi, K., Morisawa, T., Takahashi, M., Sanada, M., Matsuura, Y., Sakai, H., Akama, A., Okada, N. 2006. Determination of seasonal and regional variation in the provenance of dissolved cations in rain in Japan based on Sr and Pb isotopes, Atmospheric Environment, 40: 7409-7420.
- Lawson, N.M., Mason, R.P. 2001. Concentrationofmercury, methylmercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, andseleniumin therainandstream wateroftwo contrasting watershedsinwestern Maryland, Water Research, 35(17): 4039-4052.
- Takeda, K., Marumoto, K., Minamikawa, T., Sakugawa, H., Fujiwara, K. 2000. Three-year determination of trace metals and the lead isotope ratio in rain and snow depositions collected in Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, Atmospheric Environment, 34: 4525-4535.
- Gregurek, D., Reimann, C., Stumpfl, E.F. 1988. Trace elements and precious metals in snow samples from the immediate vicinity of nickel processing plants, Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia, Environmental Pollution, 102: 221-232.
- Arellano, L., Grimalt, J.O., Fernández, P., Lopez, J.F., Nickus, U., Thies, H. 2014. Persistent organic pollutant accumulation in seasonal snow along an altitudinal gradient in the Tyrolean Alps, Environmental Science and Pollution Research,21(22): 12638-12650.
- Vieira, R., Fernandes, J.N., Barbosa, A.E. 2013. Evaluation of the impacts of road runoff in a Mediterranean reservoir in Portugal, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 7659-7673.
- Eaton, A.D., Anni, M., Franson, H. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition. American Public Health Association, pp. 44-48.
- 27. Klimaszewska, K., Polkowska, Z., Namiesnik, J., 2007. Influence of mobile sources on pollution of runoff waters from roads with high traffic intensity, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16(6): 889-897.
- World Health Organization (WHO). 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition, Geneva, p. 564.
- Presidency Islamic Republic of Iran: Planning and Budget Organization. 2000. Environmental criteria for the reuse of returned waters (wastewaters) and effluents, Journal Number 535, pp 155.
- Habashi, F. 2013. Iron, Physical and Chemical Properties. In: Kretsinger R.H., Uversky V.N., Permyakov E.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_417.
- Robert, J., Kieber, R.J., Willey, J.D., Avery Jr, G.B. 2003. Temporal variability of rainwater iron speciation at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Station, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C8): 3277.
- 34. Desboeufs, K.V., Sofikitis, A., Losno, R., Colin, J.L., Ausset, P. 2004. Dissolution and solubility of race metals from natural and anthropogenic aerosol particulate matter, Chemosphere, 58: 195-203.
- Paris, R., Desboeufs, K.V., Journet, E. 2011. Variability of dust iron solubility in atmospheric waters: investigation of the role of oxalate organic complexation, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 45: 5510-5517.
- McKenzie, E.R., Money, J.E., Green, P.G., Young, T.M. 2009. Metals associated with stormwater-relevant brake and tire samples, Science of the Total Environment, 407: 5855-5860.
- Farzan, M., Sobhanardakani, S. 2016. Analysis of Fe, Pb, and Cd content of surface runoff in regions with high traffic intensity in Hamedan, Iran, in 2014. Journal of Health System Researc,12(2):
- 208-213 (In Persian).
- Heimburger, A., Losno, R., Triquet, S. 2013. Solubility of iron and other trace elements in rainwater collected on the Kerguelen Islands (South Indian Ocean), Biogeosciences, 10: 6617-6628.
- Helmers, E., Schrems, O. 1995. Wet deposition of metals to the tropical north and the south Atlantic Ocean, Atmospheric Environment, 29(18): 2475-2484.
- Ross, H.B. 1987. Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 36: 349-363.
6. Islam, E., Yang, X., He, Z., Mahmood, Q. 2007. Assessing potential dietary toxicity of heavy metals in selected vegetables and food crops, Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B, 8(1): 1-13.
23. Sakai, H., Sasaki, T., Saito, K. 1985. The presence of heavy metals in urban snow,Environmental Science, 8(2): 141-149.
28. Wang, Y.J., Chen, C.F., Lin, J.Y. 2013. The measurement of dry deposition and surface runoff to quantify urban road pollution in Taipei, Taiwan, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(10): 5130-5145.
33. Chen, Y., Siefert, R.L. 2004. Seasonal and spatial distributions and dry deposition fluxes of atmospheric total and labile iron over the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 109: D09305.
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- Sobhanardakani, S. 2018. Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic heavy metals in the atmospheric dust of city of Hamedan, west of Iran, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(28): 28086-28093.
- Sobhanardakani, S. 2019. Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metals content of atmospheric dry deposition, a case study: Kermanshah, Iran, Biological Trace Element Research, 187(2): 602-610.
- Mohammad Moradi, B., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M. 2018. Ecological risk of heavy metals in surface soils of urban parks, Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 10(4), 429-442 (In Persian).
- Shokri Ragheb, P., Sobhanardakani, S. 2016. Analysis of Co, Cr and Mn concentrations in atmospheric dry deposition in Hamadan City, Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 23(2): 149-156 (In Persian).
- Sabzevari, E., Sobhanardakani, S. 2018. Analysis of selected heavy metals in indoor dust collected from city of Khorramabad, Iran: A case study, Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences, 10 (3): e67382.
- Sobhanardakani, S., Hosseini, S.V., Tayebi, L. 2018. Heavy metals contamination of canned fish and related health implications in Iran, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 18(8): 951-957.
- Sobhan Ardakani, S., Razban, S.S., Maànijou M. 2014. Evaluation of concentration of some heavy metals in ground water resources of Qahavand Plain-Hamedan, Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 18(6): 339-348 (In Persian).
- Sobhanardakani, S., Tayebi, L., Hosseini, S.V. 2018. Health risk assessment of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, and Sn) through consumption of Caviar of Acipenser persicus from Southern Caspian Sea, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(3): 2664-2671.
- Sobhanardakani, S., Maànijou, M., Asadi, H. 2015. Investigation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Mg concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan Plain, Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 21(4): 319-329 (In Persian).
- Kamani, H., Mahvi, A.H., Hosseini, M., Ansari, H. 2013. Determination of heavy metals content in atmospheric precipitation of city of Tehran and their source identification using Factor Analysis,
16th the National Conference on Environmental Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 12 p (In Persian). - Kashulina, G., de Caritat, P., Reimann, C. 2014. Snow and rain chemistry around the “Severonikel” industrial complex, NW Russia: Current status and retrospective analysis, Atmospheric Environment, 89: 672-682.
- Siudek, P., Falkowska, L., Frankowski, M., Siepak, J. 2014. An investigation of atmospheric mercury accumulated in the snow cover from the urbanized coastal zone of the Baltic Sea, Poland, Atmospheric Environment, 95: 10-19.
- Gichuki, S.W., Mason, R.P. 2013. Mercury and metals in South African precipitation, Atmospheric Environment, 79: 286-298.
- Cereceda-Balic, F., Palomo-Marín, M.R., Bernalte, E., Vidal, V., Christie, J., Fadic, X., Guevara, J.L., Miro, C., Pinilla Gil, E. 2012. Impact of Santiago de Chile urban atmospheric pollution on anthropogenic trace elements enrichment in snow precipitation at Cerro Colorado, Central Andes, Atmospheric Environment, 47: 51-57.
- Zuo, X.J., Fu, D.F., Li, H. 2012. Speciation distribution and mass balance of copper and zinc in urban rain, sediments, and road runoff, Environmental Science and Pollution Research,19(9): 4042-4048.
- Golubeva, N.I., Burtseva, L.V., Ginzburg, V.A.. 2010. Heavy metals in the atmospheric precipitation on the Barents Sea coast, Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, 35(5): 333-340.
- Koulousaris, M., Aloupi, M., Angelidis, M.O. 2009. Total metal concentrations in atmospheric precipitation from the Northern Aegean Sea, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 201: 389-403.
- Nakano, T., Morohashi, S., Yasuda, H., Sakai, M., Aizawa, Sh., Shichi, K., Morisawa, T., Takahashi, M., Sanada, M., Matsuura, Y., Sakai, H., Akama, A., Okada, N. 2006. Determination of seasonal and regional variation in the provenance of dissolved cations in rain in Japan based on Sr and Pb isotopes, Atmospheric Environment, 40: 7409-7420.
- Lawson, N.M., Mason, R.P. 2001. Concentrationofmercury, methylmercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, andseleniumin therainandstream wateroftwo contrasting watershedsinwestern Maryland, Water Research, 35(17): 4039-4052.
- Takeda, K., Marumoto, K., Minamikawa, T., Sakugawa, H., Fujiwara, K. 2000. Three-year determination of trace metals and the lead isotope ratio in rain and snow depositions collected in Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, Atmospheric Environment, 34: 4525-4535.
- Gregurek, D., Reimann, C., Stumpfl, E.F. 1988. Trace elements and precious metals in snow samples from the immediate vicinity of nickel processing plants, Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia, Environmental Pollution, 102: 221-232.
- Arellano, L., Grimalt, J.O., Fernández, P., Lopez, J.F., Nickus, U., Thies, H. 2014. Persistent organic pollutant accumulation in seasonal snow along an altitudinal gradient in the Tyrolean Alps, Environmental Science and Pollution Research,21(22): 12638-12650.
- Vieira, R., Fernandes, J.N., Barbosa, A.E. 2013. Evaluation of the impacts of road runoff in a Mediterranean reservoir in Portugal, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 7659-7673.
- Eaton, A.D., Anni, M., Franson, H. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition. American Public Health Association, pp. 44-48.
- 27. Klimaszewska, K., Polkowska, Z., Namiesnik, J., 2007. Influence of mobile sources on pollution of runoff waters from roads with high traffic intensity, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16(6): 889-897.
- World Health Organization (WHO). 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition, Geneva, p. 564.
- Presidency Islamic Republic of Iran: Planning and Budget Organization. 2000. Environmental criteria for the reuse of returned waters (wastewaters) and effluents, Journal Number 535, pp 155.
- Habashi, F. 2013. Iron, Physical and Chemical Properties. In: Kretsinger R.H., Uversky V.N., Permyakov E.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_417.
- Robert, J., Kieber, R.J., Willey, J.D., Avery Jr, G.B. 2003. Temporal variability of rainwater iron speciation at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Station, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C8): 3277.
- 34. Desboeufs, K.V., Sofikitis, A., Losno, R., Colin, J.L., Ausset, P. 2004. Dissolution and solubility of race metals from natural and anthropogenic aerosol particulate matter, Chemosphere, 58: 195-203.
- Paris, R., Desboeufs, K.V., Journet, E. 2011. Variability of dust iron solubility in atmospheric waters: investigation of the role of oxalate organic complexation, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 45: 5510-5517.
- McKenzie, E.R., Money, J.E., Green, P.G., Young, T.M. 2009. Metals associated with stormwater-relevant brake and tire samples, Science of the Total Environment, 407: 5855-5860.
- Farzan, M., Sobhanardakani, S. 2016. Analysis of Fe, Pb, and Cd content of surface runoff in regions with high traffic intensity in Hamedan, Iran, in 2014. Journal of Health System Researc,12(2):
- 208-213 (In Persian).
- Heimburger, A., Losno, R., Triquet, S. 2013. Solubility of iron and other trace elements in rainwater collected on the Kerguelen Islands (South Indian Ocean), Biogeosciences, 10: 6617-6628.
- Helmers, E., Schrems, O. 1995. Wet deposition of metals to the tropical north and the south Atlantic Ocean, Atmospheric Environment, 29(18): 2475-2484.
- Ross, H.B. 1987. Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 36: 349-363.
6. Islam, E., Yang, X., He, Z., Mahmood, Q. 2007. Assessing potential dietary toxicity of heavy metals in selected vegetables and food crops, Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B, 8(1): 1-13.
23. Sakai, H., Sasaki, T., Saito, K. 1985. The presence of heavy metals in urban snow,Environmental Science, 8(2): 141-149.
28. Wang, Y.J., Chen, C.F., Lin, J.Y. 2013. The measurement of dry deposition and surface runoff to quantify urban road pollution in Taipei, Taiwan, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(10): 5130-5145.
33. Chen, Y., Siefert, R.L. 2004. Seasonal and spatial distributions and dry deposition fluxes of atmospheric total and labile iron over the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 109: D09305.