التهاب گوش میانی در گوساله: مقاله مروری
الموضوعات :
1 -
الکلمات المفتاحية: ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ, اﻟﺘﻬﺎب ﮔﻮش ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ, ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ, ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻨﯽ, درﻣﺎن و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل .,
ملخص المقالة :
التهاب گوش میانی در بسیاری از دام‌ها به ویژه گونة گاو رخ می‌دهد. عمده‌ترین عوامل مسبب التهاب گوش میانی در گوسالهها باکتری‌ها هستند. التهاب گوش میانی می‌تواند به صورت تک گیر ویا همه گیری رخ دهد. سن و تغذیه از شیر دو فاکتور خطر مهم برای وقوع التهاب گوش میانی در گوسالهها هستند. باکتری‌های مسبب التهاب گوش میانی از سه طریق به گوش میانی می‌رسند: 1. از طریق کانال گوش خارجی 2. از طریق شیپور استاش و حلق 3. از طریق خون (هماتوژن). نشانه‌های بالینی شامل افسردگی، تب، کم‌اشتهایی و ترشحات چرکی از گوش مبتلا، چرخش سر، افتادگی گوش و علائم مربوط به درگیری عصب زوج هفت و هشت (عصب صورت، و عصب دهلیزی-حلزونی) هستند. تشخیص بالینی التهاب گوش میانی در گوساله بر اساس وجود نشانه‌هایی مانند اختلال عملکرد عصب صورت و عصب دهلیزی-حلزونی، ترشحات از گوش، تب و ریزش اشک انجام می‌شود، با این حال برای تایید تشخیص نیاز به روش‌های تشخیصی دیگری مانند رادیوگرافی، توموگرافی کامپیوتری و تیمپانوسنتز است. توموگرافی کامپیوتری، استاندارد طلایی برای تشخیص التهاب گوش میانی است. از آنجایی که عمدة موارد التهاب گوش میانی در گوساله‌های شیری در اثر گونه‌های مایکوپلاسما رخ می‌دهد، بهتر است از آنتی بیوتیک‌هایی مانند تتراسایکلین‌ها، فلورفنیکل، ماکرولیدها و فلوروکینولون‌ها در موارد حاد بیماری استفاده شود و برای پیشگیری باید گاوهای دفع کنندة مایکوپلاسماها در شیر حذف شوند یا شیر آن‌ها به مصرف گوسالهها نرسد و یا پاستوریزه شود. عوامل مختلفی در بروز این بیماری دخالت دارند که همین امر پیشگیری، کنترل و درمان آن را با چالش همراه کرده است. هدف از انجام این مطالعه بازنگری مقالات علمی مرتبط با التهاب گوش میانی در گوساله و بررسی سبب شناسی، همه‌گیری‌شناسی، بیماری‌زایی، نشانه‌های بالینی، تشخیص، درمان و کنترل این بیماری است.
المصادر:
1. Heine PA. (2004) Anatomy of the ear. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice; 34:379-395.
2. Bellah JR. (2023) Anatomy of the Ear. Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery:817-827.
3. Dehkordi RAF, Torabi A, Azimi MS, Mohammadi H, Norozi K. (2022) Anatomical and Morphometric Study of Middle Ear Ossicles in Lori Sheep and Native Cattle of Shahrekord Region. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine;16.
4. Dehkordi RAF, Torabi A, Azimi MS, Mohammadi H. (2021) The Middle Ear of Ruminants: An Anatomical and Bio-Metrical Comparison between the Lori Sheep and the Native Cow in Shahrekord District. World Journal of Veterinary Science; 9:5-9.
5. Schilder AG, Chonmaitree T, Cripps AW, Rosenfeld RM, Casselbrant ML, Haggard MP, Venekamp RP. (2016) Otitis media. Nature reviews Disease primers; 2:1-18.
6. Jensen R, Maki L, Lauerman L, Raths W, Swift B, Flack D, Hoff R, Hancock H, Tucker J, Horton D. (1983) Cause and pathogenesis of middle ear infection in young feedlot cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 182:967-972.
7. Nation P, Frelier P, Gifford G, Carnat B. (1983) Otitis in feedlot cattle. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 24:238.
8. McEwen SA, Hulland TJ. (1985) Haemophilus somnus-induced otitis and meningitis in a heifer. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 26:7.
9. Baba A, Rotaru O, Rapuntean G. (1988) Middle ear infection in suckling and weaned calves. Morphologie et Embryologie; 34:271-275.
10. Rademacher G, Schels H, Dirksen G. (1991) Enzootic otitis in a herd of calves. Tierarztliche Praxis; 19:25. 257-3.
11. Walz PH, Mullaney TP, Render JA, Walker RD, Mosser T, Baker JC. (1997) Otitis media in preweaned Holstein dairy calves in Michigan due to Mycoplasma bovis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation; 9:250-254.
12. Vestweber JG. (1999) Otitis media/interna in cattle.
13. Yeruham I, Elad D, Liberboim M. (1999) Clinical and microbiological study of an otitis media outbreak in calves in a dairy herd. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B;46:145-150.
14. Francoz D, Fecteau G, Desrochers A, Fortin M. (2004) Otitis media in dairy calves: a retrospective study of 15 cases (1987 to 2002). Can Vet J; 45:661-666.
15. Power H, Watrous B, De Lahunta A. (1983) Facial and vestibulocochlear nerve disease in six horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 183:1076-1080.
16. Shimada A, Adachi T, Umemura T, Kohno K, Sakaguchi Y, Itakura C. (1992) A pathologic and bacteriologic study on otitis media in swine. Veterinary Pathology; 29:337-342.
17. Jensen R, Pierson R, Weibel J, Tucker J, Swift B. (1982) Middle ear infection in feedlot lambs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 181:805-807.
18. Wilson J, Brewer D. (1984) Vestibular disease in a goat.
19. Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Done SH, Grünberg W. Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goatsElsevier Health Sciences; 2017.
20. Lotfollahzadeh S, Salehi TZ, Esmatabadi MZ, Ramezankhani M, Tamai IA, Shokri A, Abdollahi M. (2024) Microbiological study of the auditory canal in dairy calves with otitis media. Microbial Pathogenesis; 188:106547.
21. Bentivegna D, Salvago P, Agrifoglio M, Ballacchino A, Ferrara S, Mucia M, Sireci F, Martines F. (2012) The linkage between upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media: evidence of the ‘united airways concept. Acta Medica Mediterranea; 28:287-290.
22. Lima SF, Teixeira AGV, Higgins CH, Lima FS, Bicalho RC. (2016) The upper respiratory tract microbiome and its potential role in bovine respiratory disease and otitis media. Scientific reports; 6:29050.
23. Maunsell F, Brown MB, Powe J, Ivey J, Woolard M, Love W, Simecka JW. (2012) Oral inoculation of young dairy calves with Mycoplasma bovis results in colonization of tonsils, development of otitis media and local immunity.
24. Harris FW, Janzen ED. (1989) The Haemophilus somnus disease complex (hemophilosis): a review. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 30:816.
25. Duarte E, Hamdan J. (2004) Otitis in cattle, an aetiological review. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B;51:1-7.
26. Tsuka T, Amaha T, Okamoto Y. (2022) Diagnostic and Therapeutic Evaluations of Computed Tomography in Three Calves with Unilateral Otitis Media Treated with Ventral Bulla Osteotomy. Veterinary Sciences; 9:218.
27. Caswell JL, Czuprynski CJ. (2022) Mannheimia and Bibersteinia. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals:244-261.
28. Catania S, Gobbo F, Schiavon E, Nicholas RA. (2017) Severe otitis and pneumonia in adult cattle with mixed infection of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae. Veterinary Record Case Reports;4: e000366.
29. Gosselin VB, Francoz D, Babkine M, Desrochers A, Nichols S, Doré E, Bédard C, Parent J, Fairbrother J-H, Fecteau G. (2012) A retrospective study of 29 cases of otitis media/interna in dairy calves. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 53:957.
30. Lamm CG, Munson L, Thurmond MC, Barr BC, George LW. (2004) Mycoplasma otitis in California calves. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation; 16:397-402.
31. Maeda T, Shibahara T, Kimura K, Wada Y, Sato K, Imada Y, Ishikawa Y, Kadota K. (2003) Mycoplasma bovis-associated suppurative otitis media and pneumonia in bull calves. Journal of comparative pathology; 129:100-110.
32. Lysnyansky I, Ayling RD. (2016) Mycoplasma bovis: mechanisms of resistance and trends in antimicrobial susceptibility. Frontiers in microbiology; 7:181951.
33. Câmara ACL, de Sousa DER, de Mâcedo IL, Soares KL, Borges JRJ, Martins CF, de Mesquita AQ, Dutra V, de Castro MB. (2023) Suppurative Meningoencephalitis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Direct Extension of Chronic Otitis in a Gir Cow. Veterinary Sciences; 10:398.
34. Neamah AA. (2017) Molecular Detection of virulence factor genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from human and animals in Diwaniya province. Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences; 8:218-2. 30.
35. Smith B, Van Metre D, Pusterla N. (2019) Large Animal Internal Medicine., 6th Edition.
36. Schilder AGM, Chonmaitree T, Cripps AW, Rosenfeld RM, Casselbrant ML, Haggard MP, Venekamp RP. (2016) Otitis media. Nature Reviews Disease Primers; 2:16063.
37. Durmaz B, Abdulmajed O, Durmaz R, Koroglu M, Arı O, Celik S, Kalcioglu MT. (2021) Respiratory viruses in the healthy middle ear and middle ear with otitis media with effusion. Journal of Medical Virology; 93:6140-6147.
38. Bertone I, Bellino C, Alborali GL, Cagnasso A, Cagnotti G, Dappiano E, Lizzi M, Miciletta M, Ramacciotti A, Gianella P, D’Angelo A. (2015) Clinical-pathological findings of otitis media and media-interna in calves and (clinical) evaluation of a standardized therapeutic protocol. BMC Veterinary Research; 11:297.
39. Henderson JP, McCullough WP. (1993) Otitis media in suckler calves. Vet Rec; 132:24.
40. Foster AP, Naylor RD, Howie NM, Nicholas RA, Ayling RD. (2009) Mycoplasma bovis and otitis in dairy calves in the United Kingdom. The veterinary journal; 179:455-457.
41. Suwanruengsri M, Uemura R, Izzati UZ, Kanda T, Fuke N, Yasuda M, Hirai T, Yamaguchi R. (2021) Mycoplasma bovis may travel along the eustachian tube to cause meningitis in Japanese black cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology; 188:13-20.
42. Finnen A, Blond L, Francoz D, Parent J. (2011) Comparison of computed tomography and routine radiography of the tympanic bullae in the diagnosis of otitis media in the calf. Journal of veterinary internal medicine; 25:143-147.
43. Fujiwara Y, Takeyama T, Kunisada Y, Sotokawa T, Taura Y, Sasaki N. (2022) Investigation of imaging direction using digital radiography for otitis media in calves.
44. Parlak K, Yalcin M, Erol H, Akyol ET, Uzunlu EO, Zamirbekova N, Arican M. (2021) Evaluation of video-otoscopic, radiographic and computed tomographic examinations of cats and dogs with ear diseases. Macedonian Veterinary Review; 44:95-101.
45. Clausen G, Nemanic S, Vanegas J, Stieger-Vanegas S, Poulsen K. (2020) Computed tomography of tympanic bullae in pre-weaned dairy calves diagnosed with clinical respiratory disease. The Veterinary Journal; 264:105546.
46. Bernier Gosselin V, Babkine M, Gains M, Nichols S, Arsenault J, Francoz D. (2014) Validation of an ultrasound imaging technique of the tympanic bullae for the diagnosis of otitis media in calves. Journal of veterinary internal medicine; 28:1594-1601.
47. Gosselin VB, Babkine M, Nichols S, Desrochers A. (2012) Ultrasound evaluation of tympanic bulla in calves. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 53:849.
48. Peek SF, Divers TJ. Rebhun’s Diseases of Dairy Cattle-E-Book: Rebhun’s Diseases of Dairy Cattle-E-BookElsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
49. Bringhenti L, Pallu M, Silva JC, Tomazi T, Tomazi ACCH, Rodrigues MX, Cruzado-Bravo M, Bilby TR, Bicalho RC. (2021) Effect of treatment of pneumonia and otitis media with tildipirosin or florfenicol + flunixin meglumine on health and upper respiratory tract microbiota of preweaned Holstein dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science; 104:10291-10309.
50. van de Mheen R. (2023) On‐farm myringotomy as treatment for persistent otitis media in five Dutch veal calves. Veterinary Record Case Reports;11: e666.
51. Villarroel A, Heller MC, Lane VM. (2006) Imaging study of myringotomy in dairy calves. The Bovine Practitioner:14-17.
52. Maunsell FP, Donovan GA. (2009) Mycoplasma bovis Infections in Young Calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice; 25:139-177.
53. Butler J, Sickles S, Johanns C, Rosenbusch R. (2000) Pasteurization of discard mycoplasma mastitic milk used to feed calves: thermal effects on various mycoplasma. Journal of dairy science; 83:2285-2288.
54. Stone B. (2004) Waste milk, milk replacer or pasteurized waste milk. The Manager, Jun.
55. Authority FF. (Mycoplasma bovis in cattle: Studies on the transmission and control of infection.
56. James RE, Scott MC. On farm pasteurizer management for waste milk quality control. In: Proc. 10th Annual Dairy Calf and Heifer Conference 2006;297-306.
57. Parker A, Milk Acidification to control Mycoplasma bovis growth in infected milk. 2015SYMPOSIUM:75.
58. Beidel CR, Kristula MA, Aceto HW, Smith BI. (2016) Case report: Utilizing formic acid to effectively eliminate Mycoplasma bovis in unpasteurized fresh raw milk. The Bovine Practitioner:137-141.
59. Waldner DN, Stokes SA, Jordan ER, Looper ML. Feeding waste milk to dairy calves. In: Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service; 2007.
60. Matthews LR. (2022) Procedures to optimise pasteurisation and storage of colostrum.
61. Elizondo-Salazar JA, Heinrichs AJ. (2008) Heat treating bovine colostrum. The Professional Animal Scientist; 24:530-538.
62. Panousis N. (2009) Dairy calf pneumonia: effective treatment depends on early and accurate diagnosis. Veterinarski glasnik; 63:177-187.
1. Heine PA. (2004) Anatomy of the ear. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice; 34:379-395.
2. Bellah JR. (2023) Anatomy of the Ear. Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery:817-827.
3. Dehkordi RAF, Torabi A, Azimi MS, Mohammadi H, Norozi K. (2022) Anatomical and Morphometric Study of Middle Ear Ossicles in Lori Sheep and Native Cattle of Shahrekord Region. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine;16.
4. Dehkordi RAF, Torabi A, Azimi MS, Mohammadi H. (2021) The Middle Ear of Ruminants: An Anatomical and Bio-Metrical Comparison between the Lori Sheep and the Native Cow in Shahrekord District. World Journal of Veterinary Science; 9:5-9.
5. Schilder AG, Chonmaitree T, Cripps AW, Rosenfeld RM, Casselbrant ML, Haggard MP, Venekamp RP. (2016) Otitis media. Nature reviews Disease primers; 2:1-18.
6. Jensen R, Maki L, Lauerman L, Raths W, Swift B, Flack D, Hoff R, Hancock H, Tucker J, Horton D. (1983) Cause and pathogenesis of middle ear infection in young feedlot cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 182:967-972.
7. Nation P, Frelier P, Gifford G, Carnat B. (1983) Otitis in feedlot cattle. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 24:238.
8. McEwen SA, Hulland TJ. (1985) Haemophilus somnus-induced otitis and meningitis in a heifer. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 26:7.
9. Baba A, Rotaru O, Rapuntean G. (1988) Middle ear infection in suckling and weaned calves. Morphologie et Embryologie; 34:271-275.
10. Rademacher G, Schels H, Dirksen G. (1991) Enzootic otitis in a herd of calves. Tierarztliche Praxis; 19:25. 257-3.
11. Walz PH, Mullaney TP, Render JA, Walker RD, Mosser T, Baker JC. (1997) Otitis media in preweaned Holstein dairy calves in Michigan due to Mycoplasma bovis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation; 9:250-254.
12. Vestweber JG. (1999) Otitis media/interna in cattle.
13. Yeruham I, Elad D, Liberboim M. (1999) Clinical and microbiological study of an otitis media outbreak in calves in a dairy herd. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B;46:145-150.
14. Francoz D, Fecteau G, Desrochers A, Fortin M. (2004) Otitis media in dairy calves: a retrospective study of 15 cases (1987 to 2002). Can Vet J; 45:661-666.
15. Power H, Watrous B, De Lahunta A. (1983) Facial and vestibulocochlear nerve disease in six horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 183:1076-1080.
16. Shimada A, Adachi T, Umemura T, Kohno K, Sakaguchi Y, Itakura C. (1992) A pathologic and bacteriologic study on otitis media in swine. Veterinary Pathology; 29:337-342.
17. Jensen R, Pierson R, Weibel J, Tucker J, Swift B. (1982) Middle ear infection in feedlot lambs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 181:805-807.
18. Wilson J, Brewer D. (1984) Vestibular disease in a goat.
19. Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Done SH, Grünberg W. Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goatsElsevier Health Sciences; 2017.
20. Lotfollahzadeh S, Salehi TZ, Esmatabadi MZ, Ramezankhani M, Tamai IA, Shokri A, Abdollahi M. (2024) Microbiological study of the auditory canal in dairy calves with otitis media. Microbial Pathogenesis; 188:106547.
21. Bentivegna D, Salvago P, Agrifoglio M, Ballacchino A, Ferrara S, Mucia M, Sireci F, Martines F. (2012) The linkage between upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media: evidence of the ‘united airways concept. Acta Medica Mediterranea; 28:287-290.
22. Lima SF, Teixeira AGV, Higgins CH, Lima FS, Bicalho RC. (2016) The upper respiratory tract microbiome and its potential role in bovine respiratory disease and otitis media. Scientific reports; 6:29050.
23. Maunsell F, Brown MB, Powe J, Ivey J, Woolard M, Love W, Simecka JW. (2012) Oral inoculation of young dairy calves with Mycoplasma bovis results in colonization of tonsils, development of otitis media and local immunity.
24. Harris FW, Janzen ED. (1989) The Haemophilus somnus disease complex (hemophilosis): a review. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 30:816.
25. Duarte E, Hamdan J. (2004) Otitis in cattle, an aetiological review. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B;51:1-7.
26. Tsuka T, Amaha T, Okamoto Y. (2022) Diagnostic and Therapeutic Evaluations of Computed Tomography in Three Calves with Unilateral Otitis Media Treated with Ventral Bulla Osteotomy. Veterinary Sciences; 9:218.
27. Caswell JL, Czuprynski CJ. (2022) Mannheimia and Bibersteinia. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals:244-261.
28. Catania S, Gobbo F, Schiavon E, Nicholas RA. (2017) Severe otitis and pneumonia in adult cattle with mixed infection of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae. Veterinary Record Case Reports;4: e000366.
29. Gosselin VB, Francoz D, Babkine M, Desrochers A, Nichols S, Doré E, Bédard C, Parent J, Fairbrother J-H, Fecteau G. (2012) A retrospective study of 29 cases of otitis media/interna in dairy calves. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 53:957.
30. Lamm CG, Munson L, Thurmond MC, Barr BC, George LW. (2004) Mycoplasma otitis in California calves. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation; 16:397-402.
31. Maeda T, Shibahara T, Kimura K, Wada Y, Sato K, Imada Y, Ishikawa Y, Kadota K. (2003) Mycoplasma bovis-associated suppurative otitis media and pneumonia in bull calves. Journal of comparative pathology; 129:100-110.
32. Lysnyansky I, Ayling RD. (2016) Mycoplasma bovis: mechanisms of resistance and trends in antimicrobial susceptibility. Frontiers in microbiology; 7:181951.
33. Câmara ACL, de Sousa DER, de Mâcedo IL, Soares KL, Borges JRJ, Martins CF, de Mesquita AQ, Dutra V, de Castro MB. (2023) Suppurative Meningoencephalitis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Direct Extension of Chronic Otitis in a Gir Cow. Veterinary Sciences; 10:398.
34. Neamah AA. (2017) Molecular Detection of virulence factor genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from human and animals in Diwaniya province. Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences; 8:218-2. 30.
35. Smith B, Van Metre D, Pusterla N. (2019) Large Animal Internal Medicine., 6th Edition.
36. Schilder AGM, Chonmaitree T, Cripps AW, Rosenfeld RM, Casselbrant ML, Haggard MP, Venekamp RP. (2016) Otitis media. Nature Reviews Disease Primers; 2:16063.
37. Durmaz B, Abdulmajed O, Durmaz R, Koroglu M, Arı O, Celik S, Kalcioglu MT. (2021) Respiratory viruses in the healthy middle ear and middle ear with otitis media with effusion. Journal of Medical Virology; 93:6140-6147.
38. Bertone I, Bellino C, Alborali GL, Cagnasso A, Cagnotti G, Dappiano E, Lizzi M, Miciletta M, Ramacciotti A, Gianella P, D’Angelo A. (2015) Clinical-pathological findings of otitis media and media-interna in calves and (clinical) evaluation of a standardized therapeutic protocol. BMC Veterinary Research; 11:297.
39. Henderson JP, McCullough WP. (1993) Otitis media in suckler calves. Vet Rec; 132:24.
40. Foster AP, Naylor RD, Howie NM, Nicholas RA, Ayling RD. (2009) Mycoplasma bovis and otitis in dairy calves in the United Kingdom. The veterinary journal; 179:455-457.
41. Suwanruengsri M, Uemura R, Izzati UZ, Kanda T, Fuke N, Yasuda M, Hirai T, Yamaguchi R. (2021) Mycoplasma bovis may travel along the eustachian tube to cause meningitis in Japanese black cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology; 188:13-20.
42. Finnen A, Blond L, Francoz D, Parent J. (2011) Comparison of computed tomography and routine radiography of the tympanic bullae in the diagnosis of otitis media in the calf. Journal of veterinary internal medicine; 25:143-147.
43. Fujiwara Y, Takeyama T, Kunisada Y, Sotokawa T, Taura Y, Sasaki N. (2022) Investigation of imaging direction using digital radiography for otitis media in calves.
44. Parlak K, Yalcin M, Erol H, Akyol ET, Uzunlu EO, Zamirbekova N, Arican M. (2021) Evaluation of video-otoscopic, radiographic and computed tomographic examinations of cats and dogs with ear diseases. Macedonian Veterinary Review; 44:95-101.
45. Clausen G, Nemanic S, Vanegas J, Stieger-Vanegas S, Poulsen K. (2020) Computed tomography of tympanic bullae in pre-weaned dairy calves diagnosed with clinical respiratory disease. The Veterinary Journal; 264:105546.
46. Bernier Gosselin V, Babkine M, Gains M, Nichols S, Arsenault J, Francoz D. (2014) Validation of an ultrasound imaging technique of the tympanic bullae for the diagnosis of otitis media in calves. Journal of veterinary internal medicine; 28:1594-1601.
47. Gosselin VB, Babkine M, Nichols S, Desrochers A. (2012) Ultrasound evaluation of tympanic bulla in calves. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 53:849.
48. Peek SF, Divers TJ. Rebhun’s Diseases of Dairy Cattle-E-Book: Rebhun’s Diseases of Dairy Cattle-E-BookElsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
49. Bringhenti L, Pallu M, Silva JC, Tomazi T, Tomazi ACCH, Rodrigues MX, Cruzado-Bravo M, Bilby TR, Bicalho RC. (2021) Effect of treatment of pneumonia and otitis media with tildipirosin or florfenicol + flunixin meglumine on health and upper respiratory tract microbiota of preweaned Holstein dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science; 104:10291-10309.
50. van de Mheen R. (2023) On‐farm myringotomy as treatment for persistent otitis media in five Dutch veal calves. Veterinary Record Case Reports;11: e666.
51. Villarroel A, Heller MC, Lane VM. (2006) Imaging study of myringotomy in dairy calves. The Bovine Practitioner:14-17.
52. Maunsell FP, Donovan GA. (2009) Mycoplasma bovis Infections in Young Calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice; 25:139-177.
53. Butler J, Sickles S, Johanns C, Rosenbusch R. (2000) Pasteurization of discard mycoplasma mastitic milk used to feed calves: thermal effects on various mycoplasma. Journal of dairy science; 83:2285-2288.
54. Stone B. (2004) Waste milk, milk replacer or pasteurized waste milk. The Manager, Jun.
55. Authority FF. (Mycoplasma bovis in cattle: Studies on the transmission and control of infection.
56. James RE, Scott MC. On farm pasteurizer management for waste milk quality control. In: Proc. 10th Annual Dairy Calf and Heifer Conference 2006;297-306.
57. Parker A, Milk Acidification to control Mycoplasma bovis growth in infected milk. 2015SYMPOSIUM:75.
58. Beidel CR, Kristula MA, Aceto HW, Smith BI. (2016) Case report: Utilizing formic acid to effectively eliminate Mycoplasma bovis in unpasteurized fresh raw milk. The Bovine Practitioner:137-141.
59. Waldner DN, Stokes SA, Jordan ER, Looper ML. Feeding waste milk to dairy calves. In: Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service; 2007.
60. Matthews LR. (2022) Procedures to optimise pasteurisation and storage of colostrum.
61. Elizondo-Salazar JA, Heinrichs AJ. (2008) Heat treating bovine colostrum. The Professional Animal Scientist; 24:530-538.
62. Panousis N. (2009) Dairy calf pneumonia: effective treatment depends on early and accurate diagnosis. Veterinarski glasnik; 63:177-187.
