تبیین روشی جهت سنجش و افزایش میزان تاب‌آوری شهری به تغییرات اقلیمی بر پایه اصول اکولوژی سیمای سرزمین در مقیاس محله شهری (مطالعه موردی: محله یوسف‌آباد تهران)
الموضوعات :
المیرا شیرگیر
1
,
مصطفی بهزادفر
2
,
رضا خیرالدین
3
1 - پژوهشگر دکتری، شهرسازی، دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران.
2 - استاد، شهرسازی، دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران.
3 - دانشیار، شهرسازی، دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران
الکلمات المفتاحية: مقیاس محله شهری, تاب‌آوری اقلیمی, اکولوژی سیمای سرزمین, زیرساخت‌های سبز شهری, محله یوسف‌آباد شهر تهران,
ملخص المقالة :
تاب‌آوری اقلیمی، به تاب‌آوری شهرها به تغییرات اقلیمی گویند. نقش زیرساخت‌های سبز شهری به‌عنوان یکی از عوامل ایجاد سازگاری با تغییرات اقلیمی برای بهبود تاب‌آوری اقلیمی در شهرها محرز شده است. این سؤال مطرح است که چگونه و بر اساس کدام ویژگی‌های زیرساخت‌های سبز می‌توان وضعیت تاب‌آوری اقلیمی را در یک شهر مورد ارزیابی و تحلیل قرار داد؟. درنتیجه، از اصول و تئوری‌های اکولوژی سیمای سرزمین و برقراری ارتباط بین این اصول با زیرساخت‌های سبز در شهرها، استفاده شد. ارتباط برقرارشده در محله یوسف‌آباد شهر تهران با استفاده از عکس هوایی، بازدید میدانی و تهیه نقشه‌های پایه و تحلیلی با نرم‌افزار GIS، به‌صورت کیفی مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند و فاکتورهای مؤثر در سنجش و ارزیابی میزان تاب‌آوری اقلیمی در شهرها با استفاده از زیرساخت‌های سبز شهری و بر پایه علم اکولوژی منظر به دست آمد.
Adhya, A. (2010). Definitions sustainable urbanism: towards a responsive urban design. Conference Paper, Conference on Technology & Sustainability in the Built Environment, At King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
Asian Development Bank. (2014). Urban climate change resilience: A synopsis, DB Annual report, Retrieved on July 2020 from https://www.adb.org/documents/adb-annual-report-2009.
Birkman, J., Garschagen, M., Kraas, F., & Quang, N. (2010). Adaptive urban governance: new challenges for the second generation of urban adaptation strategies to climate change, Sustainability science online Journal, 5,185–206 DOI 10.1007/s11625-010-0111-3.
Byrne, J.A., Matthews, T., & Lo, A. (2015). Reconceptualizing green infrastructure for climate change adaptation: Barriers to adaptation and drivers for uptake by spatial planners, Journal of landscape and urban planning, 138,155-163.
Childers, D. L., & Cadenasso, M.L. (2015). An ecology for cities: A transformational nexus of design and ecology to advance climate change resilience and urban sustainability. Journal of Sustainability, 7(4), 3774-3791, Doi.org/10.3390/su7043774.
Clark, W. (2010). Principles of Landscape Ecology. Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), 34,210-213.
Connell, R., Shaw, R., & Colley, M. (2017). Climate change adaptation by design: a guide for sustainable communities. London: TCPA.
Coutts, A., & Harris, R. (2013). Urban Heat Island Report: 'A multi-scale assessment of urban heating in Melbourne during an extreme heat event and policy approaches for adaptation, Melbourne, Australia, Published by VCCCAR, 146.
Dayland, A,. & Brown, A. (2012). From practice to theory: emerging lessons from Asia for building urban climate change resilience, E-Journal of Environment and urbanization, 24(2):531-556, Doi.org/10.1177/0956247812456490.
Demuzere, M., Orru, K., Heidrich, O., & Olazabal, E. (2014). Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multi-functional and multi scale assessment of green urban infrastructure, Journal of Environmental management, 146, 107-115.
Ducuy, P., & Nakagoshi, N. (2008). Application of land suitability analysis and landscape ecology to urban green space planning in Hanoi, Vietnam, Journal of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 7(1), 25-40, Doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2007.09.002.
Fahrig, L. (1997).Relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction. Journal of Wildlife Management: 61, 603–610.
Forman, R.T.T., & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape ecology, University of Minnesota: Wiley.
Forman, R.T.T. (1995). Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology, Landscape ecology,, 10, 133-142.
Fortin, M. J., & Dale, M. R. T. (2016). Spatial Analysis: A Guide for Ecologists. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press.
Foster, J. Lowe, A., Winkelman, S., & Foster, J. (2015). The value of green infrastructure for urban climate adaptation, Center for clean air policy, Retrieved on March 2019 from www.ccap.org.
Galderisi, A., & Ferrara, F. F. (2012). Enhancing urban resilience in face of climate change: a methodological approach. TeMA-Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 5(2), 69-88.
Galderisi, A. (2014). Climate adaptation challenges and opportunities for smart urban growth, Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 7(1), 43-67, DOI: 10.6092/1970-9870/2265.
Gill, S.E. Handley, J.F., & Ennos, A.R. (2007). Adapting cities for climate change: the role of green infrastructure, E-Journal of Built Environment, 33(1). 115-133. DOI: 10.2148/benv.33.1.115.
Haddad, N. M., & Bowne, D. R. (2003). Corridor use by diverse taxa. Ecology, 84(3), 609–615.
Houghton, R. A. (1995), Land-use change and the carbon cycle, Journal of Global change biology, 1(4),275-287, Doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00026.x22.
IPCC. (2008). Climate change and water, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO, UNEP.
Koc, C.B., Osmond, P., & Peters, A. (2016). A Green Infrastructure Typology Matrix to Support Urban Microclimate Studies, 4th International Conference on Countermeasures to Urban Heat Island (UHI), Journal of Procedia Engineering, 169, 183 – 190.
Koc, C.B., Osmond, P., & Peters, A. (2019). Mapping and classifying green infrastructure typologies for climate-related studies based on remote sensing data. Journal of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 37, 154–167.
Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate change and urban resilience, Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 3(3) 164-168, Doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.014.
Leuzinger, S., Vogt, R., & Körner, C. (2010). Tree surface temperature inan urban environment. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150(1): 56–62. Doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.08.006.
McGarigal, K., & Urban, D. (2001). Introduction to Landscape Ecology, Landscape Ecology course notes, Duke University.
Miller, N., Condon, P.M., & Cavens, D. (2009). Urban planning tools for climate change mitigation, MA, USA: Lincoln Institute of Land policy.
Mishra, P. K. (2017). Socio-economic Impacts of Climate Change in Odisha: Issues, Challenges and Policy Options. Journal of Climate Change, 3(1), 93-107, DOI: 10.3233/JCC-170009.
Norton, B. A., Coutts, A., Livesly S.J., & Haris R.J. (2015). Planning for cooler cities: A framework to priorities green infrastructure to mitigate high temperatures in urban landscapes, E-Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 134, 127–138, DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.018.
Oliver, T. H., & Morecroft, D. (2014). Interactions between climate change and land use change on biodiversity: attribution problems, risks, and opportunities, Journal of WIRES Climate change, 5(3), 317-335. Doi.org/10.1002/wcc.271.
Pataki, D.E. (2011). Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: Ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions. E-Journal of Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(1): 27-36. Doi.org/10.1890/090220.
Schipper, E. L. F. (2007). Climate change adaptation and development: Exploring the linkages. Norwich, UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
Sheikhi, S. (2016). Integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation with urban planning for a livable city in Tehran. Unpolished Ph.D. thesis at Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.
Shirgir, E., Kheyroddin, R., & Behzadfar., M. A. (2019). Developing Strategic Principles of Intervention in Urban Green Infrastructure to Create and Enhance Climate Resilience in Cities—Case Study: Yousef Abad in Tehran, Journal of Climate change, 5(1), 61-73. DOI 10.3233/JCC190007.
Shirgir, E., Kheyroddin, R., & Behzadfar, M. B. (2019). Defining urban green infrastructure role in analysis of climate resilience in cities based on landscape ecology principles. TeMA. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 12 (3), 227-247. Doi:10.6092/1970-9870/6250.
_||_