Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor Technology for the Real-Time Monitoring and Preservation of Ancient Sites and Artifacts
الموضوعات :
Mahyar Radak
1
,
Anita Akhgar
2
1 - Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
2 - Department of Archaeology, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Fiber Optic Sensors, Cultural Heritage Preservation, Distributed Acoustic Sensing, Michelson Interferometer, Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, Archaeological Site Security,
ملخص المقالة :
The preservation of invaluable cultural heritage assets, including ancient artifacts and historical sites, remains a critical global concern. Existing perimeter protection methods, such as CCTV systems, infrared sensors, and conventional surveillance technologies, often exhibit significant limitations in terms of spatial coverage, sensitivity to subtle intrusions, and adaptability to varying environmental conditions. This paper presents an innovative and highly effective solution utilizing fiber optic sensor (FOS) technology, which offers numerous advantages, including lightweight construction, immunity to electromagnetic interference, ease of installation, high sensitivity, and reliable performance across a broad range of applications. Specifically, the study introduces novel designs for distributed acoustic FOS systems based on Michelson, Mach-Zehnder, and Sagnac interferometric configurations. Through comprehensive theoretical analysis, simulation modeling, and experimental validation, the research explores their practical utility in protecting cultural heritage. Two detailed case studies—focused on the Louvre Museum in France and the ancient archaeological site of Persepolis in Iran—demonstrate the implementation, functionality, and real-world efficacy of the proposed systems. The findings highlight how these FOS networks, particularly when combined with advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, can effectively detect, classify, and localize human-induced acoustic disturbances such as walking or digging, while minimizing false alarms caused by environmental noise. This enhanced discrimination capability not only improves overall security but also significantly reduces the need for extensive human surveillance. Moreover, these systems enable precise, continuous, and real-time 24-hour monitoring over vast indoor and outdoor areas. In conclusion, the integration of FOS technology offers a scalable, intelligent, and transformative approach to addressing the complex and evolving challenges associated with the long-term preservation and protection of cultural heritage sites around the world.
1. Hong, X., Wu, J., Zuo, C., Liu, F., Guo, H., & Xu, K. (2011). Dual Michelson interferometers for distributed vibration detection. Applied optics, 50(22), 4333-4338.
2. Hernández-Serrano, A. I., Salceda-Delgado, G., Moreno-Hernández, D., Martínez-Ríos, A., & Monzón-Hernández, D. (2013). Robust optical fiber bending sensor to measure frequency of vibration. Optics and lasers in Engineering, 51(9), 1102-1105.
3. Vakoc, B. J., Digonnet, M. J., Kino, G. S., & Fellow, L. (1999). A novel fiber-optic sensor array based on the Sagnac interferometer. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 17(11), 2316.
4. Lee, B. H., Kim, Y. H., Park, K. S., Eom, J. B., Kim, M. J., Rho, B. S., & Choi, H. Y. (2012). Interferometric fiber optic sensors. sensors, 12(3), 2467-2486.
5. Allwood, G., Wild, G., & Hinckley, S. (2016). Optical fiber sensors in physical intrusion detection systems: A review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(14), 5497-5509.
6. Juarez, J. C., Maier, E. W., Choi, K. N., & Taylor, H. F. (2005). Distributed fiber-optic intrusion sensor system. Journal of lightwave technology, 23(6), 2081-2087.
7. Bucaro, J. A., Dardy, H. D., & Carome, E. F. (1977). Optical fiber acoustic sensor. Applied optics, 16(7), 1761-1762.
8. da Silva, L. B. (2014). Optical sensors for acoustic detection, Thesis, University of Porto.
9. Teixeira, J. G., Leite, I. T., Silva, S., & Frazão, O. (2014). Advanced fiber-optic acoustic sensors. Photonic sensors, 4, 198-208.
10. Lagakos, N., Hickman, T. R., Ehrenfeuchter, P., Bucaro, J. A., & Dandridge, A. (1990). Planar flexible fiber-optic acoustic sensors. Journal of lightwave technology, 8(9), 1298-1303.
11. Chen, N. K., Hsieh, Y. H., & Lee, Y. K. (2013). Tapered fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers for vibration and elasticity sensing applications. Optics Express, 21(9), 11209-11214.
12. Chen, Q., Liu, T., Liu, K., Jiang, J., Shen, Z., Ding, Z., ... & Ma, C. (2015). An improved positioning algorithm with high precision for dual Mach–Zehnder interferometry disturbance sensing system. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 33(10), 1954-1960.
13. Liang, S., Sheng, X., Lou, S., Wang, P., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Novel Lissajous figure based location method for fiber-optic distributed disturbance sensor. Optik, 126(23), 4362-4366.
14. Imai, M., Ohashi, T., & Ohtsuka, Y. (1981). High-sensitive all-fiber Michelson interferometer by use of differential output configuration. Optics Communications, 39(1-2), 7-10.
15. Liu, X., Jin, B., Bai, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, D., & Wang, Y. (2016). Distributed fiber-optic sensors for vibration detection. Sensors, 16(8), 1164.
16. Murphy, K. A., Gunther, M. F., Vengsarkar, A. M., & Claus, R. O. (1991). Quadrature phase-shifted, extrinsic Fabry–Perot optical fiber sensors. Optics letters, 16(4), 273-275.
17. Hill, K. O., Fujii, Y., Johnson, D. C., & Kawasaki, B. S. (1978). Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication. Applied physics letters, 32(10), 647-649.
18. Seo, D. C., Yoon, D. J., Kwon, I. B., & Lee, S. S. (2009, April). Sensitivity enhancement of fiber optic FBG sensor for acoustic emission. In Nondestructive Characterization for Composite Materials, Aerospace Engineering, Civil Infrastructure, and Homeland Security 2009 (Vol. 7294, pp. 285-294). SPIE.
19. Kirkendall, C. K., & Dandridge, A. (2004). Overview of high performance fibre-optic sensing. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 37(18), R197.
20. Pal, B. P. (Ed.). (1992). Fundamentals of fibre optics in telecommunication and sensor systems. Bohem press.
21. Hartog, A. H. (2017). An introduction to distributed optical fibre sensors. CRC press.
22. Hocker, G. B. (1979). Fiber-optic sensing of pressure and temperature. Applied optics, 18(9), 1445-1448.
23. Del Villar, I., & Matias, I. R. (Eds.). (2020). Optical Fibre Sensors: Fundamentals for Development of Optimized Devices. John Wiley & Sons.
24. Chtcherbakov, A. A., Swart, P. L., Spammer, S. J., & Lacquet, B. M. (1999). Modified Sagnac/Mach–Zehnder interferometer for distributed disturbance sensing. Microwave and optical technology letters, 20(1), 34-36.
25. Juarez, J. C., & Taylor, H. F. (2007). Field test of a distributed fiber-optic intrusion sensor system for long perimeters. Applied optics, 46(11), 1968-1971.
26. Sun, Q., Liu, D., Liu, H., & Shum, P. (2007, November). Distributed fiber-optic sensor with a ring Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In Passive Components and Fiber-based Devices IV (Vol. 6781, pp. 984-991). SPIE.
27. Tu, D., Xie, S., Jiang, Z., & Zhang, M. (2012, November). Ultra long distance distributed fiber-optic system for intrusion detection. In Advanced Sensor Systems and Applications V (Vol. 8561, pp. 354-359). SPIE.
