اثر تغيير اقليم بر مواد آلي خاک و فعاليت زيستي خاک
الموضوعات :
آرش محمدزاده
1
(
استاديار بخش تحقيقات مديريت منابع طبیعی، مؤسسه تحقيقات كشاورزي ديم كشور، سازمان تحقيقات آموزش و ترويج كشاورزي، مراغه، ايران.
)
یاسر عظیم زاده
2
(
استاديار بخش خدمات فني و تحقيقاتي، مؤسسه تحقيقات کشاورزي ديم کشور، سازمان تحقيقات آموزش و ترويج كشاورزي، مراغه، ايران.
)
الکلمات المفتاحية: کربن آلي خاک, سلامت خاک, تغيير اقليم, گرمايش جهاني, گازهاي گلخانه‌اي,
ملخص المقالة :
پديده تغيير اقليم يکي از مهم‌ترين چالش‌هاي جهاني بشر در تأمين غذاي کافي و سالم جمعيت روزافزون جهان به شمار مي‌رود. عوامل پيش‌برنده تغيير اقليم مانند افزايش دما، تغيير الگوهاي بارش و افزايش فراواني و شدت رخدادهاي جوي، ويژگي‌هاي خاک را به‌ويژه در بوم‌نظام‌هاي مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک تحت‌تأثير قرار مي‌دهد. اين اثرات مي‌توانند مستقيماً بر رشد و توليد گياهان زراعي اثر بگذارند. ميزان مواد آلي خاک از مهم‌ترين شاخصهاي کيفيت و سلامت خاک است که بسياري از ويژگي‌هاي فيزيکي، شيميايي و زيستي خاک را تحت‌تأثير قرار مي‌دهد و به‌طور مستقيم و غيرمستقيم تحت‌تأثير عوامل اقليمي ازجمله دما و بارندگي قرار مي‌گيرد. از طرف ديگر، تعادل ورود و خروج کربن آلي به خاک بر ميزان دي‌اکسيد کربن اتمسفر و در نتيجه بر گرمايش جهاني و پديده تغيير اقليم مؤثر است. نتايج بسياري از پيش‌بيني‌ها نشان مي‌دهد که در مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک، تغيير اقليم منجر به افزايش دما و کاهش بارندگي خواهد شد. بنابراين، با توجه به اينکه با افزايش دما و کاهش رطوبت، ميزان ماده آلي خاک کاهش مي‌يابد، به نظر مي‌رسد پديده تغيير اقليم اثرات نامطلوبي بر ميزان ماده آلي و فعاليت زيستي خاک و به دنبال آن بر توليد محصول در مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک خواهد گذاشت. لذا بکارگيري راهکارهاي لازم در خصوص تخفيف اين اثرات نامطلوب و سازگاري با شرايط پيش‌رو از اهميت بسزايي برخوردار است. تخفيف به روش‌هايي مربوط مي‌شود که منجر به کاهش انتشار گازهاي گلخانه‌اي به‌ويژه دي‌اکسيد کربن مي‌شود؛ اما هدف از سازگاري ملايم نمودن اثرات غيرقابل اجتناب ناشي از تغيير اقليم است. بر اساس نتايج آزمايش‌هاي مختلف منتشر شده، رعايت اصول سيستم کشاورزي حفاظتي از مهم‌ترين راهکارهاي تخفيف اثرات و سازگاري با پيامدهاي تغيير اقليم در مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک به شمار مي‌رود. با توجه به اين که پديده تغيير اقليم رخدادي اجتناب‌ناپذير بوده و آثار و پيامدهاي نامطلوب آن در زندگي بشر روزبه‌روز بيشتر و شديدتر احساس مي‌شود، لازم است در مديريت منابع خاک، پيش‌آگاهي‌هاي لازم درخصوص نتايج اين پديده بر کيفيت خاک و پتانسيل توليد محصولات کشاورزي به‌ويژه در مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک در نظر گرفته شود.
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