مرگ و میر درختان در فاز تحولی تشکیل روشنه در روند تحول تودههای راش (مطالعه موردی جنگلهای اسالم)
الموضوعات :
زینب پورقلی
1
,
صدیقه غنایی
2
,
فریبرز ایراندوست
3
,
کیومرث سفیدی
4
,
خسرو ثاقب طالبی
5
,
فرشاد کیوان بهجو
6
1 - دانشجوی دکتری رشته جنگل شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - مربی پژوهش، موسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.
3 - دانشجوی دکتری رشته جنگل شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران.
4 - دانشیار گروه آموزشی علوم و مهندسی جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی،اردبیل، ایران.
5 - استاد موسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران.
6 - استاد گروه آموزشی علوم و مهندسی جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
تاريخ الإرسال : 12 الخميس , جمادى الأولى, 1438
تاريخ التأكيد : 20 الثلاثاء , شعبان, 1438
تاريخ الإصدار : 18 الأربعاء , جمادى الأولى, 1443
الکلمات المفتاحية:
کلاسه قطری,
تحول جنگل,
درجه پوسیدگی,
جنگلشناسی همگام با طبیعت,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: آگاهی از شرایط توده و جایگزینی تدریجی گونههای درختی در مراحل و فازهای تحولی، اطلاعات مناسبی در زمینه دخالتهای پرورشی در راستای مدیریت همگام با طبیعت فراهم میسازد. پژوهش حاضر با توجه به اهمیت مطالعه خشکه دار در جنگل ، با هدف برآورد کمی و کیفی میزان خشکهدارها و مرگ و میر درختان در فاز تشکیل روشنه در روند تحول توده های کمتر دستخورده راش انجام شد.
روش بررسی: به منظور بررسی مرگ و میر درختان و ویژگیهای کمی و کیفی خشکهدارها در فاز تحولی تشکیل روشنه در جنگلهای اسالم، سه قطعه نمونه یک هکتاری انتخاب و سپس آماربرداری صد درصد از مشخصههای خشکهدارها، شامل گونه، نوع، قطر و ارتفاع یا طول و درجه پوسیدگی آن ها انجام شد. پس از تعیین نوع گونه، خشکه دارها براساس میزان پوسیدگی در یکی از کلاسه های پوسیدگی طبقهبندی شدند. همچنین خشکه دارها به چهار کلاسه قطری کم قطر، میان قطر، قطور و خیلی قطور طبقه بندی شدند. به منظور بررسی نرخ مرگ و میر در طبقات قطری از نسبت تعداد درختان خشک به تعداد درختان زنده در هر طبقه قطری استفاده شد.
یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد در این فاز از تحول توده بیشترین میزان نرخ مرگ و میر در طبقه قطری 95 سانتیمتری و در کلاسه قطری بزرگتر از 75 سانتیمتری رخ می دهد. میانگین تعداد و حجم در هکتار خشکه دارها در مجموع سه قطعه نمونه به طور متوسط به ترتیب 13 اصله و 03/36 مترمکعب در هکتار به دست آمد. همچنین 68 درصد از فراوانی خشکهدارها به صورت خشکه دار افتاده و 32 درصد آن ها خشکه دار سرپا بودند. بر اساس نتایج حجم خشکهدارهای سرپا و افتاده، به ترتیب، 7/50 و 3/49 درصد است.
بحث و نتیجهگیری: با توجه به حضور بیش از نیمی از خشکهدارها در این فاز تحولی در مراحل ابتدایی پوسیدگی قرار داشتند و اینکه مرگ و میر درختان در این فاز در طبقات قطری بالا رخ می دهد، که این موضوع سبب ایجاد روشنه در پوشش تاجی درختان می گردد. باز شدن تاج پوشش حاصل از افتادن خشکه دار، عامل مؤثری در استقرار نهال و رویش بذور جنگلی میباشد. بنابراین توصیه می شود نتایج این بررسی در انتخاب درختان در شیوه جنگلشناسی تک گزینی مورد عمل قرار گیرد.
المصادر:
Moridi, M., Etemad, V., Sefidi, K., Namiranian, M., Sadeghi, S.M.M. Mortality of Trees in the Stem Exclusion Phase over the Beech Stand Development, Journal of Forest and Wood Products. 2016, Vol 68, Issue 4 – 931-943. (In Persian)
Kuuluvainen, T., 2002. Natural variability of forests as a reference for restoring and managing biological diversity in boreal Fennoscandia. Silva Fennica, Vol. 36, pp. 97-125.
Korpel, S., 1982. Degree of equilibrium and dynamical changes of the forest on example of natural forests of Slovakia [Czechoslovakia], Acta facultatis forestalis zvolen, pp. 4-19.
Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Delfan-Abazari, B. and Namiranian, M., 2005. Regeneration process in natural uneven-aged Caspian beech forests of Iran. Swiss Forestry Journal, Vol. 156, pp. 477-480.
Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, MR., Etemad, V., Mosandl., R. Late successional stage dynamics in natural Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in northern Iran (Case study: Gorazbon district of Kheiroud-Kenar experimental forest). Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2014, Vol. 22, pp. 270-283. (In Persian).
Moridi, M., Etemad, V., Kakavand, M., Sagheb Talebi, KH., Alibabaei Omran, E. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of deadwood in the different development stages in mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands (Case study: Gorazbon district, Kheiroud forest of Nowshahr), Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2016, Vol. 23, pp. 647-659. (In Persian)
Sweeney, O.F., Martin, M., Irwin, R.D., Kelly, S., O’Halloran, T.C., Wilson, J. and McEvoy, P.M., 2010. A lack of large-diameter logs and snags characterizes dead wood patterns in Irish forests. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 259, pp. 2056-2064.
Nordén, B., Ryberg, M., Götmark, F. and Olausson, B., 2004. Relative importance of coarse and fine woody debris for the diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in temperate broadleaf forests. Biological conservation, Vol. 117, pp. 1-10.
Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D., Anderson, N.H., Cline, S.P., Aumen, N.G., Sedell, J. R., Lienkaemper, G.W., Cromack, K. and Cummins, K.W., 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in ecological research,
Anderson, N.H., Sedell, J.R., Roberts, L.M. and Triska, F.J., 1978. The role of aquatic invertebrates in processing of wood debris in coniferous forest streams. American Midland Naturalist, 100, pp. 64-82.
Frankland, J.C., Hedger, J.N. and Swift, M.J., 1982. Decomposer Basidiomycetes–Their Biology and Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA. 355 pp.
Franklin, J.F., Kermit, C.J., William, D., Arthur, M., Chris, M., James, S., Fred, S. and Glen, J., 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas fir forests. Gen. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station: Portland, OR. 48 pp.
Ozolincius, R., Miksys V. and Stakenas, V., 2005. Growth-independent mortality of Lithuanian forest tree species. Scandinavian journal of forest research. 20, pp. 153–160.
Greenwood, D.L. and Weisberg, P.L., 2008. Density-dependent tree mortality in pinyon juniper woodlands, Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 255, pp. 2129–2137.
Zolfeghari, E., Marvi Mohajer, MR., Namiranian, M. Impact of dead trees on natural regeneration in forest stands (Chelir district, Kheiroudkenar, Nowshahr), Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2007, Vol. 15(29) pp. 234-240. (In Persian)
Sefidi,, Marvi Mohajer, M.R., Zobeyri, M., Etemad, V. Investigation On Dead Trees Effects On Natural Regeneration Of Oriental Beech And Hornbeam In A Mixed Beech Forest, Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2008, Vol. 15, pp. 365-373. (In Persian).
Sefidi, K & Marvi mohajer, Amount and quality of dead trees (snag and logs) in a mixed beech forest with different management histories, 2009, Vol. 62, No. 2,. pp.191-202. (In Persian).
Sefidi, K. and Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R., 2010. Characteristics of coarse woody debris in successional stages of natural beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of Northern Iran. Journal of Forest Science, Vol. 56, pp. 7–17.
Amanzadeh, B., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Foumani, B.S., Fadaie, F., Camarero, J.J. and Linares, J.C., 2013. Spatial Distribution and Volume of Dead Wood in Unmanaged Caspian Beech (Fagus orientalis) Forests from Northern Iran, Forests, 4, pp. 751-765.
Alidadi, F., Marvie Mohadjer, MR., Etemad, V., Sefidi, K., 2015. Decay dynamics of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) deadwood in mixed beech stands, vol. 22, pp 624-635.
Green, P. and Peterken, G.F., 1997. Variation in the amount of dead woodlands in the woodlands of the Lower Wye Valley, UK in relation to the intensity of management. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 98, pp. 229–238.
Fridman, J. and Walheim, M., 2000. Amount, structure, and dynamics of dead wood on managed forestland in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 131, pp. 23–36.
Sefidi, K., Esfandiary Darabad, F. and Azaryan, M., 2016. Effect of topography on tree species composition and volume of coarse woody debris in an Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) old growth forests, northern Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, Vol. 9, pp. 658-665.
Harmon, M.E. and Sexton, J., 1996. Guidelines for measurements of woody detritus in forest ecosystems. US LTER Publication No. 20. U.S. LTER Network Office, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, 73 pp.
Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 2014. Appropriate characteristics of beech stands for application of close to nature silviculture (selection system). Final Report of National Research Project, Published by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, 120p (In Persian).
Moradi, M., Mohadjer, M. R. M., Sefidi, K., Zobiri, M., & Omidi, A. (2012). Over-mature beech trees (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and close-to-nature forestry in northern Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 23, pp. 289-294.
Böhl, J., and Brändli, U.B., 2007. Deadwood volume assessment in the third Swiss National Forest Inventory: methods and first results. European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 126, pp. 449-457.
Laarmann, D., Korjus, H., Sims, A., Stanturf , J., Kiviste, A. and Kajar, K., 2009. Analysis of forest naturalness and tree mortality patterns in Estonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 258, pp. 187-195.
Chambers, J.Q., Higuchi, N., Schimel, J.P., Ferreira, L.V. and Melack, J.M., 2000. Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of the central Amazon. Oecologia, Vol. 122, pp. 380-388.
_||_
Moridi, M., Etemad, V., Sefidi, K., Namiranian, M., Sadeghi, S.M.M. Mortality of Trees in the Stem Exclusion Phase over the Beech Stand Development, Journal of Forest and Wood Products. 2016, Vol 68, Issue 4 – 931-943. (In Persian)
Kuuluvainen, T., 2002. Natural variability of forests as a reference for restoring and managing biological diversity in boreal Fennoscandia. Silva Fennica, Vol. 36, pp. 97-125.
Korpel, S., 1982. Degree of equilibrium and dynamical changes of the forest on example of natural forests of Slovakia [Czechoslovakia], Acta facultatis forestalis zvolen, pp. 4-19.
Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Delfan-Abazari, B. and Namiranian, M., 2005. Regeneration process in natural uneven-aged Caspian beech forests of Iran. Swiss Forestry Journal, Vol. 156, pp. 477-480.
Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, MR., Etemad, V., Mosandl., R. Late successional stage dynamics in natural Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in northern Iran (Case study: Gorazbon district of Kheiroud-Kenar experimental forest). Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2014, Vol. 22, pp. 270-283. (In Persian).
Moridi, M., Etemad, V., Kakavand, M., Sagheb Talebi, KH., Alibabaei Omran, E. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of deadwood in the different development stages in mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands (Case study: Gorazbon district, Kheiroud forest of Nowshahr), Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2016, Vol. 23, pp. 647-659. (In Persian)
Sweeney, O.F., Martin, M., Irwin, R.D., Kelly, S., O’Halloran, T.C., Wilson, J. and McEvoy, P.M., 2010. A lack of large-diameter logs and snags characterizes dead wood patterns in Irish forests. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 259, pp. 2056-2064.
Nordén, B., Ryberg, M., Götmark, F. and Olausson, B., 2004. Relative importance of coarse and fine woody debris for the diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in temperate broadleaf forests. Biological conservation, Vol. 117, pp. 1-10.
Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D., Anderson, N.H., Cline, S.P., Aumen, N.G., Sedell, J. R., Lienkaemper, G.W., Cromack, K. and Cummins, K.W., 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in ecological research,
Anderson, N.H., Sedell, J.R., Roberts, L.M. and Triska, F.J., 1978. The role of aquatic invertebrates in processing of wood debris in coniferous forest streams. American Midland Naturalist, 100, pp. 64-82.
Frankland, J.C., Hedger, J.N. and Swift, M.J., 1982. Decomposer Basidiomycetes–Their Biology and Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA. 355 pp.
Franklin, J.F., Kermit, C.J., William, D., Arthur, M., Chris, M., James, S., Fred, S. and Glen, J., 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas fir forests. Gen. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station: Portland, OR. 48 pp.
Ozolincius, R., Miksys V. and Stakenas, V., 2005. Growth-independent mortality of Lithuanian forest tree species. Scandinavian journal of forest research. 20, pp. 153–160.
Greenwood, D.L. and Weisberg, P.L., 2008. Density-dependent tree mortality in pinyon juniper woodlands, Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 255, pp. 2129–2137.
Zolfeghari, E., Marvi Mohajer, MR., Namiranian, M. Impact of dead trees on natural regeneration in forest stands (Chelir district, Kheiroudkenar, Nowshahr), Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2007, Vol. 15(29) pp. 234-240. (In Persian)
Sefidi,, Marvi Mohajer, M.R., Zobeyri, M., Etemad, V. Investigation On Dead Trees Effects On Natural Regeneration Of Oriental Beech And Hornbeam In A Mixed Beech Forest, Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2008, Vol. 15, pp. 365-373. (In Persian).
Sefidi, K & Marvi mohajer, Amount and quality of dead trees (snag and logs) in a mixed beech forest with different management histories, 2009, Vol. 62, No. 2,. pp.191-202. (In Persian).
Sefidi, K. and Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R., 2010. Characteristics of coarse woody debris in successional stages of natural beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of Northern Iran. Journal of Forest Science, Vol. 56, pp. 7–17.
Amanzadeh, B., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Foumani, B.S., Fadaie, F., Camarero, J.J. and Linares, J.C., 2013. Spatial Distribution and Volume of Dead Wood in Unmanaged Caspian Beech (Fagus orientalis) Forests from Northern Iran, Forests, 4, pp. 751-765.
Alidadi, F., Marvie Mohadjer, MR., Etemad, V., Sefidi, K., 2015. Decay dynamics of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) deadwood in mixed beech stands, vol. 22, pp 624-635.
Green, P. and Peterken, G.F., 1997. Variation in the amount of dead woodlands in the woodlands of the Lower Wye Valley, UK in relation to the intensity of management. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 98, pp. 229–238.
Fridman, J. and Walheim, M., 2000. Amount, structure, and dynamics of dead wood on managed forestland in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 131, pp. 23–36.
Sefidi, K., Esfandiary Darabad, F. and Azaryan, M., 2016. Effect of topography on tree species composition and volume of coarse woody debris in an Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) old growth forests, northern Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, Vol. 9, pp. 658-665.
Harmon, M.E. and Sexton, J., 1996. Guidelines for measurements of woody detritus in forest ecosystems. US LTER Publication No. 20. U.S. LTER Network Office, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, 73 pp.
Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 2014. Appropriate characteristics of beech stands for application of close to nature silviculture (selection system). Final Report of National Research Project, Published by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, 120p (In Persian).
Moradi, M., Mohadjer, M. R. M., Sefidi, K., Zobiri, M., & Omidi, A. (2012). Over-mature beech trees (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and close-to-nature forestry in northern Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 23, pp. 289-294.
Böhl, J., and Brändli, U.B., 2007. Deadwood volume assessment in the third Swiss National Forest Inventory: methods and first results. European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 126, pp. 449-457.
Laarmann, D., Korjus, H., Sims, A., Stanturf , J., Kiviste, A. and Kajar, K., 2009. Analysis of forest naturalness and tree mortality patterns in Estonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 258, pp. 187-195.
Chambers, J.Q., Higuchi, N., Schimel, J.P., Ferreira, L.V. and Melack, J.M., 2000. Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of the central Amazon. Oecologia, Vol. 122, pp. 380-388.