Cultural Planning Strategies for Urban Parks (Case Study: Fateh Garden, Karaj, Iran)
الموضوعات :Mehdi Nilipour 1 , Leila Medghalchi 2 , Morteza Mirgholami 3
1 - Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.
3 - Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.
الکلمات المفتاحية: Fateh Garden, cultural resources, Cultural planning, Urban parks,
ملخص المقالة :
Cultural planning, as a place-based approach, has been used in some cases, but it is less frequently used in urban parks. In this study, an experimental investigation was conducted to explore how cultural planning can be used to identify the cultural resources of Fateh Garden, as one of the most popular parks in Karaj, and the officials and users' approach to its cultural resources to provide recommendations to improve Fateh Garden conditions. This study was based on direct observations of components, activities, events, interviews with the park users and officials, and a focus group discussion. The results revealed that Fateh Garden acts as a thriving urban park with popular cultural resources. Based on the cultural resources of Fateh Garden and the use of creative methods, this study has provided suggestions for improving its situation. The results presented here may also facilitate improvements in other urban parks based on their cultural resources.
Abdi, Z.; Gholami, M.; Reza’ei, R.; Tavana, L. (2018). Sustainable development and expansion of green regions in Karaj and its suburbs using GIS software. Journal of Biochemical Technology, Special Issue (2), 34-43.
ACT Government (2019). Urban open space, municipal infrastructure standards 16. Transport Canberra and city services.
Alexander, C. (1979). The timeless way of building. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Arjmand, R. (2017). Public urban space, gender, and segregation, women-only urban parks in Iran. London, and New York: Routledge.
Bahriny, F. & Bell, C. (2021). Traditional versus modern? Perceptions and preferences of urban park users in Iran. Sustainability, 13(4), 1-27.
Beebe, J. (1995). Basic concepts and techniques of rapid appraisal. Human Organization, 54 (1), 42–51.
Borrup, T. (2021). The power of culture in city planning. Routledge, London, and New York.
Borrup, T. (2019). Cultural planning at 40: The community turn in the arts. Journal of Urban Culture Research, 18, 24-42.
Burgess, J., Harrison, C.M., & Limb, M. (1988). People, parks and the urban green: A study of popular meanings and values for open spaces in the city. Urban Studies, 25, 455-473.
Campbell, L.K., Svendsen, E.S., Sonti, N.F., & Johnson, M.L. (2016). A social assessment of urban parkland: Analyzing park use and meaning to inform management and resilience planning. Environmental Science & Policy, 62 (C), 34-44.
Ekinci, Z., & Sağlam, H. (2016). Meanings and social roles of the republic period urban parks in Ankara. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 610-621.
Ellis, S.M. (2011). "Intangible" cultural resources: values are in the mind. In T.F. King (Eds.), A companion to cultural resource management, (156-171). Blackwell.
Fitzpatrick, A. (2009). Cultural planning as an instrument for locating Ontario provincial parks within the valuable landscape of a community: A case study of Sandbanks Provincial Park in Prince Edward County, Ontario. (Master's thesis). Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Floyd, M.F.; Spengler, J.O.; Maddock, J.E.; Gobster, P.H.; Suau, L.J. (2008a). Park-based physical activity in diverse communities of two U.S. cities, An observational study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(4), 299-305.
Floyd, M.F.; Spengler, J.O.; Maddock, J.E.; Gobster, P.H.; Suau, L. (2008b) Environmental and social correlates of physical activity in neighborhood parks: an observational study in Tampa and Chicago. Leisure Science, 30, 360-375.
Ghilardi, L. (2010). Ambitious and resourceful cultural planners, Noema Research and Planning Ltd.
Ghilardi, L. & Bianchini, F. (2006, October 31).Creative thinking [Conference presentation]. AMAN.
Gunderson, K., & Watson, A. (2007). Understanding place meanings on the Bitterroot National Forest, Montana. Society and Natural Resources, 20(8), 705–721.
Güngör, S. (2016). A research on accessibility of urban parks by disabled person: The case study of Birlik Park, Konya-Turkey. In Efe, R.; Cürebal, İ.; Gad, A.; B. Tóth (Eds.), Environmental sustainability and landscape management (pp. 518-533). St. Kliment Ohridski university press, Sofia.
Hami, A. (2009). Users' Preferences of Usability of Urban Parks in Tabriz, Iran (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia).
Hami, A. & Maruthaveeran, S. (2018). Public perception and perceived landscape function of urban park trees in Tabriz, Iran. Landscape Online, 62, 1- 16.
Hamzenejad, M.; Gorji, F. (2018). Genealogy of Recent Parks of Tehran and Analyzing their Forming Background. Bagh-E Nazar, 14 (55), 29–46.
Harrison, K.D. (2007). When languages die: The extinction of the world's languages and the erosion of human knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Head of Landscape and Green Space Organization of Karaj Municipality, (2020). Retrieved December 24, 2020, from https://www.borna.news/fa/tiny/news-1055327.
Kaczynski, A.T.; Stanis, S.A.; Hastmann, T.J.; Besenyi, G.M. (2012). Variations in observed park physical activity intensity level by gender, race, and age: individual and joint effects. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 8(2), 151-160.
Kamrowska-Załuska, D., Obracht-Prondzyńska, H., Stachura, K. (2021). Urb cultural planning, policy roadmap. Polish Society of Town Planners, b. Gdańsk.
Khakzand, M.; Gorji Mahlabani, Y. and Teymouri Gerdeh, S. (2015). A specific park for women or a public park: Women's preferences and perspectives on using city parks, case study: four parks in Tehran. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 8(14), 45-56.
King, T.F. (2011). A companion to cultural resource management. West Sussex: Blackwell.
Koster, M. (2019). An ethnographic perspective on urban planning in Brazil: temporality, diversity and critical urban theory. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 44(2), 185-199.
Krenichyn, K. (2006). The only place to go and be in the city: women talk about exercise, being outdoors, and the meanings of a large urban park. Health & Place, 12, 631–643.
Landry, C. (2006). The art of city-making. London: Comedia.
Landry, C. (2008). The creative city: a toolkit for urban innovators. London: Comedia.
Lee, Y.C., & Kim, K.H. (2015). Attitudes of citizens towards urban parks and green spaces for urban sustainability: The case of Gyeongsan City, Republic of Korea. Sustainability, 7, 8240-8254.
Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (1995). Urban form and social context: cultural differentiation in the uses of urban parks. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 14 (2), 89–102.
Lusk, K., Park, S., Einstein, K. L., Glick, D.M., Palmer, M., Fox, S. (2020). Urban parks and the public realm: equity & access in post-covid cities. 2020 Menino survey of mayors. Boston University.
Mahdavinejad, M., & Abedi, M. (2012). Evaluation and Comparison of the Meaning and Concepts of Contemporary Urban Parks and Historic Gardens. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, 2(6), 4743–4748.
Main, K. (2013). Planting roots in foreign soil? Immigrant place meanings in an urban park. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 291-304.
Manzo, L.C. (2005). For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(1), 67–86.
McCormack, G.R., Rock, M., Toohey, A.M., & Hignell, D. (2010). Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research. Health & Place, 16, 712–726.
McCormack, G.R.; Rock, M.; Swanson, K.; Burton, L.; Massolo, A. (2014). Physical activity patterns in urban neighbourhood parks: insights from a multiple case study. BMC Public Health, 14, 962-974.
Mercer, C. (2010). A global view: The cultural turn in urban planning. In G. Baeker, (Eds.), Rediscovering the wealth of places: a municipal cultural planning handbook for Canadian communities, St Thomas, Ontario, Municipal World Inc.
Moore, G. & Hopkins, J. (2021). Urban parks and protected areas: on the front lines of a pandemic. Parks, 27, 73-84.
Morse-Kahn, D. (2011). History as a cultural resource. In T.F. King (Eds.), A companion to cultural resource management (pp. 128-140), West Sussex: Blackwell.
Muderrisoglu, H., & Demir, Z. (2004). The relationship between perceived beauty and safety in urban recreation parks. Journal of Applied Science, 4(1), 72-77.
Özgüner, H. (2011). Cultural differences in attitudes towards urban parks and green spaces. Landscape Research, 36(5), 599–620.
Papazoglou, G. (2019). Society and culture: Cultural policies driven by local authorities as a factor in local development-The example of the Municipality of Xanthi-Greece. Heritage, 2, 2625–2639.
Park, K. (2017) Psychological park accessibility: a systematic literature review of perceptual components affecting park use, Landscape Research, 42(5), 508-520.
Perley, B.C. (2011). Language as an integrated cultural resource. In T.F. King (Eds.), A companion to cultural resource management (pp. 203-220), West Sussex: Blackwell.
Peters, K. (2010). Being together in urban parks: Connecting public space, leisure, and diversity. Leisure Sciences, 32, 418–433.
Peters, K., & De Haan, H. (2011). Everyday spaces of inter-ethnic interaction: The meaning of urban public spaces in the Netherlands. Leisure/Loisir, 35(2), 169-190.
Rall, E.L., Haase, D. (2011). Creative intervention in a dynamic city: a sustainability assessment of an interim use strategy for brownfields in Leipzig, Germany. Landscape Urban Planning, 100 (3), 189–201.
Redaelli, E. (2013). Assessing a place in cultural planning: A framework for American local governments, Cultural Trends, 22(1), 30–44.
Statistical Center of Iran, (2018). Results of the 2016 national population and housing census, Retrieved February 14, 2020, from https://www.amar.org.ir/
Stewart, W. (2006). Community‐based place meanings for park planning. Leisure/Loisir, 30(2), 405-416.
Taplin, D.H., Scheld, S., & Low, S.M. (2002). Rapid ethnographic assessment in urban parks: A case study of Independence National Historical Park. Human Organization, 61(1), 80-93.
The Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts, (2006). List of intangible cultural heritage of Iran. Retrieved March 23, 2020, from https://www.mcth.ir/.
Van Hulst, M., Koster, M. and Vermeulen, J. (2015). Ethnographic research. In Bearfield, D.A., Berman, E.M., Dubnick, M. J. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of public administration and public policy. Boca Raton: Routledge.
Vaughan, C.A., Colabianchi, N., Hunter, G.P., Beckman, R., & Dubowitz, T. (2018). Park use in low-income urban neighborhoods: Who uses the parks and why?. Urban Health, 95(2), 222-231.
Willow, A.J. (2011). Culturally significant natural resources: Where nature and culture meet. In T.F. King (Eds.), A companion to cultural resource management. West Sussex: Blackwell.
Wynveen, C. J., Kyle, G.T., & Sutton, S.G. (2010). Place meanings ascribed to marine settings: The case of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Leisure Sciences, 32, 270–287.
Yazdani, N. (2015). Linking ideology, habitus, and landscape; Traditional and contemporary uses of gardens and parks in Iran. Anthropology of the Middle East, 10(2), 64–82.
Yazdani, N. (2018). Meanings of urban park landscapes as insiders and outsiders. Landscape History, 39 (1), 103-120.