بررسی اصل بنیادین بازدارندگی در حقوق بین الملل زیست محیطی
الموضوعات :
محمد ذاکر اردکانی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی حقوق بین الملل عمومی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران.)
علیرضا آرش پور
2
(دانشیار و عضو هیئت علمی گروه حقوق دانشگاه اصفهان.*(مسوول مکاتبات))
تاريخ الإرسال : 18 الخميس , رمضان, 1440
تاريخ التأكيد : 19 الأربعاء , محرم, 1441
تاريخ الإصدار : 19 الأحد , رجب, 1443
الکلمات المفتاحية:
اصل بازدارندگی,
مسئولیت بین المللی دولت,
رویه قضایی,
منابع طبیعی,
تعهدات زیست محیطی,
ملخص المقالة :
حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست که از شاخه های حقوق بین الملل عمومی است، اساسا مبتنی بر اقدامات بازدارنده و احتیاطی بوده و هدف غایی آن، حفظ محیط زیست جهانی از آلودگی و ایراد خسارت در جهت تامین سلامتِ بشر است. اصل بازدارندگی، قاعده ای بنیادین و عام الشمول در سیاستهای توسعه محور و پایدار در ارتباط با بهره برداری از منابع طبیعی و جنبه های اکولوژیکی کشورها محسوب میشود که از یکسو معطوف به پیشگیری از آلودگی و اقدامات احتیاطی در مواجهه با محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی است و از سوی دیگر متضمن اقدامات سیستماتیکِ حفاظتی و همکاری کشورها و سایر اشخاص حقوق بین الملل نسبت به فعالیتهای زیست محیطی و بهره برداری از منابع طبیعی، تحت حاکمیت و صلاحیت ملی میباشد. لذا نقض اصل بازدارندگی با توجه به محدود بودن منابع محیط زیست و فرآیند طولانی جایگزینی آن، موجبِ بهره برداری بی رویه از منابع طبیعی و ایجاد خسارتهای متعدد به اجزاء محیط زیست اعم از آب، هوا، خاک، گیاهان، وحوش و... میشود که بعضا غیرقابل جبران بوده و در نهایت، حیات و سلامت بشر را تهدید میکند، گرچه برطرف کردن آسیب و جبران خسارت، مستلزم هزینه‌های گزاف و مدت زمان طولانی که گاهی بین نسلی است، میباشد.
المصادر:
Poorhashemi, S. A. Arghand, B. 2013. International Environmental Law, Dadgostar Publication, Tehran, 186p.
Arashpour, R. 2013, International Responsibility for Breach of Environmental Obligations, Tehran, javdaneh Publications, 3-10p.
Draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities, 2006, Principle.2.
Wallas, M. M. 2002, Intenational Law, Translated by Zamani S. Gh. Share Danesh Publication, Tehran, 275&276p. (In persian)
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. 2011. Foundations of International Environmental Law, Mizan Publication, Tehran, 155p. (In persian)
Trouwborst, A. 2009. Prevention, Precaution, Logic and Law: The Relationship between the Precautionary Principle and the Preventative Principle in International Law and Associated Questions, 105p.
Valverde Soto, M. 1996. General Principles of International Environmental Law, ILSA: Journal of International Comparative Law.
Poorhashemi, S. A. Zareh, A. 2015. Investigating the Implementation of the Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law, Encyclopedia of Law and Politics, 121p.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Declaration - Rio, 1992.
Jalali, M. 2009. Establishment of the International Environmental Court and its problems, Law Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 1, 67p.
Schabas, W. A. 2005. International Criminal Court, Jongal Publications, 222p. (In Persian)
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 100 p.
Wallace, M. M. 2002, Intenational Law, Translated by Zamani S. Gh. Share Danesh Publication, Tehran, 269p. (In Persian)
Poorhashemi, S. A. Zarei, S. 2013. Investigating the Principle of Cooperation in International Environmental Law, Quarterly of Public Law Research, Fifteenth Year, No. 3, 62-85p
Dabiri, F. Poorhashemi, S. A. 2009. Investigating the principles and Concepts of International Environmental Law with a View to Sustainable Development, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 11, No. 3, 215 & 216p.
Wallace, M. M. Ibid, 273&274p.
Poorhashemi, S. A. Zareh, A. Ibid, 119p.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Declaration - Rio, 1992, Principle: 19
Azizi, S. Mousavi, S. M. 2016, Gabchikov-Nagimarus Case: The Role of the International Court of Justice in Highlighting the Sustainable Development Concept, International Law Journal, No. 55, 119 & 120p.
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 119 & 120.
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 162 & 163.
Wallace, M. M. Ibid, 268p.
Vosoughi Fred, B. 2013, The Spraying case (Ecuador vs. Colombia) 21st Century Trailsmelter, International Law Journal, year of 29, No. 47, 140p.
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 256p.
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 163p.
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 163&164
Ziai Bigdeli, M. R. 2014, Public International Law, Tehran, Ganjedanesh Publicarions, 61&82p.
Azizi, S. Mousavi, S. M, Ibid, 592p.
Mohsenzadeh, A. 2009, Environmental Law Theories and Procedures, Khorsandi Publications, 139p.
Rees, H. 2006, Can criminal law protect the environment? In: South, Nigel and Beirne, Piers (edns), Green Criminology. London Ashgate Publications, 409-427p.
Emery, A. Watson, M. 2004, Organizations and Environmental Crime: Legal and Economic Perspectives. Managerial Auditing Journal 19, 741-759p.
Mohamadalikhani, N. 2017, Explain the Concepts of Crime against the Environment, 205&206p.
Collantes, P. J. L. 2001, The Convention on the Protection of the: Environment through Criminal Law: legislative obligations for States available.
Faure, G. Visser, M. 2003, Law and Economics of Environmental Crime: a Survey.
Faure, G. Visser, M. Ibid.
_||_
Poorhashemi, S. A. Arghand, B. 2013. International Environmental Law, Dadgostar Publication, Tehran, 186p.
Arashpour, R. 2013, International Responsibility for Breach of Environmental Obligations, Tehran, javdaneh Publications, 3-10p.
Draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities, 2006, Principle.2.
Wallas, M. M. 2002, Intenational Law, Translated by Zamani S. Gh. Share Danesh Publication, Tehran, 275&276p. (In persian)
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. 2011. Foundations of International Environmental Law, Mizan Publication, Tehran, 155p. (In persian)
Trouwborst, A. 2009. Prevention, Precaution, Logic and Law: The Relationship between the Precautionary Principle and the Preventative Principle in International Law and Associated Questions, 105p.
Valverde Soto, M. 1996. General Principles of International Environmental Law, ILSA: Journal of International Comparative Law.
Poorhashemi, S. A. Zareh, A. 2015. Investigating the Implementation of the Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law, Encyclopedia of Law and Politics, 121p.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Declaration - Rio, 1992.
Jalali, M. 2009. Establishment of the International Environmental Court and its problems, Law Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 1, 67p.
Schabas, W. A. 2005. International Criminal Court, Jongal Publications, 222p. (In Persian)
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 100 p.
Wallace, M. M. 2002, Intenational Law, Translated by Zamani S. Gh. Share Danesh Publication, Tehran, 269p. (In Persian)
Poorhashemi, S. A. Zarei, S. 2013. Investigating the Principle of Cooperation in International Environmental Law, Quarterly of Public Law Research, Fifteenth Year, No. 3, 62-85p
Dabiri, F. Poorhashemi, S. A. 2009. Investigating the principles and Concepts of International Environmental Law with a View to Sustainable Development, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 11, No. 3, 215 & 216p.
Wallace, M. M. Ibid, 273&274p.
Poorhashemi, S. A. Zareh, A. Ibid, 119p.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Declaration - Rio, 1992, Principle: 19
Azizi, S. Mousavi, S. M. 2016, Gabchikov-Nagimarus Case: The Role of the International Court of Justice in Highlighting the Sustainable Development Concept, International Law Journal, No. 55, 119 & 120p.
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 119 & 120.
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 162 & 163.
Wallace, M. M. Ibid, 268p.
Vosoughi Fred, B. 2013, The Spraying case (Ecuador vs. Colombia) 21st Century Trailsmelter, International Law Journal, year of 29, No. 47, 140p.
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 256p.
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 163p.
Kurukulasuriya, L. Robinson, N. A. Ibid, 163&164
Ziai Bigdeli, M. R. 2014, Public International Law, Tehran, Ganjedanesh Publicarions, 61&82p.
Azizi, S. Mousavi, S. M, Ibid, 592p.
Mohsenzadeh, A. 2009, Environmental Law Theories and Procedures, Khorsandi Publications, 139p.
Rees, H. 2006, Can criminal law protect the environment? In: South, Nigel and Beirne, Piers (edns), Green Criminology. London Ashgate Publications, 409-427p.
Emery, A. Watson, M. 2004, Organizations and Environmental Crime: Legal and Economic Perspectives. Managerial Auditing Journal 19, 741-759p.
Mohamadalikhani, N. 2017, Explain the Concepts of Crime against the Environment, 205&206p.
Collantes, P. J. L. 2001, The Convention on the Protection of the: Environment through Criminal Law: legislative obligations for States available.
Faure, G. Visser, M. 2003, Law and Economics of Environmental Crime: a Survey.
Faure, G. Visser, M. Ibid.
