ارزیابی نقش سرمایه های روستایی در شکل گیری و پایداری کسب و کارهای گردشگری(مطالعه موردی: روستاهای هدف گردشگری استان زنجان)
سیده سمیرا موسوی
1
(
کارشناسی ارشد گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران
)
فرهاد جوان
2
(
استادیار گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکده میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
)
جمشید عینالی
3
(
دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران
)
الکلمات المفتاحية: سرمایه‌های روستایی, گردشگری روستایی, پایداری, کسب و کار, زنجان.,
ملخص المقالة :
گردشگری روستایی به‌عنوان یکی از راهبردهای مهم توسعه پایدار، زمینه‌ساز رشد اقتصادی، حفظ فرهنگ‌های محلی و بهبود کیفیت زندگی در مناطق روستایی است. بهره‌گیری از سرمایه‌های روستایی نقش کلیدی در شکل‌گیری، توسعه و پایداری کسب‌وکارهای خرد گردشگری دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش سرمایه‌های روستایی در شکل‌گیری، توسعه و پایداری کسب‌وکارهای خرد گردشگری در روستاهای هدف استان زنجان انجام شده است. پژوهش حاضر توصیفی - تحلیلی و نوع آن از نظر هدف، کاربردی است. برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از روش‌های اسنادی و میدانی استفاده شده است. جامعه نمونه 8 روستای هدف گردشگری در استان زنجان است و از مجموع 8812 خانوار ساکن در نقاط روستایی نمونه، با فرمول کوکران، حجم نمونه 327 خانوار محاسبه و این افراد با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفي انتخاب شدند. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل دادههای پژوهش از آزمون‌های آماری مختلف نظیر t تک نمونه‌ای، تحلیل خوشه‌ای، همگونی کای دو، همبستگی اسپیرمن، رگرسیون خطی و آزمون ناپارامتری کروسکال-والیس استفاده گردید. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که سرمایه‌های طبیعی، ساخته‌شده (فیزیکی) و مالی بیشترین تأثیر را در شکل‌گیری و پایداری کسب‌وکارهای خرد گردشگری داشته‌اند. همچنین، بین شاخص سرمایه‌های روستایی و کسب‌وکارهای گردشگری رابطه معناداری در سطح 99 درصد مشاهده شد. روستاهای سوکهریز، شیت و درسجین به ترتیب از نظر سرمایه‌های انسانی و نهادی، طبیعی، و مالی-اجتماعی، در رتبه‌های بالاتری نسبت به سایر روستاهای نمونه قرار دارند.
Adamov, T.; Iancu, T.; Pet, E.; Popescu, G.; S, muleac, L.; Feher, A.; Ciolac, R. (2023). Rural Tourism in Marginimea Sibiului Area—A Possibility of Capitalizing on Local Resources. Sustainability, 15, 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010241
Altinay, L., Sigala, M. and Waligo, V. (2016), “Social value creation through tourism enterprise”, Tourism Management, Vol. 54, pp. 404-417.
Ancuța, C., & Jucu, I. S. (2023). Sustainable rural development through local cultural heritage capitalization—analyzing the cultural tourism potential in rural Romanian Areas: A case study of Hărman Commune of Brașov Region in Romania. Land, 12(7), 1297.
Beddington, A. (1999). Capitals and capabilities: A framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty. World Development, 27(12), 2021–2044.
Bosworth, G., & Turner, R. (2018). Interrogating the meaning of a rural business through a rural capitals framework. Journal of rural studies, 60, 1-10.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. Westport: Greenwood (pp. 241–58).
Călina, J.; Călina, A. (2021). Analsysis of the indicators characterizing the activity of rural tourism and agrituorusim in Valcea County from the perspective of total quality. Sci. Pap. Ser. Manag. Econ. Eng. Agric. Rural Dev., 21, 101–110.
Castelli, C., Comincioli, N., Ferrante, C., & Pontarollo, N. (2024). Tangible, intangible assets and labour productivity growth. Journal of Economic Studies, 51(9), 272-289.
Castle, E. (1998) “A conceptual framework for the study of rural places”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80, pp. 621-631
Ciolac, R.; Iancu, T.; Brad, I.; Adamov, T.; Mateoc-Sîrb, N. (2021). Agritourism—A Business Reality of the Moment for Romanian Rural Area’s Sustainability. Sustainability, 13, 6313.
Coleman, J. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
Corrado, C., Haskel, J., Jona-Lasinio, C., & Iommi, M. (2022). Intangible capital and modern economies. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36(3), 3-28.
Courtney, P., & Moseley, M. (2008). Determinants of local economic performance: Experience from rural England. Local Economy, 23(4), 305–318.
Cresswell, T. (2019). Place. In A. Kobayashi (Ed.), International encyclopedia of human geography (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Ćurčić, N., Mirković Svitlica, A., Brankov, J., Bjeljac, Ž., Pavlović, S., & Jandžiković, B. (2021). The role of rural tourism in strengthening the sustainability of rural areas: The case of Zlakusa village. Sustainability, 13(12), 6747.
Curry, N., & Owen, S. (2009). Rural planning in England: A critique of current policy. Town Planning Review, 80(6), 575–597.
Eimermann, M. (2016). Two sides of the same coin: Dutch rural tourism entrepreneurs and countryside capital in Sweden. Rural Society, 25(1), 55-73. DOI:10.1080/10371656.2016.1152033
Einali, J. , mohammadi yeganeh, B. , Ghasemloo, H. and Bigdeli, A. (2021). Evaluation of the Role of Tourism in the Development of Rural Entrepreneurship, Case Study: Villages Located in Zanjan-Abbar Connection Axis. Geography (Regional Planning), 11(42), 167-183. 20.1001.1.22286462.1400.11.2.9.9 [In Persian].
Einali, J., Bigdeli, A., Rabet, A., & Boueini, M. T. (2022). Rural Community Capital Framework and Its Role in Tourism Development (Case Study: Target Villages of Abhar Township). Regional Planning, 12(46), 127-143. doi: 10.30495/jzpm.2021.24357.3596[In Persian].
Einali, J., Bigdeli, A., Rabet, A., & Boueini, M. T. (2022). Rural Community Capital Framework and Its Role in Tourism Development (Case Study: Target Villages of Abhar Township). Regional Planning, 12(46), 127-143.
Einali, J., mohammadi yeganeh, B., Ghasemloo, H. and Bigdeli, A. (2021). Evaluation of the Role of Tourism in the Development of Rural Entrepreneurship, Case Study: Villages Located in Zanjan-Abbar Connection Axis. Geography (Regional Planning), 11(42), 167-183.
Emery, M., & Flora, C. (2020). Spiraling-up: Mapping community transformation with community capitals framework. In 50 Years of Community Development Vol I (pp. 163-179). Routledge.
Gallent, N., & Gkartzios, M. (2019). Defining rurality and the scope of rural planning. In
M. Scott, N. Gallent, & M. Gkartzios (Eds.), The routledge companion to rural planning
(pp. 17–27). London: Routledge.
Gao, J. and Wu, B. (2017). Revitalizing traditional villages through rural tourism: A case study of Yuanjia Village, Shaanxi Province, China. Tourism Management. Elsevier Ltd, 63, pp. 223–233.
Garrod, B., Wornell, R., & Youell, R. (2006). Re-conceptualising rural resources as countryside capital: The case of rural tourism. Journal of rural studies, 22(1), 117-128.
Ghadiri Masom M, Khorasani M A, Torkashvand Z, Amidi S.(2021). Identifying and Prioritizing the Drivers for Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Areas of Iran. Space economy and rural development; 10 (37) :21-40. 20.1001.1.23222131.1400.10.37.1.3 [In Persian]
Ghadiri Masoom, M., Khorasani, M. A., Torkashvand, Z. and Amidi, S. (2021) Identifying and prioritizing the drivers of entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Iran. Quarterly Journal of Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 10(37), 21-40.
Gkartzios, M., Gallent, N., & Scott, M. (2022). A capitals framework for rural areas:‘Place-planning’the global countryside. Habitat International, 127, 102625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2022.102625
Gumbau-Albert, M. (2024). Understanding the Impact of Intangible Capital on Entrepreneurship at the Regional Level. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(3), 11063-11089.
Guo, Y. and Hou, X. (2022), “The effects of job crafting on tour leaders’ work engagement the mediating role of person-job fit and meaningfulness of work”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 34 No. 5, pp. 1649-1667.
Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y. and Zheng, C. (2018), “Examining the relationship between social capital and community residents’ perceived resilience in tourism destinations”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 26 No. 6, pp. 973-986.
Guo, Y., Zhu, L., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Tourism entrepreneurship in rural destinations: measuring the effects of capital configurations using the fsQCA approach. Tourism Review, 78(3), 834-848. DOI 10.1108/TR-07-2022-0333
Henao Garcı´a, E.A., Galia, F. and Velez-Ocampo, J. (2022), “Understanding the impact of well-being on entrepreneurship in the context of emerging economies”, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 158-182.
Huang, Y., Feng, M., & Li, X. (2025). Not Just Survive, But Thrive: Examining Livelihood Capital, Poverty Reduction, and Sustainable Development in Ethnic Tourism Destinations. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 66(2), 225-244.
Inigo, E. A., & Albareda, L. (2019). Sustainability oriented innovation dynamics: Levels of dynamic capabilities and their path-dependent and self-reinforcing logics. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 139, 334-351.
Javan, F. (2021). The Explantion of Tourism Benefits System Distribution Rezvanshahr Rural Area. Village and Space Sustainable Development, 2(2), 69-94. doi: 10.22077/vssd.2021.4838.1050[In Persian].
Javan, F. and Barzegar, S. (2024). Explanation of the key drivers affecting the realization of community-oriented tourism in the development of peri-urban villages in Rasht metropolis.. Preipheral Urban Spaces Development, 6(4), 37-54. doi: 10.22034/jpusd.2025.488032.1323[In Persian].
Javan, F. and Pourgharib, B. (2024). Assessing the Impact of English Language Proficiency in Host Communities on the Sustainability of Rural Tourism(A Case Study of Villages in Gilan Province, Northern Iran). journal of sustainable rural development, 8(1), 119-130. doi: 10.22034/jsrd.2024.458005.1187
Jia, Z., Gao, M., Xu, S., Lyu, Y., Feng, J., Zhou, Z., ... & Wu, W. (2021). Sociocultural vitality versus regulation policy and tourism development in preservation of traditional rural landscape: a case from Guizhou, China. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 28(2), 179-192.
Kallmuenzer, A., Baptista, R., Kraus, S., Ribeiro, A.S., Cheng, C. and Westhead, P. (2021), “Entrepreneurs’ human capital resources and tourism firm sales growth: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis”, Tourism Management Perspectives, Vol. 38, p. 100801.
Kline, C. (2017). Applying the community capitals framework to the craft heritage trails of western North Carolina, Journal of Heritage Tourism, 12(5): Heritage Trails and Tourism
Kumar, S., & Valeri, M. (2022). Understanding the relationship among factors influencing rural tourism: a hierarchical approach. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 35(2), 385-407.
Lapping, M. B., & Scott, M. (2019). The evolution of rural planning in the Global North. In M. Scott, N. Gallent, & M. Gkartzios (Eds.), The routledge companion to rural planning (pp. 28–45). London: Routledge.
Liu, C., Dou, X., Li, J., & Cai, L. A. (2020). Analyzing government role in rural tourism development: An empirical investigation from China. Journal of Rural Studies, 79, 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.046
Liu, H., Zhang, H., Xu, Y., & Xue, Y. (2024). Decision-making mechanism of farmers in land transfer processes based on sustainable livelihood analysis framework: A study in rural China. Land, 13(5), 640.
Loison, S. A. (2019). Household livelihood diversification and gender: Panel evidence from rural Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies, 69, 156-172.
Ma, X., Wang, R., Dai, M. and Ou, Y. (2021), “The influence of culture on the sustainable livelihoods of households in rural tourism destinations”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 29 No. 8, pp. 1235-1252.
Maczulskij, T., & Viinikainen, J. (2023). Self-confidence predicts entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial success. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 19, e00382.
Madanaguli, A., Kaur, P., Bresciani, S. and Dhir, A. (2021), “Entrepreneurship in rural hospitality and tourism. A systematic literature review of past achievements and future promises”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 33 No. 8, pp. 2521-2558.
Mahfud, T., Triyono, M.B., Sudira, P. and Mulyani, Y. (2020), “The influence of social capital and entrepreneurial attitude orientation on entrepreneurial intentions: the mediating role of psychological capital”, European Research on Management and Business Economics, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 33-39.
McClinchey, K. A., & Carmichael, B. A. (2010). The role and meaning of place in cultural festival visitor experiences. The tourism and leisure experience. Consumer and managerial perspectives, 59-80.
Moradi H, Javan F, Amraei S, Beiranvandrad M.(2021). The Impact of Rural Entrepreneurship on Urban Peripheral Spaces Development of Kermanshah County. Space economy and rural development, 9 (34), 63-82. [In Persian]
Morgan, O. (2023). Belonging and connecting: the value of social and cultural capitals within the UK hill farming community (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cumbria).
Naim Abadi, N. , Javan, F. and Hojjat Shamami, S. (2023). Rural tourism and its economy on local communities(Case of study: tourist villages of Razvanshahr County). Economic Geography Research, 4(13), 18-31. [In Persian].
Nasr, M. A., & Eissa, N. (2025). Rural and Urban Pollution. Epidemiology and Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary Public Health, 405-414.
Natarajan, L. (2019). Planning for rural communities and major renewable energy infrastructure. In M. Scott, N. Gallent, & M. Gkartzios (Eds.), The routledge companion to rural planning (pp. 548–556). London: Routledge.
Natarajan, N., Newsham, A., Rigg, J., & Suhardiman, D. (2022). A sustainable livelihoods framework for the 21st century. World Development, 155, Article 105898.
Ngo, T. T., & Vu, T. H. (2025). The impacts of psychological capital, risk-taking propensity, and entrepreneurial competence on the sustainability performance of SMEs. Cogent Business & Management, 12(1), 2466810.
Obermayer, N., Kővári, E., Leinonen, J., Bak, G., & Valeri, M. (2022). How social media practices shape family business performance: the wine industry case study. European Management Journal, 40(3), 360-371.
Philip, J., Newman, J., Bifelt, J., Brooks, C., & Rivkin, I. (2022). Role of social, cultural and symbolic capital for youth and community wellbeing in a rural Alaska Native community. Children and youth services review, 137, 106459.
Popescu, G.; Popescu, C.A.; Iancu, T.; Brad, I.; Pet, E.; Adamov, T.; Ciolac, R. (2022). Sustainability through Rural Tourism in Moieciu Area-Development Analysis and Future Proposals. Sustainability, 14, 4221.
Ratten, V. (2018), “Entrepreneurial intentions of surf tourists”, Tourism Review, Vol. 73 No. 2, pp. 262-276.
Ratten, V. (2020a), “Tourism entrepreneurship research: a perspective article”, Tourism Review, Vol. 75 No. 1, pp. 122-125.
Ratten, V. (2020b), “Coronavirus (covid-19) and social value co-creation”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 42 Nos 3/4, pp. 222-231.
Ray, C. (2006) “Neo Endogenous Rural Development in the EU”, Ch 19 in P. Cloke, T. Marsden and P. Mooney (eds) Handbook of Rural Studies, Sage, London
Riahi, V. , Javan, F. and Sheikhkanlu Milan, O. (2020). Analysis of the Effects of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund on the Economic Development of Rural Settlements (Case Study: Khoy County). Rural Development Strategies, 7(3), 267-285. doi: 10.22048/rdsj.2021.266215.1906[In Persian].
Scott, M. (2023). Spatial planning and rural quality of life. In P. H. Johansen, A. Tietjen, E. B. Iversen, H. L Lolle, & J. K. Fisker (Eds.), Rural quality of life. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Sendra-Pons, P., Comeig, I., & Mas-Tur, A. (2022). Institutional factors affecting entrepreneurship: A QCA analysis. European research on management and business economics, 28(3), 100187.
Shucksmith, M. (2018). Re-Imagining the rural: From rural idyll to good countryside. Journal of Rural Studies, 59, 163–172.
Singgalen, Y. A., Sasongko, G., & Wiloso, P. G. (2019). Ritual capital for rural livelihood and sustainable tourism development in Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 25(2), 115-115.
Souca, M. L. (2020). Revitalizing rural tourism through creative tourism: The role and importance of the local community. Marketing–from Information to Decision Journal, 2(2), 43-50. DOI: 10.2478/midj-2019-0009
Stone, M. T., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2018). Protected areas, wildlife-based community tourism and community livelihoods dynamics: Spiraling up and down of community capitals. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(2), 307-324.
Su, M. M. et al. (2019). Livelihood sustainability in a rural tourism destination - Hetu Town, Anhui Province, China. Tourism Management. Elsevier, 71(October 2018), pp. 272–281.
Tonts, M. (2020). Developmentalism, path dependence and multifunctionality: Reflections on Australian rural planning cultures. Planning Theory & Practice, 21(5), 776–782.
Trono, A. (2019). Designing cultural tourism experiences as a self-reinforcing system. In Creating and Managing Experiences in Cultural Tourism (pp. 121-136).
Tu, S.; Long, H.; Zhang, Y.; Ge, D.; Qu, Y. (2018). Rural restructuring at village level under rapid urbanization in metropolitan suburbs of China and its implications for innovations in land use policy. Habitat Int., 77, 143–152.
Ubels, H., Bock, B., & Haartsen, T. (2020). Non‐engagement of mid‐aged and elderly residents in rural civic livability initiatives. Rural sociology, 85(3), 730-756.
Valeri, M. and Baggio, R. (2021), “Italian tourism intermediaries: a social network analysis exploration”, Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 24 No. 9, pp. 1270-1283.
Wang, R., Zhou, H., & Wang, L. (2022). The influence of psychological capital and social capital on the entrepreneurial performance of the new generation of entrepreneurs. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 832682.
Ward, N., Atterton, J., Kim,T-Y., Lowe, P., Phillipson, J. and Thompson, N. (2005) Universities, the Knowledge Economy and ‘Neo-endogenous Rural Development’. Centre for Rural Economy, Newcastle University
Wijijayanti, T., Agustina, Y., Winarno, A., Istanti, L. N., & Dharma, B. A. (2020). Rural tourism: A local economic development. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 14(1), 5-13. doi:10.14453/aabfj.v14i1.2
Yi, X., Xixi, T., & Lu, P. (2022). Difference of farmers’ livelihood capital before and after rural tourism development. Computational intelligence and neuroscience, 2022(1), 4138220.
Zheng, J., He, J., & Tang, H. (2022). The vitality of public space and the effects of environmental factors in Chinese suburban rural communities based on tourists and residents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 263.
